U.S. Code » Title 42 » Chapter CHAPTER 21— CIVIL RIGHTS › Subchapter SUBCHAPTER I— GENERALLY

42 U.S.C. § 1996b

Interethnic adoption

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(1) Prohibited conductA person or government that is involved in adoption or foster care placements may not—(A) deny to any individual the opportunity to become an adoptive or a foster parent, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the individual, or of the child, involved; or(B) delay or deny the placement of a child for adoption or into foster care, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the adoptive or foster parent, or the child, involved.(2) Enforcement

Noncompliance with paragraph (1) is deemed a violation of title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.].

(3) No effect on the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978

This subsection shall not be construed to affect the application of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 [25 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.].

(Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1808(c), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1904.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in par. (2), is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241. Title VI of the Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§ 2000d et seq.) of this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of this title and Tables.

The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, referred to in par. (3), is Pub. L. 95–608, Nov. 8, 1978, 92 Stat. 3069, which is classified principally to chapter 21 (§ 1901 et seq.) of Title 25, Indians. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1901 of Title 25 and Tables.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 4 cases (1 in the last 5 years), 1999–2024 · leading case: Doe v. Cnty. of Centre, 60 F. Supp. 2d 417 (M.D. Penn. 1999).
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Doe v. Cnty. of Centre, 60 F. Supp. 2d 417 (M.D. Penn. 1999). “In accordance with 42 U.S.C. § 1996b, CYS may not delay or deny the placement of a child for adoption or into foster care, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the adoptive or foster parent, or the child, involved.”
Adoption of Vito, 712 N.E.2d 1188 (Mass. App. Ct. 1999). “See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1996b(l), 671(a)(18) (Supp. 1996).”
Rhoads v. Guilford Cnty. North Carolina (M.D.N.C. 2024). · cites it 6× “First, under 42 U.S.C. § 1996b, (1) A person or government that is involved in adoption or foster care placements may not— (A) deny to any individual the opportunity to become an adoptive or a foster parent, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the individual,…”
Vincent Marrero v. Cnty. of Clark, 427 F. App'x 559 (9th Cir. 2011). “42 U.S.C. § 1996b(1). Marrero cites no record evidence establishing a triable issue of material fact as to whether the defendants delayed or denied his adoption request on account of race.”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1996b(1) — 2 cases
Rhoads v. Guilford Cnty. North Carolina (M.D.N.C. 2024). “First, under 42 U.S.C. § 1996b, (1) A person or government that is involved in adoption or foster care placements may not— (A) deny to any individual the opportunity to become an adoptive or a foster parent, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the individual,…”
Vincent Marrero v. Cnty. of Clark, 427 F. App'x 559 (9th Cir. 2011). “42 U.S.C. § 1996b(1). Marrero cites no record evidence establishing a triable issue of material fact as to whether the defendants delayed or denied his adoption request on account of race.”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1996b(1)(A) — 1 case
Rhoads v. Guilford Cnty. North Carolina (M.D.N.C. 2024). “First, under 42 U.S.C. § 1996b, (1) A person or government that is involved in adoption or foster care placements may not— (A) deny to any individual the opportunity to become an adoptive or a foster parent, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the individual,…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1996b(1)(B) — 1 case
Rhoads v. Guilford Cnty. North Carolina (M.D.N.C. 2024). “First, under 42 U.S.C. § 1996b, (1) A person or government that is involved in adoption or foster care placements may not— (A) deny to any individual the opportunity to become an adoptive or a foster parent, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the individual,…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1996b(2) — 1 case
Rhoads v. Guilford Cnty. North Carolina (M.D.N.C. 2024). “First, under 42 U.S.C. § 1996b, (1) A person or government that is involved in adoption or foster care placements may not— (A) deny to any individual the opportunity to become an adoptive or a foster parent, on the basis of the race, color, or national origin of the individual,…”
— 42 U.S.C. § 1996b(l) — 1 case
Adoption of Vito, 712 N.E.2d 1188 (Mass. App. Ct. 1999). “See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1996b(l), 671(a)(18) (Supp. 1996).”
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