7 canonical passages across 5 cases, quoted by 48 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from Hyun Park v. City and County of Honolulu.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hyun Park v. City and County of Honolulu Anchor | green | “a pattern of prior, similar violations of federally protected rights, of which the relevant policymakers had actual or constructive notice.” | 10 |
| 2 | Hyun Park v. City and County of Honolulu | green | “so facially deficient that any reasonable policymaker would recognize the need to take action.” | 8 |
| 3 | Laurie Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc. | green | “a 'policy' is a deliberate choice to follow a course of action made from among various alternatives by the official or officials responsible for establishing final policy with respect to the subject matter in question.” | 7 |
| 4 | Laurie Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc. | green | “failure to implement procedural safeguards to prevent constitutional violations.” | 7 |
| 5 | Pervaiz Chaudhry v. Tomas Aragon | green | “only if the injury would not have occurred 'but for' the defendant's conduct.” | 6 |
| 6 | Donald Gravelet-Blondin v. Sgt Jeff Shelton | green | “the plaintiff must show both causation-in-fact and proximate causation.” | 5 |
| 7 | Mohamed Sabra v. Maricopa County Community Coll | green | “official municipal policy includes the decisions of a government's lawmakers, the acts of its policymaking officials, and practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have the force of law.” | 5 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.