Florida Statutes

Fla. Stat. § 458.320 (2025)

Financial responsibility.

✓ 2025 Florida Statutes — current through the 2025 Regular Session

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458.320 Financial responsibility.—

(1) As a condition of licensing and maintaining an active license, and prior to the issuance or renewal of an active license or reactivation of an inactive license for the practice of medicine, an applicant must by one of the following methods demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board and the department financial responsibility to pay claims and costs ancillary thereto arising out of the rendering of, or the failure to render, medical care or services:

(a) Establishing and maintaining an escrow account consisting of cash or assets eligible for deposit in accordance with s. 625.52 in the per claim amounts specified in paragraph (b). The required escrow amount set forth in this paragraph may not be used for litigation costs or attorney’s fees for the defense of any medical malpractice claim.

(b) Obtaining and maintaining professional liability coverage in an amount not less than $100,000 per claim, with a minimum annual aggregate of not less than $300,000, from an authorized insurer as defined under s. 624.09, from a surplus lines insurer as defined under s. 626.914(2), from a risk retention group as defined under s. 627.942, from the Joint Underwriting Association established under s. 627.351(4), or through a plan of self-insurance as provided in s. 627.357. The required coverage amount set forth in this paragraph may not be used for litigation costs or attorney’s fees for the defense of any medical malpractice claim.

(c) Obtaining and maintaining an unexpired, irrevocable letter of credit, established pursuant to chapter 675, in an amount not less than $100,000 per claim, with a minimum aggregate availability of credit of not less than $300,000. The letter of credit must be payable to the physician as beneficiary upon presentment of a final judgment indicating liability and awarding damages to be paid by the physician or upon presentment of a settlement agreement signed by all parties to such agreement when such final judgment or settlement is a result of a claim arising out of the rendering of, or the failure to render, medical care and services. The letter of credit may not be used for litigation costs or attorney’s fees for the defense of any medical malpractice claim. The letter of credit must be nonassignable and nontransferable. Such letter of credit must be issued by any bank or savings association organized and existing under the laws of this state or any bank or savings association organized under the laws of the United States which has its principal place of business in this state or has a branch office that is authorized under the laws of this state or of the United States to receive deposits in this state.

(2) Physicians who perform surgery in an ambulatory surgical center licensed under chapter 395 and, as a continuing condition of hospital staff privileges, physicians who have staff privileges must also establish financial responsibility by one of the following methods:

(b) Obtaining and maintaining professional liability coverage in an amount not less than $250,000 per claim, with a minimum annual aggregate of not less than $750,000 from an authorized insurer as defined under s. 624.09, from a surplus lines insurer as defined under s. 626.914(2), from a risk retention group as defined under s. 627.942, from the Joint Underwriting Association established under s. 627.351(4), through a plan of self-insurance as provided in s. 627.357, or through a plan of self-insurance which meets the conditions specified for satisfying financial responsibility in s. 766.110. The required coverage amount set forth in this paragraph may not be used for litigation costs or attorney’s fees for the defense of any medical malpractice claim.

(c) Obtaining and maintaining an unexpired irrevocable letter of credit, established pursuant to chapter 675, in an amount not less than $250,000 per claim, with a minimum aggregate availability of credit of not less than $750,000. The letter of credit must be payable to the physician as beneficiary upon presentment of a final judgment indicating liability and awarding damages to be paid by the physician or upon presentment of a settlement agreement signed by all parties to such agreement when such final judgment or settlement is a result of a claim arising out of the rendering of, or the failure to render, medical care and services. The letter of credit may not be used for litigation costs or attorney’s fees for the defense of any medical malpractice claim. The letter of credit must be nonassignable and nontransferable. The letter of credit must be issued by any bank or savings association organized and existing under the laws of this state or any bank or savings association organized under the laws of the United States which has its principal place of business in this state or has a branch office that is authorized under the laws of this state or of the United States to receive deposits in this state.

This subsection shall be inclusive of the coverage in subsection (1).

(3)(a) Meeting the financial responsibility requirements of this section or the criteria for any exemption from such requirements must be established at the time of issuance or renewal of a license.

(b) Any person may, at any time, submit to the department a request for an advisory opinion regarding such person’s qualifications for exemption.

