green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 4×
18.3 score
G Cite
cited 2× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 1987 ·
…harlow ... purged qualified immunity doctrine of its subjective components
at p. 2811
⚠ not in text
cited 2× by 1 distinct case, last quoted 1992 ·
…in order to support a 848 charge, the government is not required to plead in any form, much less obtain convictions on, any of the eligible predicate offenses, but may instead simply prove at trial the continuing series of offenses.
⚠ not in text
Treatment trajectory · 1985 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1985
2005
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited "but see"
United States v. Alex Simmons
(2×)
also: Cited "see"
But see United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 765 (2d Cir.1984) (Newman, J., concurring) (expert's testimony that observed events constituted a narcotics sale was of doubtful value), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "but see"
United States v. Simmons
(2×)
also: Cited "see"
But see United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 765 (2d Cir.1984) (Newman, J., concurring) (expert’s testimony that observed events constituted a narcotics sale was of doubtful value), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "but see"
Garrett Brock Trapnell v. George Ralston J.A. O'Brien Joseph Petrowkey and A.W. Bayles
(2×)
But see Myers v. Morris, 810 F.2d 1437, 1453 (8th Cir.1987) concluding that “more than the mere recitation of an improper state of mind such as malice, bad faith, retaliatory motive or conspiracy is required to defeat qualified immunity for conduct which, absent that state of mind, would be constitutionally acceptable or protected by immunity.” Accord Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 29 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985): Harlow focused on the need to enable courts to dismiss “insubstantial” lawsuits before discovery and trial, and it adju…
discussed
Cited "but see"
United States v. Thomas Calvin Ricks, A/K/A Joe Dancer, United States of America v. James A. Carter, United States of America v. Marcell Moffatt, A/K/A Black Barney, United States of America v. Stanley Rodgers, United States of America v. Kerney William Lindsey, A/K/A Wilco, United States of America v. Clifton Leo Frisby, United States of America v. Beatrice Roberts, United States of America v. Maurice David King, A/K/A Peanut
(2×)
also: Cited "see, e.g."
See United States v. Sterling, 742 F.2d 521, 526 (9 Cir.1984), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 2322 , 85 L.Ed.2d 840 (1985) United States v. Sinito, 723 F.2d 1250, 1261 (6 Cir.1983), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 86 , 83 L.Ed.2d 33 (1984); United States v. Graziano, 710 F.2d 691 , 697 n. 11 (11 Cir.1983), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 1910 , 80 L.Ed.2d 459 (1984); United States v. Samuelson, 697 F.2d 255, 259 (8 Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1038 , 104 S.Ct. 1314 , 79 L.Ed.2d 711 (1984); United States v. Losada, 674 F.2d 167 , 174 n. 4 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 457 U…
discussed
Cited "but see"
United States v. Ricks
(2×)
also: Cited "see"
We have previously stated in dicta that a § 846 conspiracy may not be used to prove the predicate violation required by § 848(b)(1), Lurz, supra, 666 F.2d at 76; accord United States v. Jefferson, 714 F.2d 689 , 702 n. 27 (7 Cir.1983); but see United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 748-52 (2 Cir.1984), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); United States v. Brantley, 733 F.2d 1429 , 1436 n. 14 (11 Cir.1984), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 1362 , 84 L.Ed.2d 383 (1985); United States v. Middleton, 673 F.2d 31, 33 (1 Cir.1982); cf. United States v. Michel, 588 F.2d 98…
examined
Cited as authority (verbatim quote)
James T. Martin, Jr. v. D.C. Metropolitan Police Department, Richard Xander, James T. Martin, Jr. v. D.C. Metropolitan Police Department, Richard Xander
(3×)
also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
harlow ... purged qualified immunity doctrine of its subjective components
examined
Cited as authority (verbatim quote)
Martin v. D.C. Metropolitan Police Department
(3×)
also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
harlow ... purged qualified immunity doctrine of its subjective components
examined
Cited as authority (quoted)
United States v. Benjamin Barry Kramer, Randy Thomas Lanier, Eugene Albert Fischer, and Kay Dee Bell, Jr.
(2×)
in order to support a 848 charge, the government is not required to plead in any form, much less obtain convictions on, any of the eligible predicate offenses, but may instead simply prove at trial the continuing series of offenses.
