Nat'l Gerimedical Hosp. v. Blue Cross of Kansas City, 449 U.S. 1123 (1981). · Go Syfert
Nat'l Gerimedical Hosp. v. Blue Cross of Kansas City, 449 U.S. 1123 (1981). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
158 citation events (2 in the last 25 years) across 22 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Berger v. Cantor Fitzgerald Securities (nysd, 1997-04-30) · Strongest negative: In Re Gulf Oil/Cities Service Tender Offer Lit. (nysd, 1989-10-30)
Treatment trajectory · 1981 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1981 2003 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" In Re Gulf Oil/Cities Service Tender Offer Lit.
S.D.N.Y. · 1989 · signal: but see · confidence high
See Tarasi v. Pittsburgh Nat'l Bank, 555 F.2d 1152 (3d Cir.) (affirming grant of summary judgment where "tippee" sues "tipper" for alleged misstatements), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 965 , 98 S.Ct. 504 , 54 L.Ed.2d 451 (1977); but see Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 76 & n. 6 (2d Cir.1980) (Friendly, J.) ( in pari delicto defense available only where there is a "conspiratorial or quasi-conspiratorial relationship between plaintiff and defendant, relatively equal culpability as between the parties, and ... allowing the defense will further the enforcement policies of the securities acts")…
discussed Cited "but see" W. Alton Jones Foundation v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1989 · signal: but see · confidence high
See Tarasi v. Pittsburgh Nat’l Bank, 555 F.2d 1152 (3d Cir.) (affirming grant of summary judgment where “tippee” sues “tipper” for alleged misstatements), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 965 , 98 S.Ct. 504 , 54 L.Ed.2d 451 (1977); but see Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 76 & n. 6 (2d Cir.1980) (Friendly, J.) (in pari delicto defense available only where there is a “conspiratorial or quasi-conspiratorial relationship between plaintiff and defendant, relatively equal culpability as between the parties, and ... allowing the defense will further the enforcement policies of the securi…
discussed Cited "see" Berger v. Cantor Fitzgerald Securities
S.D.N.Y. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 81-82 (2d Cir.1980) (Friendly, J.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, Nevin, & Co., 255 N.Y. 170 , 174 N.E. 441 (1931) (Cardozo, J.); Glanzer v. Shepard, 233 N.Y. 236, 239-241 , 135 N.E. 275 (1922) (Cardozo, J.).
discussed Cited "see" In Re Time Warner Inc. Securities Litigation
2d Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Atlantic Welding Services Inc. v. Westchester Steel Fabricators Corp., 173 A.D.2d 1073, 1074 , 570 N.Y.S.2d 410, 412 (3d Dep't 1991).
discussed Cited "see" ZVI Trading Corp. Employees' Money Purchase Pension Plan & Trust v. Ross
2d Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Atlantic Welding Services Inc. v. Westchester Steel Fabricators Corp., 173 AD.2d 1073, 1074, 570 N.Y.S.2d 410, 412 (3d Dep’t 1991).
discussed Cited "see" LTV Aerospace & Defense Co. v. Thomson-CSF, S.A. (In Re Chateaugay Corp.)
Bankr. S.D.N.Y. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 81 (2d Cir.1980) cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Phoenix Canada Oil Co., Ltd. v. *652 Texaco Inc., 749 F.Supp. 525, 531 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).
cited Cited "see" Maywalt v. Parker & Parsley Petroleum Co.
S.D.N.Y. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981). 6 .
cited Cited "see" In Re AnnTaylor Stores Securities Litigation
S.D.N.Y. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Banker’s Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 80 (2d Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Ross v. Bolton
2d Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 76 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Ross v. Bolton
2d Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 76 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981). 29 In 1985 the Supreme Court considered the defense's proper scope in securities litigation and determined that it could bar a plaintiff's suit in that field so long as (1) plaintiff truly bears at least substantially equal responsibility for the transactions for which he seeks to recover, and (2) barring the suit will not "significantly interfere with the effective enforcement of the securities laws and protection of the investing public." See Bateman Eichler, H…
cited Cited "see" Vestron, Inc. v. National Geographic Society
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Aries Ventures Ltd. v. Axa Finance S.A.
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980) (elements of fraud), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Anaconda-Ericsson, Inc. v. Am.
cited Cited "see" Murphy Door Bed Co., Inc. v. Interior Sleep Systems, Inc.
2d Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980) (New York law), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Murphy Door Bed Co. v. Interior Sleep Systems, Inc.
