12 U.S.C. § 1828

Act of July 2, 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act), referred to in subsec. (c)(8), is classified to sections 1 to 7 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of the Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1 of Title 15 and Tables.

Act of October 15, 1914 (the Clayton Act), referred to in subsec. (c)(8), is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, which is classified generally to sections 12, 13, 14 to 19, 21, and 22 to 27 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and sections 52 and 53 of Title 29, Labor. For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of Title 15 and Tables.

The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (c)(10), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 93–495, which was approved Oct. 28, 1974.

The transfer date, referred to in subsec. (c)(13)(C)(ii)(III), probably means the transfer date defined in section 5301 of this title.

Section 1831u of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), was subsequently amended, and subsec. (f)(4) of section 1831u no longer defines the term “home State”. However, such term is defined elsewhere in that section.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (s)(4)(C)(i), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–277, which added par. (4) of subsec. (s) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5), and which was approved Oct. 21, 1998.

For the date of the repeal of section 1087–2(d) of title 20, referred to in subsec. (s)(4)(C)(ii)(I), see section 101(e) [title VI, § 602(d)(2)] of div. A of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 1087–2 of Title 20, Education.

Section 1404(e)(1)(A) of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989, referred to in subsec. (s)(5), is section 1404(e)(1)(A) of Pub. L. 101–73, which is set out as a note under section 1811 of this title.

Section 202 of Pub. L. 96–104, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by section 212 of Pub. L. 96–161, effective at the close of Dec. 27, 1979. The amendment of this section by that repealed provision, described in the 1979 Amendment note set out under this section, shall continue in effect for limited purposes pursuant to section 212 of Pub. L. 96–161. See Savings Provisions note, describing the provisions of section 212 of Pub. L. 96–161, set out under section 85 of this title.

Section 302 of Pub. L. 93–501, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 96–104, § 1, Nov. 5, 1979, 93 Stat. 789. The amendment of this section by that repealed provision, described in the 1974 Amendment note set out under this section, shall continue in effect for limited purposes pursuant to section 1 of Pub. L. 96–104. See Savings Provisions note, describing the provisions of section 1 of Pub. L. 96–104, set out under section 85 of this title.

Subsecs. (a) to (f) and former subsec. (g) are derived from subsec. (v)(2) to (8) of former section 264 of this title. See Codification note set out under section 1811 of this title.

2018—Subsec. (z). Pub. L. 115–174, § 403(a)(1), moved subsec. (z) to follow subsec. (y).

Subsec. (aa). Pub. L. 115–174, § 403(a)(2), added subsec. (aa).

2012—Subsec. (x)(1). Pub. L. 112–215 inserted “the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection,” before “any Federal banking agency” and substituted “such Bureau, agency” for “such agency” in two places.

Subsec. (x)(2)(B). Pub. L. 112–215, § 1(2)(A), inserted “the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection,” before “any Federal banking agency”.

2010—Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(A)(i), inserted “or a Federal savings association” before the semicolon.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(A)(ii), inserted “and” at end.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(A)(iii), substituted “or a State savings association.” for “(except a savings bank supervised by the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision); and”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(A)(iv), struck out subpar. (D) which read as follows: “the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision if the acquiring, assuming, or resulting institution is to be a savings association.”

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 111–203, § 604(f), substituted “the convenience and needs of the community to be served, and the risk to the stability of the United States banking or financial system” for “and the convenience and needs of the community to be served” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–203, § 627(a)(3), amended subsec. (g) generally to read “[Repealed]”. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) related to interest or dividend on demand deposits, definitions, and regulation of interest rates.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(B), substituted “the Comptroller of the Currency” for “the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision”.

Subsec. (i)(2)(C). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(C), substituted “Corporation” for “Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision”.

Subsec. (m)(1)(A). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(D)(i)(I), substituted “or the Comptroller of the Currency, as appropriate,” for “and the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision”.

Subsec. (m)(1)(B). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(D)(i)(II), substituted “of the Comptroller of the Currency and orders of the Corporation and the Comptroller of the Currency” for “and orders of the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(A). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(D)(ii)(I), substituted “Comptroller of the Currency, as appropriate,” for “Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(B). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(D)(ii)(II), in introductory provisions, substituted “Corporation or the Comptroller of the Currency, as appropriate,” for “Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision” and, in concluding provisions, substituted “the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, as appropriate,” for “the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision” and “The Corporation or the Comptroller of the Currency, as appropriate, may take any other corrective measures with respect to the subsidiary, including the authority to require the subsidiary to terminate the activities or operations posing such risks, as the Corporation or the Comptroller of the Currency, respectively, may deem appropriate.” for “The Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision may take any other corrective measures with respect to the subsidiary, including the authority to require the subsidiary to terminate the activities or operations posing such risks, as the Director may deem appropriate.”

Subsec. (m)(3)(A). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(D)(iii)(I), inserted “, in the case of a Federal savings association,” before “consult with” and substituted “Comptroller of the Currency” for “Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision”.

Subsec. (m)(3)(B). Pub. L. 111–203, § 363(7)(D)(iii)(II), in heading, substituted “Comptroller of the Currency” for “Director” and, in text, substituted “Comptroller of the Currency” for “Office of Thrift Supervision”, inserted a comma after “soundness”, and inserted “as to Federal savings associations” after “compliance”.

Subsec. (c)(13). Pub. L. 111–203, § 623(a), added par. (13).

Subsec. (d)(4)(A)(i). Pub. L. 111–203, § 613(b), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “there is in effect in the host State a law that—

“(I) applies equally to all banks; and

“(II) expressly permits all out-of-State banks to establish de novo branches in such State; and”.

Subsec. (y). Pub. L. 111–203, § 611(a), added subsec. (y).

Subsec. (z). Pub. L. 111–203, § 615(a), added subsec. (z).

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–343, § 126(d)(2), substituted “Representations of deposit insurance” for “Insurance logo” in heading.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 110–343, § 126(d)(1), substituted “violate paragraph (1)” for “violate this subsection” and “under paragraph (2)” for “under this subsection”.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 110–343, § 126(a), added par. (4).