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
United States v. Sidney Muskovsky and Michael Posner
not even the plain error doctrine permits reversal on the ground that the trial court granted a defendant's request to charge.
examined
Cited as authority (rule)
Diamond v. Davis
(5×)
also: Cited "see"
Circuit addressed that issue in Hobson v. Wilson, 237 U.S.App.D.C. 219, 253 , 737 F.2d 1, 35 (1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985). 13 Hobson concerned claims that agents of the FBI, of the Metropolitan Police Department, and of the District of Columbia itself had conspired, using various secret and deceptive schemes in violation of plaintiffs’ statutory and constitutional rights, “to impede plaintiffs’ efforts to associate with others for the purpose of publicly expressing opposition to the Vietnam War, national and local Government race relations …
discussed
Cited as authority (rule)
United States v. Randolph Williams
Id. at 267, 737 F.2d at 49 ("[o]ur review of the trial court’s ruling on the mistrial motion is limited to assuring that the judge did not abuse his discretion”); Ryan v. United States, supra note 147, 89 U.S.App.D.C. at 330 , 191 F.2d at 781 (”[t]he standard to guide us, used by the Supreme Court, ... is whether there was an abuse of discretion in denial of a mistrial”) (citations omitted); United States v. Burke, 496 F.2d 373, 377 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 966 , 95 S.Ct. 229 , 42 L.Ed.2d 182 (1974) (“[ojnly if we are convinced that his discretion has been abused, may we re…
discussed
Cited as authority (rule)
Josiah Haynesworth and Fred Hancock v. Frank P. Miller, Chief, Law Enforcement Section, Office of the Corporation Counsel, (Two Cases)
(2×)
For example, in Hobson v. Wilson, 237 U.S.App.D.C. 219 , 737 F.2d 1 (1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985), we held that the principles underlying qualified immunity required that pleading rules historically liberal be constricted in cases where a complaint asserts that a governmental actor possesses a clearly unconstitutional motive, id. at 248, 737 F.2d at 30 ; in such cases, the complaint must set forth "specific facts to support a claim of unconstitutional motive," and may not survive on mere conclusory allegations of malice.
discussed
Cited "see"
William J. Federer v. Richard A. Gephardt, Individually Joyce A. Aboussie, Individually James A. Larrew, Individually and John Does
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 19-20 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985), overruled in part on other grounds, Leatherman v. Tarrant County Narcotics Intelligence & Coordination Unit, 507 U.S. 163 , 113 S.Ct. 1160 , 122 L.Ed.2d 517 *759 (1993).
discussed
Cited "see"
FTC v. Pmcs, Inc.
See *191 Sterling Drug, Inc. v. FTC, 741 F.2d 1146, 1154 (9th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 143 (1985); Katharine Gibbs School (Inc.) v. FTC, 612 F.2d 658, 665 (2d Cir.1979).
discussed
Cited "see"
Federal Trade Commission v. P.M.C.S., Inc.
See Sterling Drug, Inc. v. FTC, 741 F.2d 1146, 1154 (9th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 143 (1985); Katharine Gibbs School (Inc.) v. FTC, 612 F.2d 658, 665 (2d Cir.1979).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Miller
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 748-52 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Miller
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 748-52 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Doe v. United States
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 65 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, Brennan v. Hobson, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Wainsworth Marcellus Hall
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 747 (2d Cir.1984) (citing cases), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Supermarket of Marlinton, Inc. v. Meadow Gold Dairies, Inc.
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1 , 32-35 & n. 102 (D.C.Cir.1984), ce rt. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Supermarket Of Marlinton, Inc. v. Meadow Gold Dairies, Inc.
