15 U.S.C. § 1681e

Compliance procedures

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(a) Identity and purposes of credit users

Every consumer reporting agency shall maintain reasonable procedures designed to avoid violations of section 1681c of this title and to limit the furnishing of consumer reports to the purposes listed under section 1681b of this title. These procedures shall require that prospective users of the information identify themselves, certify the purposes for which the information is sought, and certify that the information will be used for no other purpose. Every consumer reporting agency shall make a reasonable effort to verify the identity of a new prospective user and the uses certified by such prospective user prior to furnishing such user a consumer report. No consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report to any person if it has reasonable grounds for believing that the consumer report will not be used for a purpose listed in section 1681b of this title.

(b) Accuracy of report

Whenever a consumer reporting agency prepares a consumer report it shall follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of the information concerning the individual about whom the report relates.

A consumer reporting agency may not prohibit a user of a consumer report furnished by the agency on a consumer from disclosing the contents of the report to the consumer, if adverse action against the consumer has been taken by the user based in whole or in part on the report.

(d) Notice to users and furnishers of information(1) Notice requirementA consumer reporting agency shall provide to any person—(A) who regularly and in the ordinary course of business furnishes information to the agency with respect to any consumer; or(B) to whom a consumer report is provided by the agency;a notice of such person’s responsibilities under this subchapter.(2) Content of notice

The Bureau shall prescribe the content of notices under paragraph (1), and a consumer reporting agency shall be in compliance with this subsection if it provides a notice under paragraph (1) that is substantially similar to the Bureau prescription under this paragraph.

(e) Procurement of consumer report for resale(1) DisclosureA person may not procure a consumer report for purposes of reselling the report (or any information in the report) unless the person discloses to the consumer reporting agency that originally furnishes the report—(A) the identity of the end-user of the report (or information); and(B) each permissible purpose under section 1681b of this title for which the report is furnished to the end-user of the report (or information).(2) Responsibilities of procurers for resaleA person who procures a consumer report for purposes of reselling the report (or any information in the report) shall—(A) establish and comply with reasonable procedures designed to ensure that the report (or information) is resold by the person only for a purpose for which the report may be furnished under section 1681b of this title, including by requiring that each person to which the report (or information) is resold and that resells or provides the report (or information) to any other person—(i) identifies each end user of the resold report (or information);(ii) certifies each purpose for which the report (or information) will be used; and(iii) certifies that the report (or information) will be used for no other purpose; and(B) before reselling the report, make reasonable efforts to verify the identifications and certifications made under subparagraph (A).(3) Resale of consumer report to a Federal agency or departmentNotwithstanding paragraph (1) or (2), a person who procures a consumer report for purposes of reselling the report (or any information in the report) shall not disclose the identity of the end-user of the report under paragraph (1) or (2) if—(A) the end user is an agency or department of the United States Government which procures the report from the person for purposes of determining the eligibility of the consumer concerned to receive access or continued access to classified information (as defined in section 1681b(b)(4)(E)(i) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title); and(B) the agency or department certifies in writing to the person reselling the report that nondisclosure is necessary to protect classified information or the safety of persons employed by or contracting with, or undergoing investigation for work or contracting with the agency or department.(Pub. L. 90–321, title VI, § 607, as added Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, § 601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1130; amended Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, § 2407, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–435; Pub. L. 105–107, title III, § 311(b), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2256; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1088(a)(2)(A), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2087.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

Section 1681b(b)(4) of this title, referred to in subsec. (e)(3)(A), was subsequently amended, and section 1681b(b)(4)(E) no longer defines the term “classified information”. However, such term is defined elsewhere in that section.

Amendments

2010—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 111–203 substituted “Bureau” for “Federal Trade Commission” in two places.

1997—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 105–107 added par. (3).

1996—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 104–208 added subsecs. (c) to (e).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–107 effective as if included in chapter 1 of subtitle D of the Economic Growth and Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–208, as of Sept. 30, 1996, see section 311(c) of Pub. L. 105–107, set out as a note under section 1681b of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective 365 days after Sept. 30, 1996, with special rule for early compliance, see section 2420 of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1681a of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of one hundred and eighty days following Oct. 26, 1970, see section 504(d) of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, set out as a note under section 1681 of this title.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 1,032 cases (556 in the last 5 years), 1974–2026 · leading case: Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass'n, 605 F.3d 665 (9th Cir. 2010).

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Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass'n, 605 F.3d 665 (9th Cir. 2010). · cites it 10× “Experian further argued that it was not liable for a violation because it had fulfilled its obligations under 15 U.S.C. § 1681e, which immunizes a reporting agency against FCRA violations by the agency's subscribers so long as the agency takes certain steps.”