Subsec. (s)(4)(C)(ii)(I). Pub. L. 110–315 inserted “, as such section existed on the day before the date of the repeal of such section” after “section 1087–2(d) of title 20”.

2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–173, § 2(c)(2), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) related to the insurance logo and signs to be displayed at insured savings associations and insured banks.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 109–351, § 606(a), inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the interests of uniform standards, before acting on any application for approval of a merger transaction, the responsible agency, unless it finds that it must act immediately in order to prevent the probable failure of one of the banks or savings associations involved, shall request reports on the competitive factors involved from the Attorney General and the other Federal banking agencies referred to in this subsection. The reports shall be furnished within thirty calendar days of the date on which they are requested, or within ten calendar days of such date if the requesting agency advises the Attorney General and the other Federal banking agencies that an emergency exists requiring expeditious action. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a banking agency shall not be required to file a report requested by the responsible agency under this paragraph if such banking agency advises the responsible agency by the applicable date under the preceding sentence that the report is not necessary because none of the effects described in paragraph (5) are likely to occur as a result of the transaction.”

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 109–351, § 606(b)(2), substituted, in penultimate sentence, “If the agency has advised the Attorney General under paragraph (4)(B)(ii) of the existence of an emergency requiring expeditious action and has requested a report on the competitive factors within 10 days, the transaction may not be consummated before the fifth calendar day after the date of approval by the agency.” for “If the agency has advised the Attorney General and the other Federal banking agencies of the existence of an emergency requiring expeditious actions and has requested reports on the competitive factors within ten days, the transaction may not be consummated before the fifth calendar day after the date of approval by the agency.”

Pub. L. 109–351, § 606(b)(1), substituted, in second sentence, “insured depository institutions involved, or if the proposed merger transaction is solely between an insured depository institution and 1 or more of its affiliates, and the report on the competitive factors has” for “banks or savings associations involved and reports on the competitive factors have”.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–171, § 2104(c), amended subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “Any insured depository institution which willfully fails or refuses to file any certified statement or pay any assessment required under this chapter shall be subject to a penalty of not more than $100 for each day that such violations continue, which penalty the Corporation may recover for its use: Provided, That this subsection shall not be applicable under the circumstances stated in the proviso of subsection (b) of this section.”

Subsec. (k)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(1), substituted “or covered company” for “or depository institution holding company”.

Subsec. (k)(2)(B). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(2), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “Whether there is a reasonable basis to believe that the institution-affiliated party is substantially responsible for the insolvency of the depository institution or depository institution holding company, the appointment of a conservator or receiver for the depository institution, or the depository institution’s troubled condition (as defined in the regulations prescribed pursuant to section 1831i(f) of this title).”

Subsec. (k)(2)(F). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(3), substituted “covered company,” for “depository institution holding company” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(4), substituted “covered company” for “depository institution holding company” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (k)(3)(A). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(5), substituted “covered company” for “holding company”.

Subsec. (k)(4)(A). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(6), substituted “covered company for the benefit” for “depository institution holding company for the benefit” and “or covered company that—” for “or holding company that—” in introductory provisions, “covered company;” for “holding company;” in cl. (i), and “covered company,” for “depository institution holding company,” and “such covered company” for “such holding company” in cl. (ii)(I).

Subsec. (k)(5)(A). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(7), substituted “covered company” for “depository institution holding company” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (k)(5)(D). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(8), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (k)(6). Pub. L. 109–351, § 704(9), substituted “covered company,” for “depository institution holding company” and “or covered company which is described” for “or holding company which is described”.

Subsec. (m)(3). Pub. L. 109–173, § 8(a)(28), in subpar. (A) substituted “Deposit Insurance Fund” for “Savings Association Insurance Fund” and “savings association” for “Savings Association Insurance Fund member” and in subpar. (C) substituted “Deposit Insurance Fund” for “Savings Association Insurance Fund or the Bank Insurance Fund”.

Pub. L. 109–171, § 2102(b), repealed Pub. L. 104–208, § 2704(d)(14)(U). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (o)(2). Pub. L. 109–173, § 8(a)(29), substituted “Deposit Insurance Fund” for “deposit insurance funds” in subpar. (A)(i) and for “deposit insurance fund” in subpar. (B)(ii).

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 109–173, § 8(a)(30), substituted “Deposit Insurance Fund” for “deposit insurance funds”.

Pub. L. 109–171, § 2102(b), repealed Pub. L. 104–208, § 2704(d)(14)(V). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (u)(1). Pub. L. 109–351, § 702(b), inserted “and” at end of subpar. (A), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B), and struck out former subpar, (B) which read as follows: “the insured depository institution is undercapitalized (as defined in section 1831o of this title); and”.

Subsec. (x). Pub. L. 109–351, § 607(a), added subsec. (x).

2004—Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(a)(5)(A), struck out “or a District bank” after “national bank”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(a)(5)(B), struck out “(except a District bank)” after “State member bank”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(a)(5)(C), struck out “a District Bank or” before “a savings bank”.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(a)(5)(D), struck out “(except a District bank)” after “nonmember insured bank” in two places.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(a)(5)(E), struck out “or a District bank” after “national bank”.

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(a)(5)(F), struck out “(except a District bank)” after “State nonmember bank”.

Subsec. (i)(2)(A) to (D). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(a)(5)(G)–(I), redesignated subpars. (B) to (D) as (A) to (C), respectively, struck out “(except a District bank)” before semicolon in subpars. (A) and (B), and struck out former subpar. (A), which read as follows: “the Comptroller of the Currency if the resulting bank is to be a District bank;”.

Subsec. (w)(3). Pub. L. 108–458 inserted comma after “agent of such institution”.

2001—Subsec. (c)(11), (12). Pub. L. 107–56, § 327(b)(1), added par. (11) and redesignated former par. (11) as (12).

