Senter v. Gen. Motors Corp., 429 U.S. 870 (1976). · Go Syfert
Search
Senter v. Gen. Motors Corp., 429 U.S. 870 (1976). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“the court may make its determination on its own motion____”
321 citation events (39 in the last 25 years) across 75 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Jenkins v. Massinga (mdd, 1984-08-03)
Treatment trajectory · 1976 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1976 2001 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Jenkins v. Massinga
D. Maryland · 1984 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
the court may make its determination on its own motion____
cited Cited "see" United Steel, Paper & Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial & Service Workers International Union v. Kelsey-Hayes Co.
E.D. Mich. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511 , 523 n. 24 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
cited Cited "see" Michigan Welfare Rights Organization v. Dempsey
E.D. Mich. · 2008 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir. 1976), cert. denied 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 ; Garrett v. City of Hamtramck, 503 F.2d 1236 (6th Cir. 1974).
cited Cited "see" In re Cincinnati Radiation Litigation
S.D. Ohio · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Mayo v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 148 F.R.D. 576 (S.D.Ohio 1993).
cited Cited "see" Pettola v. Nissan Motor Acceptance Corp.
D. Conn. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See Goldman v. First Nat’l Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10, 17 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
cited Cited "see" Fuller v. Fruehauf Trailer Corp.
E.D. Mich. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 525 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
cited Cited "see" Elliott v. ITT Corp.
N.D. Ill. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Goldman v. First Nat’l Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10, 16 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
cited Cited "see" Huguley v. General Motors Corp.
E.D. Mich. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors, 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see" Haskell v. Washington Township
6th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); United States v. Masonry Contractors Assoc. of Memphis, 497 F.2d 871 (6th Cir.1974); Crawford v. Zeitler, 326 F.2d 119, 121 (6th Cir.1964); see also Banks v. Chesapeake & Potomac Tel.
discussed Cited "see" Haskell v. Washington Township
6th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); United States v. Masonry Contractors Assoc. of Memphis, 497 F.2d 871 (6th Cir.1974); Crawford v. Zeitler, 326 F.2d 119, 121 (6th Cir.1964); see also Banks v. Chesapeake & Potomac Tel.
cited Cited "see" Schmidt v. Citibank (South Dakota) N.A. (CBSD)
D. Conn. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Goldman v. First Nat’l Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10 (7th Cir.) cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Baskin v. G.
discussed Cited "see" United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (2×)
5th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mississippi Public Service Commission v. FPC, 522 F.2d 1345, 1350 (5th Cir.1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 181 , 50 L.Ed.2d 149 (1976) (a proposed plan for high priority users to compensate low priority users during curtailment is part of a curtailment plan within the Commission’s transportation jurisdiction).
cited Cited "see" Alexander Grant & Co. v. McAlister
S.D. Ohio · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 522 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Consumers Power, 105 F.R.D. at 600 .
cited Cited "see" Thonen v. McNeil-Akron, Inc.
N.D. Ohio · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 522 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Rettig v. Kent City School District, 94 F.R.D. 12 (N.D.Ohio 1980).
discussed Cited "see" In re Consumers Power Co. Securities Litigation (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
E.D. Mich. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 523, n. 24 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see" Michael McCarthy Arthur Waskow v. Richard G. Kleindienst (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 521 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); see also Larionoff v. United States, 533 F.2d 1167, 1183 (D.C.Cir.1976) ("absent some showing of actual prejudice either to the Government or to the absent class members, we cannot conclude that the simultaneous entry of the judgment and the class action certification was reversible error."); see generally 7A C.
cited Cited "see" Jackshaw Pontiac, Inc. v. Cleveland Press Publishing Co.
N.D. Ohio · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 522 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 1150 (1976); Rettig v. Kent City School District, 94 F.R.D. 12 (N.D.Ohio1981).
discussed Cited "see" Wise Furniture v. Dehning
Minn. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Goldman v. First National Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Maes v. Motivation for Tomorrow, Inc., 356 F.Supp. 47 (N.D.Cal.1973).
cited Cited "see" Peters v. Lieuallen
D. Or. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors, 532 F.2d 511, 528 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Rowe v. General Motors, 457 F.2d 348 (5th Cir.1972).
discussed Cited "see" Fitzgerald v. Schweiker
D. Maryland · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corporation, 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976) (held numerosity requirement met where class consisted of all Black employees who were denied promotional opportunities and where plaintiff showed that during the relevant period Blacks represented 14% of the defendant’s workforce).
cited Cited "see" Nash v. City of Oakwood
S.D. Ohio · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Senter, supra, 532 F.2d 511, 524 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see" Williams v. Hoffmeister
E.D. Tenn. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511 , 528—530 (6th Cir.) cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Rowe v. General Motors Corporation, 457 F.2d 348, 358-359 (5th Cir. 1972); Saracini v. Missouri Pac.
