4 canonical passages across 2 cases, quoted by 62 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc..
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. Anchor | green | “a plaintiff must prove that age was the 'but-for' cause of the employer's adverse decision.” | 26 |
| 2 | Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc. | green | “establish that age was the 'but-for' cause of the employer's adverse action.” | 25 |
| 3 | Velez v. Thermo King De Puerto Rico, Inc. | green | “the adea makes it unlawful for an employer 'to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's age.” | 6 |
| 4 | Velez v. Thermo King De Puerto Rico, Inc. | green | “fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's age.” | 5 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.