Subsec. (w). Pub. L. 107–56, § 355, added subsec. (w).

2000—Subsecs. (t), (u). Pub. L. 106–569, § 1207(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (t), relating to limitation on claims, as (u).

Subsec. (v). Pub. L. 106–569, § 1207(b)(2), added subsec. (v).

1999—Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 106–102, § 730, added subsec. (t) relating to limitation on claims.

Pub. L. 106–102, § 204, which directed amendment of section by adding at end subsec. (t) relating to recordkeeping requirements, was executed by making the addition after subsec. (s) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1998—Subsec. (s)(4), (5). Pub. L. 105–277 redesignated par. (4) as (5) and added par. (4).

1996—Subsec. (m)(3). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2704(d)(14)(U), which directed substitution of “Deposit Insurance Fund” for “Savings Association Insurance Fund” wherever appearing and striking of “or the Bank Insurance Fund” in subpar. (C), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2704(d)(14)(V), which directed substitution of “Deposit Insurance Fund” for “deposit insurance funds”, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2615(b), added subsec. (s).

1994—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–325, § 602(a)(44), substituted “if the insured depository institution deposits” for “, if such bank shall deposit”.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–325, § 602(a)(45), inserted “or” at end.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 103–325, §§ 324, 602(a)(46), substituted “other Federal banking agencies” for “other two banking agencies” in two places and inserted at end “Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a banking agency shall not be required to file a report requested by the responsible agency under this paragraph if such banking agency advises the responsible agency by the applicable date under the preceding sentence that the report is not necessary because none of the effects described in paragraph (5) are likely to occur as a result of the transaction.”

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 103–325, §§ 321(b), 602(a)(47), substituted “other Federal banking agencies” for “other two banking agencies” and inserted before period at end “or, if the agency has not received any adverse comment from the Attorney General of the United States relating to competitive factors, such shorter period of time as may be prescribed by the agency with the concurrence of the Attorney General, but in no event less than 15 calendar days after the date of approval”.

Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 103–325, § 602(a)(48), substituted “with—” for “with the following information:”.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 103–328, § 102(b)(3)(A), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 103–328, § 103(b), added par. (4).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–325, § 602(a)(49), substituted “such insured depository institution” for “such bank” and “the insured depository institution” for “the bank”.

Subsec. (k)(4)(A)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 103–325, § 602(a)(50), struck out “or” at end.

Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 103–325, § 326(b)(1), added subsec. (q).

Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 103–328, § 101(d), added subsec. (r).

1992—Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 102–550 redesignated subsec. (o), relating to periodic review of capital standards, as (p).

1991—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 102–242, § 306(k), amended subsec. (j) generally, revising and restating as pars. (1) to (3) provisions of former pars. (1) to (6).

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 102–242, § 305(a), added subsec. (o) relating to periodic review of capital standards.

Pub. L. 102–242, § 304(a), added subsec. (o) relating to real estate lending.

1990—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 101–647 added subsec. (k).

1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(1), substituted heading and pars. (1) to (3) for first two sentences which read as follows: “Every insured bank shall display at each place of business maintained by it a sign or signs, and shall include a statement to the effect that its deposits are insured by the Corporation in all of its advertisements: Provided, That the Board of Directors may exempt from this requirement advertisements which do not relate to deposits or when it is impractical to include such statement therein. The Board of Directors shall prescribe by regulation the forms of such signs and the manner of display and the substance of such statements and the manner of use.”

Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(a), substituted “insured depository institution” for “insured bank”.

Subsecs. (b), (c)(1), (2). Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(a), substituted “insured depository institution” for “insured bank” wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C), (D). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(2)(A), added subpars. (C) and (D) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: “the Corporation if the acquiring, assuming or resulting bank is to be a nonmember insured bank (except a District bank).”

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(2)(C), (D), substituted “banks or savings associations” for “banks” wherever appearing and “default” for “failure”.

Subsec. (c)(4), (6). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(2)(C), substituted “banks or savings associations” for “banks”.

Subsec. (c)(7)(C), (9)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(2)(C), substituted “bank or savings association” for “bank”.

Subsec. (c)(10). Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(a), substituted “insured depository institution” for “insured bank”.

Subsec. (c)(12). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(2)(B), struck out par. (12) which read as follows: “The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to any transaction where the acquiring, assuming, or resulting institution is an insured Federal savings bank or an institution insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, except that any insured bank involved in the transaction shall notify the Corporation in writing at least 30 days prior to consummation of the transaction and, if any approval by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board or the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation is required in connection therewith, such approving authority shall provide the Corporation with notification of the application for approval, shall consult with the Corporation before disposing of the application, and shall provide notification to the Corporation of the determination with respect to said application.”

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(a), substituted “insured depository institution” for “insured bank” wherever appearing.

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(b), substituted “Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision” for “Federal Home Loan Bank Board”.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(a), substituted “insured depository institution” for “insured bank”.

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(3)(A), (B), substituted “insured Federal depository institution” and “insured State depository institution” for “insured bank” and “insured State bank”, respectively.

Subsec. (i)(2)(D). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(3)(C), (D), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(a), substituted “insured depository institution” for “insured bank”.

Subsec. (i)(4)(D). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(3)(E), which directed the amendment of subsec. (i)(2) by inserting “and fitness” after “character” in par. (4)(D), was executed to par. (4)(D) as the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (i)(5). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(3)(F), which directed the amendment of subsec. (i)(2) by striking out par. (5), was executed to par. (5) as the probable intent of Congress. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: “Nothing in this subsection shall apply to a conversion of an insured bank to an insured institution pursuant to section 1726(e) of this title.”

Subsec. (j)(3)(D). Pub. L. 101–73, § 201(a), substituted “insured depository institution” for “insured bank”.