Kathleen N. Pedro v. Transunion LLC, 868 F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2017). · cites it 10× “” 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681e(b), 1681n. The district court dismissed the complaint for failing to allege a plausible claim for relief.”

TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S. Ct. 2190 (2021). · cites it 2× “Assuming that the plaintiffs are correct that TransUnion violated its obligations under the Fair Credit Reporting Act to use reasonable procedures in internally maintaining the credit files, we must determine whether the 8,185 class members suffered concrete harm from…”

Watkins v. Trans Union, LLC, 869 F.3d 514 (7th Cir. 2017). · cites it 6× “The Watkins Litigation In the present case, Richard Watkins selected Cento to represent him in his case alleging FCRA violations against' Trans Union under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681e, 1681g, and 1681i. Watkins had applied for a loan in 2009 and discovered that his Trans Union credit…”

John Shaw v. Experian Info. Solutions, 891 F.3d 749 (9th Cir. 2018). · cites it 4× “The panel held that plaintiffs’ reasonable procedures and reasonable reinvestigation claims under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681e and 1681i failed because plaintiffs’ credit reports were accurate.”

Christopher Twumasi-Ankrah v. Checkr, Inc., 954 F.3d 938 (6th Cir. 2020). · cites it 6× “15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b). More specifically, Twumasi-Ankrah No.”

Taylor v. First Advantage Background Servs. Corp., 207 F. Supp. 3d 1095 (N.D. Cal. 2016). · cites it 6× “Plaintiff alleges that Defendant willfully and negligently violated the FCRA by failing to follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy, 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b), and failing to conduct the required reinvestigation of two disputed misdemeanor convictions, 15 U.”

Owner-Operator Indep. Drivers Ass'n v. USIS Com. Servs., Inc., 537 F.3d 1184 (10th Cir. 2008). · cites it 11× “15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b). The plaintiffs moved for class certification and the district court denied the motion.”

Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016). “Argued November 2, 2015—Decided May 16, 2016 The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 (FCRA) requires consumer re- porting agencies to “follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of” consumer reports, 15 U. S. C. §1681e(b), and imposes liability on “[a]ny…”

Sergio Ramirez v. Transunion LLC, 951 F.3d 1008 (9th Cir. 2020). · cites it 5× “The jury assessed $60 million in damages for three FCRA violations: (1) willful failure to follow reasonable procedures to assure accuracy of the terrorist alerts in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b); (2) willful failure to disclose to the class members their entire credit…”

Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass'n, 565 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2009). · cites it 10× “Experian further argued that it was not liable for a violation because it had fulfilled its obligations under 15 U.S.C. § 1681e, which immunizes a reporting agency against FCRA violations by the agency's subscribers so long as the agency takes certain steps.”

Wright v. Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 805 F.3d 1232 (10th Cir. 2015). · cites it 6× “He asserted claims against the CRAs under 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b) and Colo. Rev. Stat.”

Show all 1,032 citing cases →

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(2) — 1 case

DiTella v. TransUnion, LLC (S.D.N.Y. 2025).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(6) — 1 case

Estrada v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC (W.D. Tex. 2023).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(8) — 1 case

Blackwell v. Chex Sys., Inc. (E.D. Pa. 2020).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(a) — 69 cases

Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass'n, 605 F.3d 665 (9th Cir. 2010). “Experian further argued that it was not liable for a violation because it had fulfilled its obligations under 15 U.S.C. § 1681e, which immunizes a reporting agency against FCRA violations by the agency's subscribers so long as the agency takes certain steps.”

Vincent J. Ippolito, Cross-Appellants v. Wns, Inc., & Equifax Servs., Inc., Defendant-Cross-Appellee, 864 F.2d 440 (7th Cir. 1988).

Andrews v. Trans Union Corp., Inc., 7 F. Supp. 2d 1056 (C.D. Cal. 1998).

John Pinson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, Nat'l Ass'n, 942 F.3d 1200 (11th Cir. 2019).

Gonzales v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 660 F.3d 1055 (9th Cir. 2011).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(a)(2) — 1 case

Massey v. On-Site Manager, Inc., 285 F.R.D. 239 (E.D.N.Y 2012).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(a)(4) — 1 case

Edward Seamans v. Temple Univ., 744 F.3d 853 (3rd Cir. 2014).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(a)(5) — 1 case

King v. Gen. Info. Servs., Inc., 903 F. Supp. 2d 303 (E.D. Pa. 2012).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b) — 890 cases

Kathleen N. Pedro v. Transunion LLC, 868 F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2017). “” 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681e(b), 1681n. The district court dismissed the complaint for failing to allege a plausible claim for relief.”

TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S. Ct. 2190 (2021). “Assuming that the plaintiffs are correct that TransUnion violated its obligations under the Fair Credit Reporting Act to use reasonable procedures in internally maintaining the credit files, we must determine whether the 8,185 class members suffered concrete harm from…”

Christopher Twumasi-Ankrah v. Checkr, Inc., 954 F.3d 938 (6th Cir. 2020). “15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b). More specifically, Twumasi-Ankrah No.”

Taylor v. First Advantage Background Servs. Corp., 207 F. Supp. 3d 1095 (N.D. Cal. 2016). “Plaintiff alleges that Defendant willfully and negligently violated the FCRA by failing to follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy, 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b), and failing to conduct the required reinvestigation of two disputed misdemeanor convictions, 15 U.”

Watkins v. Trans Union, LLC, 869 F.3d 514 (7th Cir. 2017). “The Watkins Litigation In the present case, Richard Watkins selected Cento to represent him in his case alleging FCRA violations against' Trans Union under 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681e, 1681g, and 1681i. Watkins had applied for a loan in 2009 and discovered that his Trans Union credit…”

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b)(2006) — 1 case

Price v. Trans Union, L.L.C., 839 F. Supp. 2d 785 (E.D. Pa. 2012).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b)(d) — 1 case

Laufer v. Looper, 22 F.4th 871 (10th Cir. 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(c) — 2 cases

Kevin Kelly v. RealPage Inc, 47 F.4th 202 (3rd Cir. 2022).

Meyer v. Nat'l Tenant Network, Inc., 10 F. Supp. 3d 1096 (N.D. Cal. 2014).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(d) — 1 case

Scharpf v. AIG Mktg., Inc., 242 F. Supp. 2d 455 (W.D. Ky. 2003).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(d)(1) — 1 case

Mcgrath v. Credit Lenders Serv. Agency, Inc. (E.D. Pa. 2022).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(d)(2) — 1 case

Scharpf v. AIG Mktg., Inc., 242 F. Supp. 2d 455 (W.D. Ky. 2003).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(d)(l)(A) — 1 case

Cisneros v. Trans Union, LLC, 293 F. Supp. 2d 1167 (D. Haw. 2003).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(e) — 4 cases

Acosta v. Trans Union, LLC, 243 F.R.D. 377 (C.D. Cal. 2007).

Lewis v. Ohio Prof'l Elec. Network LLC, 248 F. Supp. 2d 693 (S.D. Ohio 2003).

Blasi v. United Debt Servs., LLC (S.D. Ohio 2019).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(e)(1) — 2 cases

Kevin Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP (7th Cir. 2009).

Remsburg v. Docusearch, Inc., 2002 DNH 080 (D.N.H. 2002).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(e)(1)(A) — 1 case

Kevin Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP (7th Cir. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(e)(2) — 4 cases

Morris v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 457 F.3d 460 (5th Cir. 2006).

Lewis v. Ohio Prof'l Elec., Network LLC, 190 F. Supp. 2d 1049 (S.D. Ohio 2002).

Lewis v. Ohio Prof'l Elec. Network LLC, 248 F. Supp. 2d 693 (S.D. Ohio 2003).

DiTella v. TransUnion, LLC (S.D.N.Y. 2025).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(e)(l) — 3 cases

Lewis v. Ohio Prof'l Elec. Network LLC, 248 F. Supp. 2d 693 (S.D. Ohio 2003).

Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 309 F. App'x 40 (7th Cir. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(e)(l)(A) — 2 cases

Miller v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP, 309 F. App'x 40 (7th Cir. 2009).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(g) — 12 cases

Ehrheart v. Verizon Wireless, 609 F.3d 590 (3rd Cir. 2010).

Iosello. v. Leiblys, Inc., 502 F. Supp. 2d 782 (N.D. Ill. 2007).

Friedman-Katz v. Lindt & Sprungli (USA), Inc., 270 F.R.D. 150 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).

Ramirez v. Midwest Airlines, Inc., 537 F. Supp. 2d 1161 (D. Kan. 2008).

Tyler v. Michaels Stores, Inc., 840 F. Supp. 2d 438 (D. Mass. 2012).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(g)(1) — 1 case

Van Straaten v. Shell Oil Prods. Co., LLC, 813 F. Supp. 2d 1005 (N.D. Ill. 2011).

— 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(g)(l) — 4 cases

Steven Hammer v. Sam's East, Inc., 754 F.3d 492 (8th Cir. 2014).

Bouton v. Ocean Props., Ltd., 322 F.R.D. 683 (S.D. Fla. 2017).

Jesus Cuellar-Aguilar v. Deggeller Attractions, Inc., 812 F.3d 614 (8th Cir. 2015).

Broderick v. 119TCBAY, LLC, 670 F. Supp. 2d 612 (W.D. Mich. 2009).

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