12 C.F.R. § 1022.41

Definitions

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For purposes of this subpart and appendix E of this part, the following definitions apply:

(a) Accuracy means that information that a furnisher provides to a consumer reporting agency about an account or other relationship with the consumer correctly:

(1) Reflects the terms of and liability for the account or other relationship;

(2) Reflects the consumer's performance and other conduct with respect to the account or other relationship; and

(3) Identifies the appropriate consumer.

(b) Direct dispute means a dispute submitted directly to a furnisher (including a furnisher that is a debt collector) by a consumer concerning the accuracy of any information contained in a consumer report and pertaining to an account or other relationship that the furnisher has or had with the consumer.

(c) Furnisher means an entity that furnishes information relating to consumers to one or more consumer reporting agencies for inclusion in a consumer report. An entity is not a furnisher when it:

(1) Provides information to a consumer reporting agency solely to obtain a consumer report in accordance with sections 604(a) and (f) of the FCRA;

(2) Is acting as a “consumer reporting agency” as defined in section 603(f) of the FCRA;

(3) Is a consumer to whom the furnished information pertains; or

(4) Is a neighbor, friend, or associate of the consumer, or another individual with whom the consumer is acquainted or who may have knowledge about the consumer, and who provides information about the consumer's character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living in response to a specific request from a consumer reporting agency.

(d) Integrity means that information that a furnisher provides to a consumer reporting agency about an account or other relationship with the consumer:

(1) Is substantiated by the furnisher's records at the time it is furnished;

(2) Is furnished in a form and manner that is designed to minimize the likelihood that the information may be incorrectly reflected in a consumer report; and

(3) Includes the information in the furnisher's possession about the account or other relationship that the Bureau has:

(i) Determined that the absence of which would likely be materially misleading in evaluating a consumer's creditworthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living; and

(ii) Listed in section I(b)(2)(iii) of appendix E of this part.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 39 cases (30 in the last 5 years), 2019–2026 · leading case: Joseph Denan v. TransUnion LLC, 959 F.3d 290 (7th Cir. 2020).

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Joseph Denan v. TransUnion LLC, 959 F.3d 290 (7th Cir. 2020). · cites it 3× “” 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (c). Nos. 19‐1519 7 from furnishers on over 1.”

Marshall Gross v. Citimortgage, Inc., 33 F.4th 1246 (9th Cir. 2022). “; 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (c) (defining “furnisher”).”

Tanethia Holden v. Holiday Inn Club Vacations Inc., 98 F.4th 1359 (11th Cir. 2024). “2023) (“[A]n FCRA claim alleges an ‘inaccuracy’ so long 8 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (a) also defines “accuracy” as meanin[ing] that information that a furnisher provide[d] to a consumer reporting agency about an account or other rela- tionship with the consumer correctly: (1)…”

Tamara Frazier v. Dovenmuehle Mortg., Inc., 72 F.4th 769 (7th Cir. 2023). “” 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (a). It follows that completeness or accuracy under § 1681s- 2(b) is determined based on the information the data furnisher provides to the credit reporting agency.”

Shelby Roberts v. Carter-Young, Inc., 131 F.4th 241 (4th Cir. 2025). “12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (a). But the agency’s attempt to define accuracy creates as many questions as it answers.”

Joseph Denan v. TransUnion LLC (7th Cir. 2020). · cites it 3× “” 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (c). Nos. 19‐1519 7 from furnishers on over 1.”

Karla Ruiz v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC (S.D. Tex. 2023). · cites it 3× “12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 . But “[a] furnisher is not required to investigate a direct dispute if the furnisher has reasonably determined that the dispute is frivolous or irrelevant,” including if “[t]he consumer did not provide sufficient information to investigate the disputed…”

Soyinka v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC (N.D. Ill. 2020). · cites it 2× “A credit report compiles information provided by “furnishers,” 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (c), which typically are the consumer’s creditors (here, LVNV).”

Johnson v. Certified Servs., Inc. (N.D. Ill. 2020). · cites it 2× “§ 1681s-2; 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (c). Johnson fell behind on her mortgage, and US Bank began reporting that her loan was partially “charged off” because $40,770 of the debt had been “written off.”

Whiting (E.D. Mich. 2025). · cites it 2× “” 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (c). The FCRA defines a “consumer reporting agency” as “any person which .”

Huizar (N.D. Ind. 2025). · cites it 2× “2020) (citing 12 C.F.R. § 1022.41 (c)). There is no dispute that Horizon is a furnisher for purposes of Huizar’s FCRA claim.”

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