8 canonical passages across 6 cases, quoted by 42 opinions in total. These passages cluster together because the same opinions keep quoting them side by side — they state parts of one doctrine. The anchor passage is from State of Montana v. United States.
| # | Case | Flag | Canonical passage | Citers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | State of Montana v. United States Anchor | green | “the intended beneficiary need not be specifically or individually identified in the contract, but must fall within a class clearly intended to be benefitted thereby.” | 9 |
| 2 | United States v. ITT Continental Baking Co. | green | “the circumstances surrounding the formation of the consent order, any technical meaning words used may have had to the parties, and any other documents expressly incorporated in the decree.” | 7 |
| 3 | United States v. ITT Continental Baking Co. | green | “the circumstances surrounding the formation of the consent order.” | 6 |
| 4 | Alexis Lichine & Cie. v. Sacha A. Lichine Estate Selections, Ltd. | green | “while rufo was a case involving institutional reform, we do not read it as being confined in principle to such cases.” | 3 |
| 5 | Joseph D. Adashunas, a Minor by His Parents, Alvin and Olga Adashunas, on Behalf of Themselves and All Others Similarly Situated v. Harold H. Negley | green | “in order to state a class action claim upon which relief can be granted, there must be alleged at the minimum (1) a reasonably defined class of plaintiffs, (2) all of who have suffered a constitutional or statutory violation (3) inflicted by the defendants.” | 3 |
| 6 | In Re Chicken Antitrust Litigation American Poultry | green | “of course, had indirect purchasers been completely without any colorable legal claims against defendants, it would have been an abuse of the court's discretion to allow them to share in the settlement fund.” | 3 |
| 7 | In re Oil Spill by the Oil Rig \Deepwater Horizon\"" | green | “class in this case consists exclusively of individuals and businesses that have already suffered economic loss” | 3 |
A red or yellow flag on a member means the underlying case has negative treatment — for those, check the case page before relying on the passage.