2d Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980) (New York law), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" St. Charles Cable TV, Inc. v. Eagle Comtronics, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981). 27 .
cited Cited "see" American Protein Corporation v. Ab Volvo and Volvo Lastvagnar Ab, as Successors in Interest to Beijerinvest Ab, Beijer Industries, Inc. And Bo Lycke
2d Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 81-82 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Shaw v. Rolex Watch, U.S.A., Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Davis
S.D.N.Y. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981). 20 .
discussed Cited "see" Andreo v. Friedlander, Gaines, Cohen, Rosenthal & Rosenberg
D. Conn. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 82 (2d Cir.1980) (Friendly, J.) (majority common law rule in American jurisdictions is that in determining the scope of an accountant’s duty to not make negligent misrepresentations, the critical factor is the parties’ reasonable expectations, not their formal legal relationship), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552(2) (negligent supplier of erroneous information may be held liable for third party’s reliance if supplier knew the information would be conveyed to third partie…
cited Cited "see" Bistricer v. Bistricer
E.D.N.Y · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 75 (2d Cir.1980) (Friendly, J.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981), and cases cited.
discussed Cited "see" Eisenberg v. Bank of New York (In Re Sattler's, Inc.)
Bankr. S.D.N.Y. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981), remanded 717 F.2d 683 (1983); Jaksich v. Thomson McKinnon Securities, Inc., 582 F.Supp. 485, 502 (S.D.N.Y.1984); First Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Oppenheim, Appel, Dixon & Co., supra, 629 F.Supp. at 435; Murray v. Xerox Corporation, 811 F.2d 118 (2d Cir.1987).
discussed Cited "see" DuPont v. Brady
S.D.N.Y. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Banker’s Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 78-79 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981) (rejects traditional due diligence negligence standard and holds that plaintiff’s burden is to negate recklessness when defendant puts that in issue); Scarfarotti v. Bache & Co., Inc., 438 F.Supp. 199, 203 (S.D.N.Y.1977); see also Quintel Corp., N.V. v. Citibank, N.A., 596 F.Supp. 797, 801-02 (S.D.N.Y.1984) (investor’s sophistication is relevant to adequacy of disclosure).
cited Cited "see" Index Fund, Inc. v. Hagopian
S.D.N.Y. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 75 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Savino v. E.F.
cited Cited "see" Eisenberg v. Gagnon
3rd Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 82-83 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Horowitz v. Pownall
D. Maryland · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80-81 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Index Fund, Inc. v. Hagopian
S.D.N.Y. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust, 615 F.2d 68 , 75 (2d Cir.1980), cert, denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Berner v. Lazzaro, 730 F.2d 1319, 1321-24 (9th Cir.1984), cert, granted sub nom.
discussed Cited "see" Togut v. Arthur Andersen & Co. (In Re Mid-Atlantic Fund, Inc.)
S.D.N.Y. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 78 (2d Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Mansbach v. Prescott, Ball & Turben, 598 F.2d 1017, 1025 (6th Cir.1979); Chris-Craft Indus., Inc. v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 480 F.2d 341 , 398 (2d Cir.) (Gurfein, J., concurring), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 910 , 94 S.Ct. 231 , 38 L.Ed.2d 148 (1973); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 526(b) comment e (1976). 16 .
cited Cited "see" Morgan, Olmstead, Kennedy & Gardner, Inc. v. Schipa
S.D.N.Y. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 75 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Sherman v. Sokoloff
S.D.N.Y. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co. (2d Cir.1980) 615 F.2d 68, 78-79 (under Rule 10b-5), cert. denied (1981) 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 .
cited Cited "see" Vorrius v. Harvey
S.D.N.Y. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Quintel Corp., N v. v. Citibank, N.A.
S.D.N.Y. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Faller Group, Inc. v. Jaffe
S.D.N.Y. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Dupuy v. Dupuy, 551 F.2d 1005 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 911 , 98 S.Ct. 312 , 54 L.Ed.2d 197 (1977).
discussed Cited "see" Johnson & Staley, Inc. v. Bushan & Levy, P. C.
