3 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 63 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Joe D'Ambrosio v. Carmen Marino.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Joe D'Ambrosio v. Carmen Marino Anchor | green | “a municipality may not be held liable under 1983 on a respondeat superior theory-in other words, 'solely because it employs a tortfeasor.” | 27 |
| 2 | Kwame Ajamu v. City of Cleveland | green | “(1) the existence of an illegal official policy or legislative enactment; (2) that an official with final decision making authority ratified illegal actions; (3) the existence of a policy of inadequate training or supervision; or (4) the existence of a custom of tolerance or acq…” | 23 |
| 3 | Randy Alman v. Kevin Reed | green | “through its deliberate conduct, the municipality was the 'moving force' behind the injury alleged.” | 13 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.