Subsec. (j)(4), (5). Pub. L. 101–73, § 907(c), amended pars. (4) and (5) generally. Prior to amendment, pars. (4) and (5) read as follows:

“(4)(A) Any nonmember insured bank which violates or any officer, director, employee, agent, or other person participating in the conduct of the affairs of such nonmember insured bank who violates any provision of section 371c, 371c–1, or 375b of this title, or any lawful regulation issued pursuant thereto, or any provision of section 377 of this title, shall forfeit and pay a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 per day for each day during which such violation continues: Provided, That the Corporation may, in its discretion, compromise, modify, or remit any civil money penalty which is subject to imposition or has been imposed under authority of this subsection. The penalty may be assessed and collected by the Corporation by written notice. As used in this section, the term ‘violates’ includes without any limitation any action (alone or with another or others) for or toward causing, bringing about, participating in, counseling, or aiding or abetting a violation.

“(B) In determining the amount of the penalty the Corporation shall take into account the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of financial resources and good faith of the member bank or person charged, the gravity of the violation, the history of previous violations, and such other matters as justice may require.

“(C) The nonmember insured bank or person charged shall be afforded an opportunity for agency hearing, upon request made within ten days after issuance of the notice of assessment. In such hearing all issues shall be determined on the record pursuant to section 554 of title 5. The agency determination shall be made by final order which may be reviewed only as provided in subparagraph (D). If no hearing is requested as herein provided the assessment shall constitute a final and unappealable order.

“(D) Any nonmember insured bank or person against whom an order imposing a civil money penalty has been entered after agency hearing under this section may obtain review by the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the home office of the member bank is located, or the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, by filing a notice of appeal in such court within twenty days from the service of such order, and simultaneously sending a copy of such notice by registered or certified mail to the Corporation. The Corporation shall promptly certify and file in such court the record upon which the penalty was imposed, as provided in section 2112 of title 28. The findings of the Corporation shall be set aside if found to be unsupported by substantial evidence as provided by section 706(2)(E) of title 5.

“(E) If any nonmember insured bank or person fails to pay an assessment after it has become a final and unappealable order, or after the court of appeals has entered final judgment in favor of the agency, the Corporation shall refer the matter to the Attorney General, who shall recover the amount assessed by action in the appropriate United States district court. In such action the validity and appropriateness of the final order imposing the penalty shall not be subject to review.

“(F) The Corporation shall promulgate regulations establishing procedures necessary to implement this paragraph.

“(G) All penalties collected under the authority of this paragraph shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States.

“(5) The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to an insured Federal savings bank.”

Subsec. (j)(6). Pub. L. 101–73, § 905(d), added par. (6).

Subsecs. (m), (n). Pub. L. 101–73, § 221(4), added subsecs. (m) and (n).

1987—Subsec. (c)(12). Pub. L. 100–86, § 504(b)(1), amended par. (12) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (12) read as follows: “The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to any merger transaction involving an insured Federal savings bank unless the resulting institution will be an insured bank other than an insured Federal savings bank.”

Subsec. (i)(5). Pub. L. 100–86, § 504(b)(2), added par. (5).

Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 100–86, § 102(b)(1), inserted reference to section 371c–1 of this title in two places.

Subsec. (j)(3). Pub. L. 100–86, § 103(a), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (j)(4). Pub. L. 100–86, §§ 102(b)(2), 103, redesignated former par. (3) as (4) and in subpar. (A) inserted “, 371c–1,” and “or any provision of section 377 of this title,”.

Subsec. (j)(5). Pub. L. 100–86, § 103(a), redesignated former par. (4) as (5).

1982—Subsec. (c)(12). Pub. L. 97–320, § 113(n), added par. (12).

Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 97–320, § 410(d), struck out “within the meaning of section 221a of this title and” after “of a nonmember insured bank,”.

Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 97–320, § 423, inserted provisions relating to the applicability of this subsection to any foreign bank as defined in section 3101(7) of this title and its branch in the United States.

Subsec. (j)(3)(A). Pub. L. 97–320, § 424(b), (d)(10), inserted proviso giving the Corporation discretionary authority to compromise, etc., any civil money penalty imposed under this subsection, and substituted “may be assessed” for “shall be assessed”.

Subsec. (j)(3)(D). Pub. L. 97–424(e), substituted “twenty days from the service” for “ten days from the date”.

Subsec. (j)(4). Pub. L. 97–320, § 113(o), added par. (4).

1980—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–221, §§ 302(b), 307, inserted provisions identical to provisions inserted by section 101(b) of Pub. L. 96–161, designating existing provisions as par. (1) and adding par. (2), and repealing the amendment made by Pub. L. 96–161. See Repeals and Effective Date of 1980 Amendment notes below.

Pub. L. 96–221, § 207(b)(2), (3), provided for the future amendment of subsec. (g)(1) by striking out “payment and” and “, including limitations on the rates of interest or dividends that may be paid” in second sentence, and by striking out third, fifth, and eighth sentences which read as follows: “The Board of Directors may prescribe different rate limitations for different classes of deposits, for deposits of different amounts or with different maturities or subject to different conditions regarding withdrawal or repayment, according to the nature or location of insured nonmember banks or their depositors, or according to such other reasonable bases as the Board of Directors may deem desirable in the public interest. Such regulations shall prohibit any insured nonmember bank from paying any time deposit before its maturity except upon such conditions and in accordance with such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors, and from waiving any requirement of notice before payment of any savings deposit except as to all savings deposits having the same requirement. For each violation of any provision of this subsection or any lawful provision of such regulations relating to the payment of interest or dividends on deposits or to withdrawal of deposits, the offending bank shall be subject to a penalty of not more than $100, which the Corporation may recover for its use.” See Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 96–221, § 529, repealed Pub. L. 96–104 and title II of Pub. L. 96–161, resulting in the striking out of subsec. (k) which had provided that no insured nonmember bank or affiliate, or any successor, assignee, endorser, guarantor, or surety thereof, could plead or claim, directly or otherwise, with respect to any deposit or obligation of such bank or affiliate, any defense, right, or benefit under any provision of a State or territory of the United States, or the District of Columbia, regulating or limiting the rate of interest which could be charged or received, etc. and any such provision was preempted, and no civil or criminal penalty which would otherwise be applicable under such provision would apply to such bank or affiliate or any other person.