S.D.N.Y. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dupuy v. Dupuy, 551 F.2d 1005 (5th Cir.) (relied on in Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 78 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. *1162 1123, 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981)), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 911 (1977).
cited Cited "see" United States v. William Barton, Anthony Chirico, Rosario Chirico, Dominic \Sonny\" Celestino
unknown court · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See -U.S.-, 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981). 10 .
cited Cited "see" United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit
2d Cir. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Turkette, 632 F.2d 896 (1st Cir. 1980), cert. granted, -- U.S. --, 101 S.Ct. 938 , 66 L.Ed.2d -- (1981); United States v. Anderson, 626 F.2d 1358 (8th Cir. 1980).
cited Cited "see" Hahn v. Oregon Physicians' Service
D. Or. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See National Gerimedical Hospital and Gerontology Center v. Blue Cross of Kansas City, 628 F.2d 1050 (8th Cir. 1980), cert. granted, - U.S. -, 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 108 (1981).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Clemente
2d Cir. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Turkette, 632 F.2d 896 (1st Cir. 1980), cert. granted, - U.S. -, 101 S.Ct. 938 , 66 L.Ed.2d -(1981); United States v. Anderson, 626 F.2d 1358 (8th Cir. 1980).
cited Cited "see, e.g." City of Amsterdam v. Daniel Goldreyer, Ltd.
E.D.N.Y · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Mollis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 81 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981) (Friendly, J.).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Fidelity Bank, National Ass'n v. Avrutick
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 *228 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Lou v. Belzberg
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Brickman v. Tyco Toys, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also, Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 82 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981) (cause of action would not lie unless the misstatement was “expressed directly, with knowledge or notice that it [would] be acted upon” by the plaintiffs) (emphasis added).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Long Island Lighting Co. v. General Electric Co.
E.D.N.Y · 1989 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Cincinnati Gas, 656 F.Supp. at 71 (elements of fraud under Ohio law include materiality, falsity, scienter, reliance and damage), with Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981) (elements of fraud under New York law include materiality, falsity, scienter, reliance and damages).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Rosen v. Spanierman
S.D.N.Y. · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Jo Ann Homes at Bellmore, Inc. v. Dworetz, 25 N.Y.2d 112, 119 , 302 N.Y.S.2d 799 , 250 N.E.2d 214 (1969); Channel Master Corp. v. Aluminum Ltd.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Morin v. Trupin
S.D.N.Y. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); JoAnn Homes at Bellmore, Inc. v. Dworetz, 25 N.Y.2d 112, 119, 302 N.Y.S.2d 799, 803 , 250 N.E.2d 214 (1969).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Nassau-Suffolk Ice Cream, Inc. v. Integrated Resources, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1987 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.), cert. denied 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981) (interpreting New York law).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Raine v. Lorimar Productions, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1987 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68, 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." D.S. Magazines, Inc. v. Warner Publisher Services Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Mallis v. Bankers Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Revlon, Inc. v. Carson Products Co., 602 F.Supp. 1071, 1100 (S.D.N.Y.1985); Ainger v. Michigan General Corp., 476 F.Supp. 1209, 1227 (S.D.N.Y. 1979), aff'd, 632 F.2d 1025 (2d Cir.1980); see also Deyo v. Hudson, 225 N.Y. 602, 612 , 122 N.E. 635 (1919); Adams v. Gillig, 199 N.Y. 314, 317-23 , 92 N.E. 670 (1910). 105 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." CBS, Inc. v. Ahern
S.D.N.Y. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Mallis v. Banker’s Trust Co., 615 F.2d 68 , 80 (2d Cir.1980), cert, den., 449 U.S. 1123 , 101 S.Ct. 938 , 67 L.Ed.2d 109 (1981); Songbird Jet Ltd., Inc. v. Amax Inc., 581 F.Supp. 912 , 925 & n. 40 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) (citing New York cases); Accusystems, Inc. v. Honeywell Information Systems, 580 F.Supp. 474, 482 (S.D.N.Y.1984); Potter’s Photographic Applications Co. v. Ealing Corp., 292 F.Supp. 92, 106 (E.D.N.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Quintel Corp., N v. v. Citibank, N.A.
S.D.N.Y. · 1984 · signal: see also · confidence low
The New York Court of Appeals has stated the basic elements of a cause of action for negligent misrepresentation as follows: As to duty imposed, generally a negligent statement may be the basis for recovery of damages, where there is carelessness in imparting words upon which others were expected to rely and upon which they did act or failed to act to their damage ..., but such information is not actionable unless expressed directly, with knowledge or notice that it will be acted *1244 upon, to one whom the author is bound by some relation of duty, arising out of contract or otherwise, to act …
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
National Gerimedical Hospital and Gerontology Center
v.
Blue Cross of Kansas City
No. 80-802.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jan 26, 1981.
449 U.S. 1123
Published

C. A. 8th Cir. Certiorari granted.