(4)(a) Each insurer, self-insurer, risk retention group, or Joint Underwriting Association must promptly notify the department of cancellation or nonrenewal of insurance required by this section. Unless the physician demonstrates that he or she is otherwise in compliance with the requirements of this section, the department shall suspend the license of the physician pursuant to ss. 120.569 and 120.57 and notify all health care facilities licensed under chapter 395 of such action. Any suspension under this subsection remains in effect until the physician demonstrates compliance with the requirements of this section. If any judgments or settlements are pending at the time of suspension, those judgments or settlements must be paid in accordance with this section unless otherwise mutually agreed to in writing by the parties. This paragraph does not abrogate a judgment debtor’s obligation to satisfy the entire amount of any judgment.

(b) If financial responsibility requirements are met by maintaining an escrow account or letter of credit as provided in this section, upon the entry of an adverse final judgment arising from a medical malpractice arbitration award, from a claim of medical malpractice either in contract or tort, or from noncompliance with the terms of a settlement agreement arising from a claim of medical malpractice either in contract or tort, the licensee shall pay the entire amount of the judgment together with all accrued interest, or the amount maintained in the escrow account or provided in the letter of credit as required by this section, whichever is less, within 60 days after the date such judgment became final and subject to execution, unless otherwise mutually agreed to in writing by the parties. If timely payment is not made by the physician, the department shall suspend the license of the physician pursuant to procedures set forth in subparagraphs (5)(g)3., 4., and 5. Nothing in this paragraph shall abrogate a judgment debtor’s obligation to satisfy the entire amount of any judgment.

(5) The requirements of subsections (1), (2), and (3) do not apply to:

(a) Any person licensed under this chapter who practices medicine exclusively as an officer, employee, or agent of the Federal Government or of the state or its agencies or its subdivisions. For the purposes of this subsection, an agent of the state, its agencies, or its subdivisions is a person who is eligible for coverage under any self-insurance or insurance program authorized by the provisions of s. 768.28(16).

(b) Any person whose license has become inactive under this chapter and who is not practicing medicine in this state. Any person applying for reactivation of a license must show either that such licensee maintained tail insurance coverage which provided liability coverage for incidents that occurred on or after January 1, 1987, or the initial date of licensure in this state, whichever is later, and incidents that occurred before the date on which the license became inactive; or such licensee must submit an affidavit stating that such licensee has no unsatisfied medical malpractice judgments or settlements at the time of application for reactivation.

(d) Any person licensed or certified under this chapter who practices only in conjunction with his or her teaching duties at an accredited medical school or in its main teaching hospitals. Such person may engage in the practice of medicine to the extent that such practice is incidental to and a necessary part of duties in connection with the teaching position in the medical school.

(e) Any person holding an active license under this chapter who is not practicing medicine in this state. If such person initiates or resumes any practice of medicine in this state, he or she must notify the department of such activity and fulfill the financial responsibility requirements of this section before resuming the practice of medicine in this state.

(f) Any person holding an active license under this chapter who meets all of the following criteria:

1. The licensee has held an active license to practice in this state or another state or some combination thereof for more than 15 years.

2. The licensee has either retired from the practice of medicine or maintains a part-time practice of no more than 1,000 patient contact hours per year.

3. The licensee has had no more than two claims for medical malpractice resulting in an indemnity exceeding $25,000 within the previous 5-year period.

4. The licensee has not been convicted of, or pled guilty or nolo contendere to, any criminal violation specified in this chapter or the medical practice act of any other state.

5. The licensee has not been subject within the last 10 years of practice to license revocation or suspension for any period of time; probation for a period of 3 years or longer; or a fine of $500 or more for a violation of this chapter or the medical practice act of another jurisdiction. The regulatory agency’s acceptance of a physician’s relinquishment of a license, stipulation, consent order, or other settlement, offered in response to or in anticipation of the filing of administrative charges against the physician’s license, constitutes action against the physician’s license for the purposes of this paragraph.

6. The licensee has submitted a form supplying necessary information as required by the department and an affidavit affirming compliance with this paragraph.

7. The licensee must submit biennially to the department certification stating compliance with the provisions of this paragraph. The licensee must, upon request, demonstrate to the department information verifying compliance with this paragraph.