1979—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–161, § 101(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 96–161, § 209, added subsec. (k). A prior subsec. (k), added by Pub. L. 96–104 and identical to the subsec. (k) added by Pub. L. 96–161, was repealed by section 212 of Pub. L. 96–161. See Codification note above.

Pub. L. 96–104 added subsec. (k). A prior subsec. (k), which also related to the inapplicability of State usury ceilings to certain obligations issued by insured nonmember banks and affiliates, was repealed by section 1 of Pub. L. 96–104.

1978—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 95–630, § 306, inserted “(including liabilities which would be ‘deposits’ except for the proviso in section 1813(l)(5) of this title)” after “pay any deposits”.

Subsec. (c)(11). Pub. L. 95–369, § 6(c)(25), added par. (11).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–630, § 301(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and, inserted “domestic” after “operate any new” and “such” after “main office or any”, and added par. (2).

Pub. L. 95–369, § 6(c)(26), inserted provision prohibiting a foreign bank from moving any insured branch from one location to another without the consent of the Corporation.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–369, § 6(c)(27), inserted “and in insured branches of foreign banks” after “in insured nonmember banks”.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 95–630, § 108, designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added pars. (2) and (3).

Pub. L. 95–369, § 6(c)(28), inserted at end “The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to any foreign bank having an insured branch with respect to dealings between such bank and any affiliate thereof.”

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 95–630, § 301(c), added subsec. (l).

1974—Subsec. (c)(10). Pub. L. 93–495 added par. (10).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 93–501, § 102(a), struck out requirement that obligations other than deposits undertaken by insured non-member banks be for the purpose of obtaining funds to be used in the banking business in provisions relating to applicability of this subsection and of regulations under the subsection to such obligations.

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 93–501, § 302, added subsec. (k).

1973—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 93–100 extended rulemaking authority of Board of Directors to payment and advertisement of dividends on deposits and in the provisions relating to the applicability of the subsection to noninsured banks in the States, eliminated clause designation and struck out provisions of former cl. (2).

1969—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 91–151 extended the authority of the Board under this subsection to noninsured banks in the States where uninsured savings deposits exceed 20 per cent of the total savings deposits, and, where State laws do not provide for such regulations, empowered the Board up to July 31, 1970, to prevent the rates paid by such noninsured institutions from exceeding 5½ per cent, and further authorized the Board to bring actions in federal courts for compliance, authorized the Board to determine what could be deemed a payment of interest and provided for the promulgation of regulations necessary for the enforcement of the subsection, made the subsection and the regulations thereunder applicable to obligations other than deposits undertaken by insured nonmember banks and their affiliates and extended the regulatory power of the Board to include “dividends”.

1968—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 90–505 gave the Board power to prescribe rules governing the payment and advertisement of interest on deposits.

1966—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–356, § 1(a), laid down more definite guidelines for dealing with the antitrust aspects of bank mergers by prohibiting monopoly bank mergers in all cases, forbidding anticompetitive mergers except in cases where a clear showing is made that a given merger is so beneficial that its allowance is in the public interest, and requiring the uniform application of the law by both judicial and administrative bodies, inserted provisions to delay the effectiveness of agency approval of merger transactions except in emergency situations, imposed a special statute of limitations for antitrust actions arising out of agency-approved merger transactions thereby precluding antitrust actions when the agency has acted immediately to prevent probable failure of a bank, provided for the automatic staying of the effectiveness of agency action by the commencement of an antitrust action unless the court orders otherwise, called for de novo court review, permitted federal bank agencies which approved a subsequently challenged merger to appear in the suit by its own counsel, allowed state banking agencies to present their views, and inserted a definition of “antitrust laws” which would include the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act, and any other Acts in pari materia.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89–597 made the authority of the FDIC Board to prescribe maximum permissible rates of interest that may be paid by member banks on time and savings deposits discretionary rather than mandatory, included such payments by insured mutual savings banks, required prior consultations with the Board of Governors of the FRS and the FHLB Board, authorized different rate limitations for different classes of deposits, for deposits of different amounts, or according to such other reasonable bases as the Board may deem desirable in the public interest, and eliminate provision for rate limitation according to the varying discount rates of member banks in the several Federal Reserve districts.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 89–356, § 1(b), added subsec. (i).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 89–485 added subsec. (j).

1965—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89–79 extended until Oct. 15, 1968, the period during which the provisions of this subsection should not apply to the rate of interest which may be paid by insured nonmember banks on time deposits of foreign governments, monetary and financial authorities of foreign governments when acting as such, or international financial institutions of which the United States is a member.

1962—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 87–827 inserted sentence making the subsection inapplicable, during the period commencing on Oct. 15, 1962, and ending upon the expiration of three years after such date, to the rate of interest which may be paid by insured nonmember banks on time deposits of foreign governments, monetary and financial authorities of foreign governments when acting as such, or international financial institutions of which the United States is a member.

1960—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86–463 prohibited merger or consolidation of any insured bank with any other insured bank, or acquisition of assets of, or assumption of liability to pay any deposits made in, any other insured bank without prior written consent, required publication of notice of any proposed merger, consolidation, acquisition of assets, or assumption of liabilities, enumerated specific items required to be considered before consent may be granted or withheld, directed the agency involved to request a report on competitive factors involved from the Attorney General and the other two banking agencies referred to in this subsection, and provided for inclusion in the annual report of the Comptroller, the Board and the Corporation of each merger, consolidation, acquisition of assets, or assumption of liabilities approved.

Amendment by section 363(7) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the transfer date, see section 351 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 906 of Title 2, The Congress.

Amendment by section 604(f) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the transfer date, see section 604(j) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 1462 of this title.

Pub. L. 111–203, title VI, § 611(b), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1612, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect 18 months after the transfer date.”

[For definition of “transfer date” as used in section 611(b) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out above, see section 5301 of this title.]

