Victoria Trent appeals the district court's grant of partial summary judgment in favor of defendants on her retaliatory discharge claim under Sec. 704 of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-3(a) (1981). We reverse and remand.

On February 8, 1988, the Valley Electric Association ("VEA"), a rural public utility company, hired Victoria Trent to read residential electric meters. On July 20, 1988, she attended a mandatory safety meeting. VEA hired Ruralite Services, Inc. to conduct the meeting. During his presentation, the instructor from Ruralite used foul language and made a series of sexually offensive references. These included a description of the sexual experiences of linemen at a Nevada brothel. Trent was the only woman present at the lecture.

Trent complained about the offensive remarks to Richard Burasco, VEA's office manager. On August 19, 1988, Burasco asked Trent to put her complaint in writing. She submitted a written report to Ross Dohlen, VEA's general manager and later spoke with him about the safety meeting incident. When Trent remarked she "was not one of the boys," Dohlen replied that "for some purposes" she was. On August 31, 1988, Dohlen wrote to Ruralite complaining about the lecturer's offensive comments. On September 19, 1988, VEA fired Trent.

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Jesinger v. Nevada Fed. Credit Union, 24 F.3d 1127, 1130 (9th Cir.1994). Trent challenges her dismissal under the "opposition clause" of Sec. 704 of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-3(a) (1981). The clause makes it illegal for an employer to discriminate against an employee where the employee "has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter...." Courts have interpreted "unlawful employment practices" to include a panoply of actions involving discrimination and sexual harassment.

To succeed on a retaliation claim, Trent must first establish a prima facie case. E.E.O.C. v. Hacienda Hotel, 881 F.2d 1504, 1513 (9th Cir.1989). She must demonstrate (1) that she was engaging in a protected activity, (2) that she suffered an adverse employment decision, and (3) that there was a causal link between her activity and the employment decision. Id. at 1513-14.

In granting summary judgment in favor of VEA, the district court concluded that Trent failed as a matter of law to establish the first element of a prima facie case. We disagree.

The district court, relying on Silver v. KCA, Inc., 586 F.2d 138 (9th Cir.1978), found that because Trent complained about the practice of an outside consultant, not her employer, she was not protesting an "unlawful employment practice" under Title VII, and thus her conduct did not constitute a "protected activity." In Silver, the plaintiff was fired after confronting a co-employee and protesting a racially offensive remark he had made about her trainee. Her protest was directed solely to the employee who made the offensive remark. We said that "[t]he opposition must be directed at an unlawful employment practice of an employer, not an act of discrimination by a private individual." Id. at 141.

Whether Ruralite is a "private individual" is questionable. VEA did, in fact, hire Ruralite to train its employees, a function often carried out by company supervisors. We have held that when an employee protests the actions of a supervisor such opposition is a "protected activity." E.E.O.C. v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 720 F.2d 1008, 1014 (9th Cir.1983).^[1]

But we need not delve into the subject whether "protected activity" under Title VII includes an employee's protest to her employer of an outside consultant's conduct. As we first explained in Sias v. City Demonstration Agency, 588 F.2d 692, 695 (9th Cir.1978), a plaintiff does not need to prove that the employment practice at issue was in fact unlawful under Title VII. To establish the first element of a prima facie case, Trent must only show that she had a "reasonable belief" that the employment practice she protested was prohibited under Title VII. Id. at 696; see also E.E.O.C. v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 720 F.2d at 1013 ("opposition clause protection will be accorded whenever the [employee's] opposition is based on a 'reasonable belief' that the employer has engaged in an unlawful employment practice"). Most courts agree. See Payne v. McLemore's Wholesale & Retail Stores, 654 F.2d 1130, 1137-38 (5th Cir.1981) (employee belief that conduct being opposed was discriminatory must only be "reasonable") (quoting Hearth v. Metropolitan Transit Commission, 436 F.Supp. 685, 688-89 (D.Minn.1977)), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1000, 102 S.Ct. 1630, 71 L.Ed.2d 866 (1982); Sisco v. J.S. Alberici Construction Co., 655 F.2d 146, 150 (8th Cir.1981) (same), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 976, 102 S.Ct. 1485, 71 L.Ed.2d 688 (1982); Berg v. La Crosse Cooler Co., 612 F.2d 1041, 1045-46 (7th Cir.1980) (employee need only have a "reasonable belief" that the practice she opposes is unlawful); Hearth, 436 F.Supp. at 688-89 (if employee "reasonably believes" that discrimination exists, his or her protest is a protest of an unlawful employment practice under Title VII); see also Barbara Lindemann & David D. Kadue, Sexual Harassment in Employment Law 280 (1992) ("The EEOC and most courts have stated that Sec. 704(a) protects opposition [to an employment practice] so long as the employee has a reasonable and good-faith belief that the practice opposed constituted a violation of Title VII").

This reading of Title VII is consistent with its purpose to eliminate discrimination in employment. To find that Title VII's opposition clause only protects those who can prove that the conduct at issue is actually unlawful "[w]ould not only chill the legitimate assertion of employee rights under Title VII but would tend to force employees to file formal charges rather than seek conciliation or informal adjustment of grievances." Sias, 588 F.2d at 695.

Trent need only show that she had a reasonable belief that it was unlawful under Title VII for her to be subjected to a series of sexually offensive remarks at a seminar her employer required her to attend. The record in this case could support a finding that Trent had such a reasonable belief. After all, Trent was obligated to attend the safety lecture to learn about an essential aspect of her job. She certainly would be justified in believing that Title VII would protect her from the offensive remarks she endured while attending the meeting.

For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the record before the district court on summary judgment would support a finding that Trent engaged in a "protected activity"--the first element of a prima facie case of retaliatory discharge.^[2] The district court erred when it found to the contrary. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.