A licensee who meets the requirements of this paragraph must post notice in the form of a sign prominently displayed in the reception area and clearly noticeable by all patients or provide a written statement to any person to whom medical services are being provided. The sign or statement must read as follows: “Under Florida law, physicians are generally required to carry medical malpractice insurance or otherwise demonstrate financial responsibility to cover potential claims for medical malpractice. However, certain part-time physicians who meet state requirements are exempt from the financial responsibility law. YOUR DOCTOR MEETS THESE REQUIREMENTS AND HAS DECIDED NOT TO CARRY MEDICAL MALPRACTICE INSURANCE. This notice is provided pursuant to Florida law.”

(g) Any person holding an active license under this chapter who agrees to meet all of the following criteria:

1. Upon the entry of an adverse final judgment arising from a medical malpractice arbitration award, from a claim of medical malpractice either in contract or tort, or from noncompliance with the terms of a settlement agreement arising from a claim of medical malpractice either in contract or tort, the licensee shall pay the judgment creditor the lesser of the entire amount of the judgment with all accrued interest or either $100,000, if the physician is licensed pursuant to this chapter but does not maintain hospital staff privileges, or $250,000, if the physician is licensed pursuant to this chapter and maintains hospital staff privileges, within 60 days after the date such judgment became final and subject to execution, unless otherwise mutually agreed to in writing by the parties. Such adverse final judgment shall include any cross-claim, counterclaim, or claim for indemnity or contribution arising from the claim of medical malpractice. Upon notification of the existence of an unsatisfied judgment or payment pursuant to this subparagraph, the department shall notify the licensee by certified mail that he or she shall be subject to disciplinary action unless, within 30 days from the date of mailing, he or she either:

a. Shows proof that the unsatisfied judgment has been paid in the amount specified in this subparagraph; or

b. Furnishes the department with a copy of a timely filed notice of appeal and either:

(I) A copy of a supersedeas bond properly posted in the amount required by law; or

(II) An order from a court of competent jurisdiction staying execution on the final judgment pending disposition of the appeal.

2. The Department of Health shall issue an emergency order suspending the license of any licensee who, after 30 days following receipt of a notice from the Department of Health, has failed to: satisfy a medical malpractice claim against him or her; furnish the Department of Health a copy of a timely filed notice of appeal; furnish the Department of Health a copy of a supersedeas bond properly posted in the amount required by law; or furnish the Department of Health an order from a court of competent jurisdiction staying execution on the final judgment pending disposition of the appeal.

3. Upon the next meeting of the probable cause panel of the board following 30 days after the date of mailing the notice of disciplinary action to the licensee, the panel shall make a determination of whether probable cause exists to take disciplinary action against the licensee pursuant to subparagraph 1.

4. If the board determines that the factual requirements of subparagraph 1. are met, it shall take disciplinary action as it deems appropriate against the licensee. Such disciplinary action shall include, at a minimum, probation of the license with the restriction that the licensee must make payments to the judgment creditor on a schedule determined by the board to be reasonable and within the financial capability of the physician. Notwithstanding any other disciplinary penalty imposed, the disciplinary penalty may include suspension of the license for a period not to exceed 5 years. In the event that an agreement to satisfy a judgment has been met, the board shall remove any restriction on the license.

5. The licensee has completed a form supplying necessary information as required by the department.

A licensee who meets the requirements of this paragraph shall be required either to post notice in the form of a sign prominently displayed in the reception area and clearly noticeable by all patients or to provide a written statement to any person to whom medical services are being provided. Such sign or statement shall state: “Under Florida law, physicians are generally required to carry medical malpractice insurance or otherwise demonstrate financial responsibility to cover potential claims for medical malpractice. YOUR DOCTOR HAS DECIDED NOT TO CARRY MEDICAL MALPRACTICE INSURANCE. This is permitted under Florida law subject to certain conditions. Florida law imposes penalties against noninsured physicians who fail to satisfy adverse judgments arising from claims of medical malpractice. This notice is provided pursuant to Florida law.”

(6) Any deceptive, untrue, or fraudulent representation by the licensee with respect to any provision of this section shall result in permanent disqualification from any exemption to mandated financial responsibility as provided in this section and shall constitute grounds for disciplinary action under s. 458.331.

(7) Any licensee who relies on any exemption from the financial responsibility requirement shall notify the department, in writing, of any change of circumstance regarding his or her qualifications for such exemption and shall demonstrate that he or she is in compliance with the requirements of this section.