discussed Cited "see" Marvin Jones, on His Own Behalf and on Behalf of Those Similarly Situated v. Fred R. Diamond (2×)
5th Cir. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 525 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); 7A C.
cited Cited "see" Edmondson v. Simon
N.D. Ill. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511 , 525 n.31 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see" Ronnie Watkins v. Simmons and Clark, Inc. (2×)
6th Cir. · 1980 · signal: see · confidence high
See Goldman v. First National Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Redhouse v. Quality Ford, 523 F.2d 1 (10th Cir. 1975); Boggs v. Alto Trailer Sales, Inc., 511 F.2d 114 (5th Cir. 1975); Agostine v. Sidcon Corp., 69 F.R.D. 437 (D.D.Pa.1975); Postow v. Oriental Building Assn., 390 F.Supp. 1130 (D.C.1976); Eovaldi v. First National Bank of Chicago, 71 F.R.D. 334 (N.D.Ill.1976); Chevalier v. Baind Savings Association, Inc., 72 F.R.D. 140 (E.D.Pa.1976); Vickers v. Federal Savings and Loan Association of East Rochester, 87 Misc.…
cited Cited "see" Joe R. Brown v. Britt O. Braddick, Joe R. Brown v. Britt O. Braddick
5th Cir. · 1979 · signal: see · confidence high
See Sheehan v. Doyle, 529 F.2d 38 , 39 n.* (CA1), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976). 3 . § 24.
cited Cited "see" Perry v. Beneficial Finance Co. of New York, Inc.
W.D.N.Y. · 1979 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Goldman v. First National Bank, 532 F.2d 10 (7th Cir.), cert, denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see" Lloyd T. Griffin v. Robert F. Burns, Etc., Thomas A. McCormick
1st Cir. · 1978 · signal: see · confidence high
But not all class members need “be aggrieved by or desire to challenge defendant’s conduct in order for some to seek relief under (b)(2).” 7A Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, Civil: § 1775 at 21 (1972); Davis v. Weir, 497 F.2d 139, 146-47 (5th Cir. 1974); Norwalk CORE v. Norwalk Redevelopment Agency, 395 F.2d 920, 937 (2d Cir. 1968); see Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 523-25 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
cited Cited "see" Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation v. Federal Power Commission, Piedmont Natural Gas Co., Inc., Intervenors. Piedmont Natural Gas Company, Inc. v. Federal Power Commission, General Motors Corp., Intervenors. Elizabethtown Gas Company v. Federal Power Commission, General Motors Corp., Intervenors. Consolidated Gas Supply Corporation v. Federal Power Commission, Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line, Intervenors. Atlanta Gas Light Company v. Federal Power Commission, American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Inc., Intervenors. Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. v. Federal Power Commission, American Textile Manufacturers Institute, Inc., Intervenors. State of North Carolina and North Carolina Utilities Commission v. Federal Power Commission, Piedmont Natural Gas Company, Inc., Intervenors
D.C. Cir. · 1977 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mississipii Public Service Commission v. FPC, 522 F.2d 1345 (5th Cir.1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 181 , 50 L.Ed. 149 .
cited Cited "see" Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp. v. Federal Power Commission
D.C. Cir. · 1976 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mississippi Public Service Commission v. FPC, 522 F.2d 1345 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 181 , 50 L.Ed. 149 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Scott v. Eastman Chemical Co. (2×)
6th Cir. · 2008 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 528-29 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Shack v. Southworth, 521 F.2d 51, 55-56 (6th Cir.1975).
cited Cited "see, e.g." In Re CommonPoint Mortgage Co.