Amendment by sections 613(b) and 623(a) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective 1 day after July 21, 2010, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as an Effective Date note under section 5301 of this title.

Amendment by section 615(a) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the transfer date, see section 615(c) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 375 of this title.

Amendment by section 627(a)(3) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective 1 year after July 21, 2010, see section 627(b) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as an Effective Date of Repeal note under section 371a of this title.

Amendment by section 2(c)(2) of Pub. L. 109–173 effective Apr. 1, 2006, see section 2(e) of Pub. L. 109–173, set out as a note under section 1785 of this title.

Amendment by section 8(a)(28)–(30) of Pub. L. 109–173 effective Mar. 31, 2006, see section 8(b) of Pub. L. 109–173, set out as a note under section 1813 of this title.

Amendment by section 2102(b) of Pub. L. 109–171 effective no later than the first day of the first calendar quarter that begins after the end of the 90-day period beginning Feb. 8, 2006, see section 2102(c) of Pub. L. 109–171, set out as a Merger of BIF and SAIF note under section 1821 of this title.

Amendment by section 2104(c) of Pub. L. 109–171 effective Jan. 1, 2007, see section 2104(e) of Pub L. 109–171, set out as a note under section 1817 of this title.

Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, § 6205, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3747, provided that: “The amendments made by this subchapter [probably means subtitle C (§§ 6201–6205) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, see Short Title of 2004 Amendment note set out under section 5301 of Title 31, Money and Finance] to Public Law 107–56, the United States Code, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, and any other provision of law shall take effect as if such amendments had been included in Public Law 107–56, as of the date of enactment of such Public Law [Oct. 26, 2001], and no amendment made by such Public Law that is inconsistent with an amendment made by this subchapter shall be deemed to have taken effect.”

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–386 effective Oct. 30, 2004, and, except as otherwise provided, applicable with respect to fiscal year 2005 and each succeeding fiscal year, see sections 8(i) and 9 of Pub. L. 108–386, set out as notes under section 321 of this title.

Pub. L. 107–56, title III, § 327(b)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 319, as amended by Pub. L. 108–458, title VI, § 6202(i), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3746, provided that: “The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to any application submitted to the responsible agency under section 18(c) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1828(c)] after December 31, [sic].”

Pub. L. 106–102, title II, § 209, Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1395, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle A (§§ 201–210) of title II of Pub. L. 106–102, amending this section and sections 78c, 78o, and 78o–3 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 1811 of this title and section 78c of Title 15] shall take effect at the end of the 18-month period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 12, 1999].”

Amendment by section 2615(b) of Pub. L. 104–208 applicable on and after Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2615(c) of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1781 of this title.

Amendment by section 2704(d)(14)(U), (V) of Pub. L. 104–208 effective Jan. 1, 1999, if no insured depository institution is a savings association on that date, see section 2704(c) of Pub. L. 104–208, formerly set out as a note under section 1821 of this title.

Pub. L. 103–328, title I, § 101(e), Sept. 29, 1994, 108 Stat. 2343, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1841, 1842, and 1846 of this title] shall take effect at the end of the 1-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 29, 1994].”

Amendment by Pub. L. 102–550 effective as if included in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102–242, as of Dec. 19, 1991, see section 1609(a) of Pub. L. 102–550, set out as a note under section 191 of this title.

Amendment by section 306(k) of Pub. L. 102–242 effective upon earlier of date on which final regulations under section 306(m)(1) of Pub. L. 102–242 become effective or 150 days after Dec. 19, 1991, see section 306(l) of Pub. L. 102–242, set out as a note under section 375b of this title.

Amendment by section 907(c) of Pub. L. 101–73 applicable to conduct engaged in after Aug. 9, 1989, except that increased maximum penalties of $5,000 and $25,000 may apply to conduct engaged in before such date if such conduct is not already subject to a notice issued by the appropriate agency and occurred after completion of the last report of the examination of the institution by the appropriate agency occurring before Aug. 9, 1989, see section 907(l) of Pub. L. 101–73, set out as a note under section 93 of this title.

Pub. L. 96–221, title II, § 207(b), Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 144, provided in part that the amendment by that section is effective 6 years after Mar. 31, 1980.

Amendment by section 302(b) of Pub. L. 96–221 effective at the close of Mar. 31, 1980, see section 306 of Pub. L. 96–221, set out as a note under section 1464 of this title.

Pub. L. 96–221, title V, § 529, Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 168, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective at the close of Mar. 31, 1980.

Amendment by section 101(b) of Pub. L. 96–161 effective Dec. 31, 1979, with that amendment to remain in effect until the close of Mar. 31, 1980, see section 104 of Pub. L. 96–161, formerly set out as a note under section 371a of this title.

Amendment by section 209 of Pub. L. 96–161 applicable only with respect to deposits made or obligations issued in any State during the period beginning on Dec. 28, 1979, and ending on the earliest of (1) in the case of a State statute, July 1, 1980; (2) the date, after Dec. 28, 1979, on which such State adopts a law stating in substance that such State does not want the amendment made by Pub. L. 96–161 to apply with respect to such deposits and obligations; or (3) the date on which such State certifies that the voters of such State, after Dec. 28, 1979, have voted in favor of, or to retain, any law, provision of the constitution of such State, or amendment of the constitution of such State which limits the amount of interest which may be charged in connection with such deposits and obligations, see section 211 of Pub. L. 96–161, set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note under section 371b–1 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–104 applicable to deposits made or obligations issued in any State during the period beginning on Nov. 5, 1979, and ending on the earlier of July 1, 1981, the date after Nov. 5, 1979, on which such State adopts a law stating in substance that such State does not want the amendment of this section to apply with respect to such deposits and obligations, or the date on which such State certifies that the voters of such State have voted in favor of, or to retain, any law, provision of the constitution of such State, or amendment of the constitution of such State, which limits the amount of interest which may be charged in connection with such deposits and obligations, see section 204 of Pub. L. 96–104, set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note under section 371b–1 of this title.