(8) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the department shall suspend the license of any physician against whom has been entered a final judgment, arbitration award, or other order or who has entered into a settlement agreement to pay damages arising out of a claim for medical malpractice, if all appellate remedies have been exhausted and payment up to the amounts required by this section has not been made within 30 days after the entering of such judgment, award, or order or agreement, until proof of payment is received by the department or a payment schedule has been agreed upon by the physician and the claimant and presented to the department. This subsection does not apply to a physician who has met the financial responsibility requirements in paragraphs (1)(b) and (2)(b).

(9) The board shall adopt rules to implement the provisions of this section.

History.—ss. 27, 50, ch. 85-175; ss. 47, 67, ch. 86-160; s. 26, ch. 86-245; s. 22, ch. 88-1; s. 2, ch. 90-158; s. 184, ch. 91-108; s. 59, ch. 91-220; s. 4, ch. 91-429; s. 106, ch. 94-218; s. 217, ch. 96-410; s. 1089, ch. 97-103; s. 144, ch. 97-237; s. 104, ch. 97-261; s. 22, ch. 97-264; s. 20, ch. 97-273; s. 9, ch. 98-166; s. 116, ch. 2000-153; s. 20, ch. 2001-277; s. 23, ch. 2003-416; s. 75, ch. 2004-5.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 20 cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1994–2021 · leading case: Horowitz v. Plantation Gen. Hosp. Ltd., 959 So. 2d 176 (Fla. 2007).

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Horowitz v. Plantation Gen. Hosp. Ltd., 959 So. 2d 176 (Fla. 2007). · cites it 50× “In this case, a patient with an unsatisfied money judgment against a physician for medical malpractice seeks recovery from a hospital where the physician had staff privileges, alleging that the hospital should be liable to her for failing to ensure that the physician complied…”

Hanft v. Church (In Re Hanft), 315 B.R. 617 (S.D. Fla. 2002). · cites it 10× “Fla. Stat. § 458.320 (1). The statute allows a doctor practicing with an active license who meets certain requirements to opt out of the requirements if he posts a sign informing patients, ‘Tour doctor meets these requirements and has decided not to carry medical malpractice…”

Guerra v. Fernandez-Rocha (In Re Fernandez-Rocha), 451 F.3d 813 (11th Cir. 2006). · cites it 4× “See Fla. Stat. § 458.320 (1). As did the bankruptcy court and the district court, we accept the allegations of the Guerras’ adversary complaint as true and will assume that the Debtor failed to comply with his obligations under § 458.”

MERCY HOSP., INC. v. Baumgardner, 870 So. 2d 130 (Fla. 3d DCA 2003). · cites it 20× “Similarly, the Second District, relying on Robert , affirmed a dismissal without prejudice of a plaintiff's claim against a hospital under section 458.320, finding the claim premature because the plaintiff had yet to establish liability on the part of the staff physician.”

Caccamo v. Pouliot (In Re Pouliot), 196 B.R. 641 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 1996). · cites it 20× “Consistent with the requirements set forth in the Renewal Form and in Fla.Stat. § 458.320, Dr. Pouliot hung a sign on the wall of the reception area of his office (the “Sign”), which stated the mandatory language of Fla.”

Church v. Hanft (In Re Hanft), 274 B.R. 917 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 2002). · cites it 15× “Hanft continuously represented himself or held himself out to be a medical doctor with an active license when, in fact, his license was inactive, and (2) Dr.”

North Miami Med. Ctr., Ltd. v. Miller, 896 So. 2d 886 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005). · cites it 16× “This is an appeal of a summary judgment granted Josie Miller under section 458.320 of the Florida Statutes (2002) against Parkway Regional Medical Center to recover the "minimal financial responsibility amount" of 0,000 on a

Plantation Gen. Hosp. v. Horowitz, 895 So. 2d 484 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005). · cites it 9× “His suit was based on the failure of the hospital *486 to supervise its physician's compliance with the financial responsibility obligations under section 458.320. The trial court agreed with plaintiff and entered judgment accordingly.”

Hesterly v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 515 F. Supp. 2d 1278 (S.D. Fla. 2007). · cites it 3× “311 (6) and Fla. Stat. § 458.320 (1). 8 . Florida statute § 458.”