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1 , 32-35 & n. 102 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Mittleman v. United States Department of the Treasury
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 65-66 (D.C.Cir.1984) (directing the district court first to consider whether plaintiff was entitled to' relief under the Privacy Act, and, if the Act did not provide relief, directing consideration of whether relief was available under the Constitution), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct, 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); see also Dickson v. Office of Personnel Management, 828 F.2d 32, 41 (D.C.Cir. 1987) (indicating that this Circuit has not resolved the issue of whether the Privacy Act defines the scope of remedies available under *468 the Constitution).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Jacob Washington, Robert Hickman, and Jerome Washington, Frank Salas, Marlon Douglas, Stephen Collins, and Percy Culcleasure
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733 , 758-60 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); United States v. Dunloy, 584 F.2d 6, 10-11 (2d Cir. 1978).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Morales
Search Warrant Affidavit, ¶ 13; see United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 758 (2d Cir.1984) (in issuing search warrant, magistrate is entitled to consider and credit specialized knowledge of expert affiant regarding common tools used by narcotics traffickers), cer t. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985). 5 The foregoing discussion also reveals the inadequacy of defendant Santos’ contention that the Search Warrant Affidavit is defective because it fails to mention that Mr. Santos was engaged in the distribution of narcotics from the apartment.
discussed
Cited "see"
Foy v. United States
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985) (citing Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 , 62 S.Ct. 457, 469 , 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942)).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Frank Locascio, and John Gotti
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 761 (2d Cir.1984) (pointing out that the defendants were free to expose the weaknesses in the prose cution’s widespread use of expert testimony through cross examination), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Robert F. Davis v. James Grusemeyer, Raymond Gurak, Donald Yingling, David v. Brody, and Charles E. Waldron
However, Davis does not explain why — and we fail to see how — the actions related to Davis’ prosecution (such as the issuance of a superseding indictment and the refusal to admit Davis to PTI) constituted “predicate acts,” where that means “racketeering activity” either “chargeable under State law and punishable by imprisonment for more than one year” or indictable under specified federal statutes. § 1961(1); see Sedima, 473 U.S. at 495, 105 S.Ct. at 3284 (“predicate acts” for section 1962’s first three subsections include only “racketeering activity” as described…
discussed
Cited "see"
Jones v. Meridian Towers Apartments, Inc.
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1 , 33-34 & n. 102 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Russell R. George, AKA Rusty, and Pamela A. Johnson-Sherman, Francis R. Lajoice
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 758 (2d Cir.1984) (possession with intent to distribute narcotic controlled substances), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); Mankani, 738 F.2d at 546 (importation and distribution of hashish); United States v. Dunloy, 584 F.2d 6, 8 (2d Cir.1978) (possession with intent to distribute narcotics); United States v. Scharfman, 448 F.2d 1352 , 1353 n. 1 (2d Cir.1971) (theft of fur coats), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 919 , 92 S.Ct. 944 , 30 L.Ed.2d 789 (1972).
discussed
Cited "see"
Johnson v. Amoco Oil Co.
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 34-35 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Ronnie Bryser, Gerald Degerolamo, Vincent Degerolamo
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 762 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Thanh Vong Hoai v. Thanh Van Vo
(2×)
See 42 U.S.C. § 1985 (3) (1988). 8 The scope of section 1985(3) is limited, however, by the condition that such conspiracies be “motivated by some class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus.” See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 14 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Dunn v. Owens-Corning Fiberglass
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 761 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985) (trial court has broad discretion in deciding whether or not to allow narrative testimony).
examined
Cited "see"
John Doe v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, John Doe v. Federal Bureau of Investigation
(4×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 64 (D.C.Cir.1984) ("expungement ... is, in proper circumstances, a permissible remedy for an agency's violation of the Privacy Act"), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985) 7 The provisions at issue in Tijerina included subsection (b), which limits an agency's authority to disclose personal information without the consent of the individual to whom the information pertains, and subsection (e)(6), which obligates an agency to make reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy of information it discloses to any person other than an agenc…
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Antonio Perrone, Ramon Emilio Gomez and Israel Perez, Antonio Perrone and Ramon Emilio Gomez
(2×)
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 753 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985) ("surreptitious fashion" in which bag was transferred from car is a factor supporting inference of defendant's involvement in narcotics transaction).
discussed
Cited "see"
Walsh v. Ward
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1 , 30 n. 87 (D.C.Cir.1984) (citing cases), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Anderson v. D.C. Public Defender Service
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 30-31 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. William Riley, Norman Burnett, Jeffrey Sizemore, Vincent Mazza
(2×)
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 759-60 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); see also Andresen v. Maryland, 427 U.S. at 480-81 , 96 S.Ct. at 2748-49 .
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Luis Edwardo-Franco, Rocio Gallego, A/K/A \Mariela Florez\"
(2×)
See United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 764 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); United States v. Gaviria, 740 F.2d 174, 183-84 (2d Cir.1984); United States v. Soto, supra, 716 F.2d at 991-92 .