Amendment by section 108 of Pub. L. 95–630, relating to imposition of civil penalties, applicable to violations occurring or continuing after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 109 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 93 of this title.

Amendment by sections 301(c) and 306 of Pub. L. 95–630 effective on the expiration of 120 days after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 2101 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as an Effective Date note under section 375b of this title.

Pub. L. 93–501, title I, § 102(b), Oct. 29, 1974, 88 Stat. 1558, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not apply to any bank holding company which has filed prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 29, 1974] an irrevocable declaration with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to divest itself of all of its banks under section 4 of the Bank Holding Company Act [section 1843 of this title], or to any debt obligation which is an exempted security under section 3(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 [section 77c(a)(3) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade].”

Amendment by section 302 of Pub. L. 93–501 applicable to deposits made or obligations issued in any state after Oct. 29, 1974, but prior to the earlier of July 1, 1977 or the date of enactment by the state of a law limiting the amount of interest which may be charged in connection with such deposits or obligations, see section 304 of Pub. L. 93–501, set out as a note under section 371b–1 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–100 effective on thirtieth day after Aug. 16, 1973, see section 8 of Pub. L. 93–100, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1469 of this title.

Section 7 of Pub. L. 89–597, as amended, formerly set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 1966 Amendment note under section 461 of this title (which provided in part that amendment of subsec. (g) of this section by addition of three sentences at the end thereof by section 2(a) of Pub. L. 91–151 to be effective only to Dec. 15, 1980, and that on Dec 15, 1980, such three sentences were to be repealed) was repealed by section 207(a) of Pub. L. 96–221.

Section 7 of Pub. L. 89–597, as amended, formerly set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 1966 Amendment note under section 461 of this title (which provided in part that amendment of the second and third sentences of subsec. (g) of this section by section 3 of Pub. L. 89–597 was effective only to Dec. 15, 1980, and that on Dec. 15, 1980, such sentences were to be amended to read as they would without the amendment by section 3 of Pub. L. 89–597), was repealed by section 207(a) of Pub. L. 96–221.

Amendment by section 101 of Pub. L. 96–161, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed at the close of Mar. 31, 1980, by section 307 of Pub. L. 96–221, and substantially identical provisions were enacted by section 302 of Pub. L. 96–221, such amendments to take effect at the close of Mar. 31, 1980.

Pub. L. 96–221, title V, § 529, Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 168, provided in part that, notwithstanding the repeal of Pub. L. 96–104 and title II of Pub. L. 96–161, the provisions of subsec. (k) of this section [which had been added to this section by those repealed laws] shall continue to apply to any loan made, any deposit made, or any obligation issued to any State during any period when those provisions were in effect in such State.

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which a report required under subsection (c)(9) of this section is listed on page 171), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

Pub. L. 115–174, title IV, § 403(b), May 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 1361, provided that: “Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [May 24, 2018], the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Comptroller of the Currency shall amend the final rule entitled ‘Liquidity Coverage Ratio: Liquidity Risk Measurement Standards’ (79 Fed. Reg. 61439 (October 10, 2014)) and the final rule entitled ‘Liquidity Coverage Ratio: Treatment of U.S. Municipal Securities as High-Quality Liquid Assets’ (81 Fed. Reg. 21223 (April 11, 2016)) to implement the amendments made by this section [amending this section].”

Pub. L. 105–18, title V, § 50004, June 12, 1997, 111 Stat. 212, provided that:“(a)In General.—A qualifying regulatory agency may take any of the following actions with respect to depository institutions or other regulated entities whose principal place of business is within, or with respect to transactions or activities within, an area in which the President, pursuant to section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [42 U.S.C. 5170], has determined, on or after February 28, 1997, that a major disaster exists, or within an area determined to be eligible for disaster relief under other Federal law by reason of damage related to the 1997 flooding of the Red River of the North, the Minnesota River, and the tributaries of such rivers, if the agency determines that the action would facilitate recovery from the major disaster:“(1)Procedure.—Exercising the agency’s authority under provisions of law other than this section without complying with—“(A) any requirement of section 553 of title 5, United States Code; or“(B) any provision of law that requires notice or opportunity for hearing or sets maximum or minimum time limits with respect to agency action.“(2)Publication requirements.—Making exceptions, with respect to institutions or other entities for which the agency is the primary Federal regulator, to—“(A) any publication requirement with respect to establishing branches or other deposit-taking facilities; or“(B) any similar publication requirement.“(b)Publication Required.—A qualifying regulatory agency shall publish in the Federal Register a statement that—“(1) describes any action taken under this section; and“(2) explains the need for the action.“(c)Qualifying Regulatory Agency Defined.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘qualifying regulatory agency’ means—“(1) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System;“(2) the Comptroller of the Currency;“(3) the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision;“(4) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;“(5) the Financial Institutions Examination Council;“(6) the National Credit Union Administration; and“(7) with respect to chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code, the Secretary of the Treasury.“(d)Expiration.—Any exception made under this section shall expire not later than February 28, 1998.”

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts:

Pub. L. 103–76, § 4, Aug. 12, 1993, 107 Stat. 753.

Pub. L. 102–485, § 5, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2773.

Pub. L. 102–242, title III, § 305(b), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2355, as amended by Pub. L. 103–325, title III, § 335, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2233, provided that:“(1)In general.—Each appropriate Federal banking agency shall revise its risk-based capital standards for insured depository institutions to ensure that those standards—“(A) take adequate account of—“(i) interest-rate risk;“(ii) concentration of credit risk; and“(iii) the risks of nontraditional activities;“(B) reflect the actual performance and expected risk of loss of multifamily mortgages; and“(C) take into account the size and activities of the institutions and do not cause undue reporting burdens.“(2)International discussions.—The Federal banking agencies shall discuss the development of comparable standards with members of the supervisory committee of the Bank for International Settlements.“(3)Deadline for prescribing revised standards.—Each appropriate Federal banking agency shall—“(A) publish final regulations in the Federal Register to implement paragraph (1) not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 1991]; and“(B) establish reasonable transition rules to facilitate compliance with those regulations.“(4)Definitions.—For purposes of this subsection, the terms ‘appropriate Federal banking agency’, ‘Federal banking agency’ and ‘insured depository institution’ have the same meanings as in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813).”