In Re Grau, 172 B.R. 686 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 1994). · cites it 6× “Fla.Stat. 458.320 subsections (1), (2) and (3) provide in essence that as a condition of licensing and prior to the renewal of an active license, a physician must maintain either 1) medical malpractice liability insurance, 2) an escrow account consisting of cash or assets…”

Baker v. Tenet Healthsystem Hosp., Inc., 780 So. 2d 170 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). · cites it 3× “Section 458.320(2)(b), Florida Statutes (1997), mandates financial responsibility as a condition of a physician's ability to maintain staff privileges at a hospital.”

Robert v. Paschall, 767 So. 2d 1227 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000). · cites it 4× “Paschall knowing he had no medical malpractice insurance and was otherwise not financially responsible under Florida's mandatory financial responsibility law.”

Show all 20 citing cases →

— 458.320(1) — 4 cases

Horowitz v. Plantation Gen. Hosp. Ltd., 959 So. 2d 176 (Fla. 2007). “In this case, a patient with an unsatisfied money judgment against a physician for medical malpractice seeks recovery from a hospital where the physician had staff privileges, alleging that the hospital should be liable to her for failing to ensure that the physician complied…”

Hesterly v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 515 F. Supp. 2d 1278 (S.D. Fla. 2007). “311 (6) and Fla. Stat. § 458.320 (1). 8 . Florida statute § 458.”

MERCY HOSP., INC. v. Baumgardner, 870 So. 2d 130 (Fla. 3d DCA 2003). “Similarly, the Second District, relying on Robert , affirmed a dismissal without prejudice of a plaintiff's claim against a hospital under section 458.320, finding the claim premature because the plaintiff had yet to establish liability on the part of the staff physician.”

In Re Farkas, 343 B.R. 336 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 2006).

— 458.320(1)(a) — 2 cases

— 458.320(2) — 4 cases

Church v. Hanft (In Re Hanft), 274 B.R. 917 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 2002). “Hanft continuously represented himself or held himself out to be a medical doctor with an active license when, in fact, his license was inactive, and (2) Dr.”

Plantation Gen. Hosp. v. Horowitz, 895 So. 2d 484 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005). “His suit was based on the failure of the hospital *486 to supervise its physician's compliance with the financial responsibility obligations under section 458.320. The trial court agreed with plaintiff and entered judgment accordingly.”

— 458.320(2)(a) — 1 case

— 458.320(2)(b) — 5 cases

Baker v. Tenet Healthsystem Hosp., Inc., 780 So. 2d 170 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). “Section 458.320(2)(b), Florida Statutes (1997), mandates financial responsibility as a condition of a physician's ability to maintain staff privileges at a hospital.”

Robert v. Paschall, 767 So. 2d 1227 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000). “Paschall knowing he had no medical malpractice insurance and was otherwise not financially responsible under Florida's mandatory financial responsibility law.”

North Miami Med. Ctr., Ltd. v. Miller, 896 So. 2d 886 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005). “This is an appeal of a summary judgment granted Josie Miller under section 458.320 of the Florida Statutes (2002) against Parkway Regional Medical Center to recover the "minimal financial responsibility amount" of 0,000 on a

— 458.320(3)(a) — 1 case

— 458.320(4)(a) — 1 case

— 458.320(4)(b) — 1 case

Caccamo v. Pouliot (In Re Pouliot), 196 B.R. 641 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 1996). “Consistent with the requirements set forth in the Renewal Form and in Fla.Stat. § 458.320, Dr. Pouliot hung a sign on the wall of the reception area of his office (the “Sign”), which stated the mandatory language of Fla.”

— 458.320(5) — 1 case

— 458.320(5)(f)(7) — 1 case

— 458.320(5)(g) — 6 cases

In Re Grau, 172 B.R. 686 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 1994). “Fla.Stat. 458.320 subsections (1), (2) and (3) provide in essence that as a condition of licensing and prior to the renewal of an active license, a physician must maintain either 1) medical malpractice liability insurance, 2) an escrow account consisting of cash or assets…”

— 458.320(5)(g)(1) — 1 case

— 458.320(5)(g)(2) — 1 case

— 458.320(5)(g)(4) — 1 case

— 458.320(5)(g)(l) — 1 case

— 458.320(6) — 1 case

— 458.320(l)(c) — 1 case

Mendizabal v. Hernandez-Abreu (In re Hernandez-Abreu), 506 B.R. 307 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 2014).

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