Bankr. W.D. Mich. · 2002 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 522 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Bremiller v. Cleveland Psychiatric Institute
N.D. Ohio · 1995 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Senter v. General Motors Corporation, 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.), cert, denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976) (held numerosity requirement met where class consisted of all black employees who were denied promotional opportunities by defendant); Cook v. Rockwell International Corporation, 151 F.R.D. 378 (D.Colo.1993); Orantes-Hernandez v. Smith, 541 F.Supp. 351, 370 (C.D.Ca.1982) (“Where the exact size of the class is unknown but general knowledge and common sense indicate that it is large, the numerosity requirement is satisfied.”); Fitzgerald v. Schweiker, 53…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." John David Contracting, Inc. v. Brozek
Minn. Ct. App. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Goldman v. First Nat’l Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10 , 17 n. 11 (7th Cir.1976) (open end credit plan is one in which credit terms initially established with opening of account, but no fixed amount of debt is incurred at that time), cert. denied 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Powder River Basin Resource Council v. Babbitt
10th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
The Fifth Circuit recently followed this language in a federal question case, holding that "with all questions of subject matter jurisdiction except mootness, standing is determined as of the date of the filing of the complaint, and subsequent events do not deprive the court of jurisdiction." Carr v. Alta Verde Indus., Inc., 931 F.2d 1055, 1061 (5th Cir.1991); see also Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 520 (6th Cir.) ("Standing is determined as of the date the suit is filed."), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976). 32 More recently, however, in a case g…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Powder River Basin Resource Council v. Babbitt
10th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
The Fifth Circuit recently followed this language in a federal question case, holding that “with all questions of subject matter jurisdiction except mootness, standing is determined as of the date of the filing of the complaint, and subsequent events do not deprive the court of jurisdiction.” Carr v. Alta Verde Indus., Inc., 931 F.2d 1055, 1061 (5th Cir.1991); see also Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 520 (6th Cir.) (“Standing is determined as of the date the suit is filed.”), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Garrett v. Clarke County Board of Education
S.D. Ala. · 1994 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Mosley v. Clarksville Memorial Hosp., 574 F.Supp. 224, 234 (M.D.Tenn.1983) (plaintiff who asserts no actual injury to himself due to discrimination has no standing to assert a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5), citing Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 517 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Kuper v. Quantum Chemical Corp.
S.D. Ohio · 1992 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Senter v. General Motors, 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1977).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Harris v. Beneficial National Bank (In Re Weisbrod)
Bankr. S.D. Ohio · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 522 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Akron Center for Reproductive Health v. Rosen, 110 F.R.D. 576, 580 (N.D.Ohio 1986).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Dante v. Dow Corning Corp.
S.D. Ohio · 1992 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Senter v. General Motors, 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1977).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." American Accounts & Advisers, Inc. v. Hendrickson
Minn. Ct. App. · 1990 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Goldman v. First Natl Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10 , 17 n. 11 (7th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Maes v. Motivation for Tomorrow, Inc., 356 F.Supp. 47, 50 (N.D.Cal.1973).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Mosley v. Clarksville Memorial Hospital
M.D. Tenn. · 1983 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 517 (6th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Clendenin Lumber & Supply Co. v. Carpenter
W. Va. · 1983 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Goldman v. First National Bank of Chicago, 532 F.2d 10 , 17 n. 11 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Wilcox v. Commerce Bank of Kansas City, 474 F.2d 336, 340 (10th Cir.1973); Smith v. A & B Sales Co., Inc., 479 F.Supp. 477, 478 (N.D.Ga.1979); Town & Country Co-Op v. Lang, 286 N.W.2d 482 (N.D.1979).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Richard D. ROWE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CLEVELAND PNEUMATIC COMPANY, NUMERICAL CONTROL, INC., Defendant-Appellee
6th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 528-29 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Shack v. Southworth, 521 F.2d 51, 55-56 (6th Cir. 1975).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Terrie Harman v. New Hampshire Savings Bank
1st Cir. · 1981 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Goldman v. First National Bank, 532 F.2d 10, 18 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976). 4 Affirmed.
cited Cited "see, e.g." Cooper v. University of Texas at Dallas
N.D. Tex. · 1979 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 527 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Local 194, Retail Wholesale & Department Store Union v. Standard Brands, Inc.
N.D. Ill. · 1979 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e. g., Senter v. General Motors Company, 532 F.2d 511 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Rich v. Martin Marietta Corp., 522 F.2d 333 (10th Cir. 1975); Barnett v. W.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Brame v. Ray Bills Finance Corp.
N.D.N.Y. · 1979 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., Goldman v. First National Bank, 532 F.2d 10 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Guarte v. Furniture Fair, Inc., 75 F.R.D. 525 (D.Md.1977); Chevalier v. Baird Savings Association, 72 F.R.D. 140 (E.D.Pa.1976); Postow v. Oriental Building Association, 390 F.Supp. 1130 (D.D.C.1975).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Marvin Jones, on His Own Behalf and on Behalf of Those Similarly Situated v. Fred R. Diamond, Etc. (2×)
5th Cir. · 1979 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., Senter v. General Motors Corp., 6 Cir. 1976, 532 F.2d 511, 525 , cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 182 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 ; 7A C.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Charles Nasem v. Honorable Harold Brown, Secretary of the Department of Defense
D.C. Cir. · 1979 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also North Carolina v. Charles Pfizer & Co., 537 F.2d 67, 73 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 870 , 97 S.Ct. 183 , 50 L.Ed.2d 150 (1976); Coulter v. Weinberger, 527 F.2d 224, 228 (3d Cir. 1975).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Senter
v.
General Motors Corp.
No. 75-6791.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Oct 4, 1976.
429 U.S. 870
Consideration, Took.
Cited by 5 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 60%
Citer courts: D. Maryland (1)

C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.

Mr. Justice Powell took no part in the consideration or decision of this petition.