Pub. L. 102–242, title IV, § 475, Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2386, as amended by Pub. L. 102–550, title XVI, § 1606(i)(2), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4089; Pub. L. 106–569, title XII, § 1208, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3035, provided that:“(a)In General.—Notwithstanding section 5(t)(4) of the Home Owners’ Loan Act [former 12 U.S.C. 1464(t)(4)], each appropriate Federal banking agency shall determine, with respect to insured depository institutions for which it is the appropriate Federal regulator, the amount of readily marketable purchased mortgage servicing rights that may be included in calculating such institution’s tangible capital, risk-based capital, or leverage limit, if—“(1) such servicing rights are valued at not more than 90 percent (or such other percentage exceeding 90 percent but not exceeding 100 percent, as may be determined under subsection (b)) of their fair market value; and“(2) the fair market value of such servicing rights is determined not less often than quarterly.“(b)Authority To Determine Percentage by Which To Discount Value of Servicing Rights.—The appropriate Federal banking agencies may allow readily marketable purchased mortgage servicing rights to be valued at more than 90 percent of their fair market value but at not more than 100 percent of such value, if such agencies jointly make a finding that such valuation would not have an adverse effect on the deposit insurance funds or the safety and soundness of insured depository institutions.“(c)Definition.—For purposes of this section, the terms ‘appropriate Federal banking agency’, ‘deposit insurance fund’, and ‘insured depository institution’ have the same meanings as in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1813].“(d)Effective Date.—This section shall apply after the end of the 60-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 1991].”

Pub. L. 97–320, title III, § 326(b)–(d), Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1500, provided that:“(b)(1) Interest rate differentials for all categories of deposits or accounts between (i) any bank (other than a savings bank) the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and (ii) any savings and loan, building and loan, or homestead association (including cooperative banks) the deposits or accounts of which are insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation or any mutual savings bank as defined in section 3(f) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(j)) [12 U.S.C. 1813(f)], shall be phased out on or before January 1, 1984.“(2) Any differential which is being phased out pursuant to a schedule established by regulations prescribed by the Depository Institutions Deregulation Committee prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 15, 1982] shall be phased out as soon as practicable, but in no event later than such schedule provides.“(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no differential for any category of deposits or accounts shall be established or maintained on or after January 1, 1984.“(c) No interest rate differential may be established or maintained in the case of the deposit account authorized pursuant to section 204(c) of the Depository Institutions Deregulation Act of 1980 [12 U.S.C. 3503(c)].“(d) In the case of the elimination or reduction of any interest rate differential under subsection (b) with respect to any category of deposits or accounts between (1) any bank (other than a savings bank) the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and (2) any savings and loan, building and loan, or homestead association (including cooperative banks) the deposits or accounts of which are insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation or any mutual savings bank as defined in section 3(f) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1813(f)], the maximum rate of interest which shall be established for such category of deposits for banks (other than savings banks) the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation shall be equal to the highest rate of interest which savings and loan associations the deposits or accounts of which are insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation were permitted to pay on such category of deposits immediately prior to the elimination or reduction of such interest rate differential.”

Pub. L. 96–161, title II, § 213, Dec. 28, 1979, 93 Stat. 1240, provided that the provisions of title II of Pub. L. 96–161, which enacted subsec. (k) of this section and repealed provisions which had formerly amended this section, to continue to apply until July 1, 1981, in the case of any State having a constitutional provision regarding maximum interest rates.

Reduction of interest rates to maximum extent feasible in light of prevailing money market and general economic conditions, see section 1 of Pub. L. 89–597, set out as a note under section 461 of this title.

Pub. L. 89–356, § 3, Feb. 21, 1966, 80 Stat. 10, provided that: “Any application for approval of a merger transaction (as the term ‘merger transaction’ is used in section 18(c) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act) [subsec. (c) of this section] which was made before the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 21, 1966], but was withdrawn or abandoned as a result of any objections made or any suit brought by the Attorney General, may be reinstituted and shall be acted upon in accordance with the provisions of this Act without prejudice by such withdrawal, abandonment, objections, or judicial proceedings.”

Pub. L. 89–356, § 2, Feb. 21, 1966, 80 Stat. 10, provided that:“(a) Any merger, consolidation, acquisition of assets, or assumption of liabilities involving an insured bank which was consummated prior to June 17, 1963, the bank resulting from which has not been dissolved or divided and has not effected a sale or distribution of assets and has not taken any other similar action pursuant to a final judgment under the antitrust laws prior to the enactment of this Act [Feb. 21, 1966], shall be conclusively presumed to have not been in violation of any antitrust laws other than section 2 of the Act of July 2, 1890 (section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. 2).“(b) No merger, consolidation, acquisition of assets, or assumption of liabilities involving an insured bank which was consummated after June 16, 1963, and prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 21, 1966] and as to which no litigation was initiated by the Attorney General prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 21, 1966] may be attacked after such date in any judicial proceeding on the ground that it alone and of itself constituted a violation of any antitrust laws other than section 2 of the Act of July 2, 1890 (section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. 2).“(c) Any court having pending before it on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 21, 1966] any litigation initiated under the antitrust laws by the Attorney General after June 16, 1963 with respect to the merger, consolidation, acquisition of assets, or assumption of liabilities of an insured bank consummated after June 16, 1963, shall apply the substantive rule of law set forth in section 18(c)(5) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [subsec. (c)(5) of this section], as amended by this Act.“(d) For the purposes of this section, the term ‘antitrust laws’ means the Act of July 2, 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. 1–7), the Act of October 15, 1914 (the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. 12–27), and any other Acts in pari materia.”