Vermont Statutes Annotated

Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 18, § 1881 (2026)

Disclosure of protected health information prohibited

✓ current as of May 2026

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(Cite as: 18 V.S.A. § 1881)

§ 1881. Disclosure of protected health information prohibited

(a) As used in this section:

(1) “Business associate” has the same meaning as in 45 C.F.R. § 160.103.

(2) “Covered entity” has the same meaning as in 45 C.F.R. § 160.103.

(3) “Legally protected health care activity” has the same meaning as in 1 V.S.A. § 150.

(4) “Protected health information” has the same meaning as in 45 C.F.R. § 160.103.

(5) “Telehealth” has the same meaning as in 26 V.S.A. § 3052.

(b) A covered entity or business associate shall not disclose protected health information unless the disclosure is permitted under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).

(c)(1) Notwithstanding any provision of subsection (b) of this section to the contrary, in order to protect patients and providers who engage in legally protected health care activity and except as set forth in subdivision (2) of this subsection, a covered entity or business associate shall not disclose protected health information that is identifiable or susceptible to reidentification and is related to a legally protected health care activity:

(A) to any government entity other than the State of Vermont or its political subdivisions or instrumentalities if the covered entity or business associate has reason to believe that the information will be used:

(i) to conduct a criminal, civil, administrative, or professional disciplinary investigation into any individual for the mere act of seeking, obtaining, providing, or facilitating a legally protected health care activity;

(ii) to impose criminal, civil, or administrative liability or professional disciplinary action on any individual for the mere act of seeking, obtaining, providing, or facilitating a legally protected health care activity; or

(iii) to identify any individual for any of the activities described in subdivision (i) or (ii) of this subdivision (A); or

(B) for use in a civil or criminal action; a proceeding preliminary to a civil or criminal action; or a probate, legislative, or administrative proceeding.

(2) Notwithstanding any provision of subdivision (1) of this subsection to the contrary, a covered entity or business associate may disclose protected health information that is identifiable or susceptible to reidentification and is related to a legally protected health care activity if the disclosure meets one or more of the following conditions:

(A) The disclosure is authorized by the patient or the patient’s conservator, guardian, or other authorized legal representative.

(B) The disclosure is ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction pursuant to federal law, Vermont law, or rules adopted by the Vermont Supreme Court. A State court order compelling disclosure under this subdivision (B) shall include the court’s determination that the information will not be used to impose criminal, civil, or administrative liability or professional disciplinary action on any individual based solely on the fact that the person sought, obtained, provided, or facilitated a legally protected health care activity.

(C) The disclosure is to be made to a business associate designated by the covered entity or the covered entity’s business associate and will be used solely in the defense of the covered entity or the covered entity’s business associate against a claim that has been made, or there is a reasonable belief will be made, against the covered entity or the covered entity’s business associate in a civil or criminal action; a proceeding preliminary to a civil or criminal action; or a probate, legislative, or administrative proceeding.

(D) The disclosure is to Vermont’s Board of Medical Practice or Office of Professional Regulation, as applicable, in connection with a bona fide investigation in Vermont of a licensed, certified, or registered health care provider or a bona fide investigation of whether an individual who is not licensed, certified, or registered to practice a health care profession in Vermont engaged in unauthorized practice in this State, whether in person or through telehealth.

(E) The disclosure is to the Vermont Department of Health or the Vermont Department of Disabilities, Aging, and Independent Living, or both, in connection with a bona fide investigation of a licensed health care facility in Vermont.

(F) Subject to the limitations set forth in 12 V.S.A. § 7306, the disclosure is required in the ordinary course of business of Vermont’s Medicaid program.

(d) A covered entity or business associate shall not be subject to any civil, criminal, or administrative liability or professional disciplinary action for refusing to disclose protected health information that is identifiable or susceptible to reidentification and is related to a legally protected health care activity, in accordance with subsection (c) of this section. (Added 2015, No. 169 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Oct. 1, 2016; amended 2023, No. 15, § 14, eff. May 10, 2023; 2025, No. 20, § 6, eff. May 13, 2025.)

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 4 cases (2 in the last 5 years), 2018–2025 · leading case: Elizabeth Lawson v. Patricia Halpern-Reiss & Cent. Vermont Med. Ctr., 212 A.3d 1213 (Vt. 2019).

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Elizabeth Lawson v. Patricia Halpern-Reiss & Cent. Vermont Med. Ctr., 212 A.3d 1213 (Vt. 2019). · cites it 4× “18 V.S.A. § 1881. Also, the Legislature abrogated this Court's decision in Kuligoski , which had expanded mental health providers' duty to warn of a patient's dangerous propensities, and instead "limit[ed] mental health professionals duty to that as established in common law by…”

lawson v. halpernreiss (Vt. Super. Ct. 2024). “203 (b) (HIPAA’s privacy protections preempt state law unless state law more protective); see also 18 V.S.A. § 1881(b) (effective Oct. 1, 2016) (“A covered entity shall not disclose protected health information unless the disclosure is permitted under [HIPAA].”

Lawson v. Halpern-Reiss (Vt. Super. Ct. 2018). “203 (b) (HIPAA’s privacy protections preempt state law unless state law more protective); see also 18 V.S.A. § 1881(b) (effective Oct. 1, 2016) (“A covered entity shall not disclose protected health information unless the disclosure is permitted under [HIPAA].”

Av v. Dcf (Vt. Super. Ct. 2025). “See also 18 V.S.A. § 1881 (essentially codifying HIPAA’s requirements into state law).”

— Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 18, § 1881(b) — 3 cases

Elizabeth Lawson v. Patricia Halpern-Reiss & Cent. Vermont Med. Ctr., 212 A.3d 1213 (Vt. 2019). “18 V.S.A. § 1881. Also, the Legislature abrogated this Court's decision in Kuligoski , which had expanded mental health providers' duty to warn of a patient's dangerous propensities, and instead "limit[ed] mental health professionals duty to that as established in common law by…”

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