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Casamento
Sec. 848 ; see United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 746-48 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985). 59 Badalamenti's participation in the narcotics conspiracy satisfies the first element of Sec. 848, which requires a narcotics-related felony violation.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Casamento
To prove Badalamenti guilty of having engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise, the government had the burden of establishing (1) that he committed a narcotics-related felony, (2) that the felony was part of a series of narcotics law violations, (3) that these violations were undertaken by Badalamenti in concert with at least five people he supervised or managed, and (4) that he obtained substantial income from the narcotics law violations. 21 U.S.C. § 848 ; see United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 746-48 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see"
Arnold v. Board of Education of Escambia County
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); Hurney v. Carver, 602 F.2d 993 (1st Cir.1979); Fisher v. Flynn, 598 F.2d 663, 665 (1st Cir.1979); Smith v. International Longshoremen’s Ass'n, 592 F.2d 225 , 226 (4th Cir.1979); Hall v. Pennsylvania State Police, 570 F.2d 86, 89 (3rd Cir.1978); Uston v. Airport Casino, Inc., 564 F.2d 1216, 1217 (9th Cir.1977); Nickens v. White, 536 F.2d 802, 803 (8th Cir.1976); Coopersmith v. Supreme Court, 465 F.2d 993, 994 (10th Cir.1972); Place v. Shepherd, 446 F.2d 1239, 1244 (6th Cir.19…
discussed
Cited "see"
Arnold v. Board Of Education Of Escambia County
(2×)
See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); Hurney v. Carver, 602 F.2d 993 (1st Cir.1979); Fisher v. Flynn, 598 F.2d 663, 665 (1st Cir.1979); Smith v. International Longshoremen's Ass'n, 592 F.2d 225 , 226 (4th Cir.1979); Hall v. Pennsylvania State Police, 570 F.2d 86, 89 (3rd Cir.1978); Uston v. Airport Casino, Inc., 564 F.2d 1216, 1217 (9th Cir.1977); Nickens v. White, 536 F.2d 802, 803 (8th Cir.1976); Coopersmith v. Supreme Court, 465 F.2d 993, 994 (10th Cir.1972); Place v. Shepherd, 446 F.2d 1239, 1244 (6th Cir.1971…
discussed
Cited "see"
Saratoga Savings and Loan Association v. Federal Home Loan Bank Board
See Sterling Drug, Inc. v. FTC, 741 F.2d 1146, 1152 (9th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1843 , 85 L.Ed.2d 143 (1985). 1 We will defer to an agency’s interpretation of those statutes that the agency is charged with administering, if its interpretation is reasonable.
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Athanasios Theodoropoulos, A/K/A \Tommy\". Appeal of Athanasios Theodoropoulos. United States of America v. George Karivalis
See Brown, 776 F.2d at 401 & n. 6 (citing United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 765-66 (2d Cir.1984) (Newman, J., concurring), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985)).
discussed
Cited "see"
Roland Riddell v. Riddell Washington Corporation
(2×)
See id. at 35 & n. 107; Foltz v. U.S. News & World Report, Inc., 627 F.Supp. 1143, 1150 (D.D.C.1986).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Theodoropoulos
See Brown, 776 F.2d at 401 & n. 6 (citing United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733, 765-66 (2d Cir.1984) (Newman, J., concurring), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985)).
discussed
Cited "see"
State v. McGrath
See, for example, United States v. Young, 745 F.2d 733 (2d Cir.1984), cert. denied 470 U.S. 1084 , 105 S.Ct. 1842 , 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985), and United States v. Markowski, 772 F.2d 358 (7th Cir.1985), cert. denied 475 U.S. 1018 , 106 S.Ct. 1202 , 89 L.Ed.2d 316 (1986), holding that, for purposes of the Federal Continuing Criminal Enterprise statute, “violation” is not synonymous with “conviction.” The case now before us is, of course, a little different from that presented in Rabon in that the time period is not directly involved.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Mims
v.
Internal Revenue Service
v.
Internal Revenue Service
No. 84-1204.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Mar 25, 1985.
Published
Citer courts: Seventh Circuit (3)
C. A. 4th Cir. Certiorari denied.