4 canonical passages across 3 cases, quoted by 48 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from As GUARDIAN AD LITEM OF v. GRACE OLIVA.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | As GUARDIAN AD LITEM OF v. GRACE OLIVA Anchor | green | “cannot be held responsible for a constitutional violation which he or she neither participated in nor approved.” | 21 |
| 2 | Argueta v. United States Immigration & Customs Enforcement | green | “through allegations of personal direction or of actual knowledge and acquiescence.” | 11 |
| 3 | Broadwater v. Fow | green | “had constructive knowledge of a subordinate's unconstitutional conduct simply because of his role as a supervisor” | 9 |
| 4 | As GUARDIAN AD LITEM OF v. GRACE OLIVA | green | “it is, of course, well established that a defendant in a civil rights case cannot be held responsible for a constitutional violation which he or she neither participated in nor approved.” | 7 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.