Briscoe v. LaHue, 455 U.S. 1016 (1982). · Go Syfert
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Briscoe v. LaHue, 455 U.S. 1016 (1982). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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cited 2× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 1997 · …there can be no criminal conviction for failure to disclose when no duty to disclose is demonstrated ⚠ not in text
169 citation events (8 in the last 25 years) across 46 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Robert M. Cochran (ca10, 1997-03-25) · Strongest negative: United States v. George Vernon Hansen (cadc, 1985-08-30)
Treatment trajectory · 1982 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1982 2004 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 43 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" United States v. George Vernon Hansen
D.C. Cir. · 1985 · signal: but see · confidence high
See, e.g., United States v. Lopez, 728 F.2d 1359 , 1362 n. 4 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 112 , 83 L.Ed.2d 56 (1984); but see, e.g., United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671 , 677 n. 8 (10th Cir.1981), *951 cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
discussed Cited "but see" Ago
Fla. Att'y Gen. · 1983 · signal: but cf. · confidence high
But cf ., Abrams v. Reno, 452 F. Supp. 1166 (S.D.Fla., 1978), aff'd , 649 F.2d 342 (5th Cir. 1981), cert. den ., 455 U.S. 1016 (1982) (holding former s 103.091 [6], F.S. 1978, an unconstitutional abridgement of the associational rights of the Dade County Democratic Party since it prohibited such a committee from endorsing or opposing any candidate of its political party who sought nomination in any primary election).
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) United States v. Robert M. Cochran
10th Cir. · 1997 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
there can be no criminal conviction for failure to disclose when no duty to disclose is demonstrated
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) United States v. Cochran
10th Cir. · 1997 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
there can be no criminal conviction for failure to disclose when no duty to disclose is demonstrated
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Sofa Gallery, Inc. v. Mohasco Upholstered Furniture Corp.
D. Minnesota · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
and we see no reason to expand judicially the scope of 1 of the sherman act to accommodate a claim that is already cognizable under another antitrust provision - 7 of the clayton act ...
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Commonwealth v. Frodyma
Mass. · 1982 · signal: compare · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
although 21 u.s.c. 374 authorizes fda agents to take samples of drugs during an inspection, and in rem action is required if large quantities . . . are to be seized
discussed Cited "see" Joblove, Allied Servs. v. Barr Labs. Inc.
2d Cir. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Valley Drug, 344 F.3d at 1306 (“[T]he reasonableness of agreements under the antitrust laws are to be judged at the time the agreements are entered into.”) (citing, inter alia, SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195, 1207 (2d Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982)).
discussed Cited "see" Joblove v. Barr Labs. Inc.
2d Cir. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Valley Drug, 344 F.3d at 1306 (“[TJhe reasonableness of agreements under the antitrust laws are to be judged at the time the agreements are entered into.”) (citing, inter alia, SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195, 1207 (2d Cir.1981), cert, denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982)).
discussed Cited "see" In Re Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litigation
2d Cir. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Valley Drug, 344 F.3d at 1306 ("[T]he reasonableness of agreements under the antitrust laws are to be judged at the time the agreements are entered into.") (citing, inter alia, SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195, 1207 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982)). 49 As the plaintiffs correctly point out, the Federal Circuit would have reviewed Judge Broderick's factual findings underlying his conclusion of invalidity with considerable deference, rather than engaging in a presumption of validity.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Bissell
D.N.J. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Jamieson-McKames Pharm., 651 F.2d 532 , 542-43 (8th Cir. 1981) (individuals who were “in business” together had Matlock common authority to consent to search of business premises), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Cynthia M. Stoner (2×)
10th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 683 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982); see also Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 83 , 55 S.Ct. 629, 631 , 79 L.Ed. 1314 (1935) (holding that a variance is immaterial where it " `was not of a character which could have misled the defendant at the trial'" (quoting Washington & G.R.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Antony Michael Upton, Santa Barbara Castle Development Corp., A/K/A Castle Construction Corp., and Ronald R. Barrick
5th Cir. · 1996 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 682 (10th Cir.1981) (the legislative history of § 287 does not indicate that Congress intended to make materiality an element of the statute), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. James J. \Buck\" Allemand
unknown court · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 680 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Daily, 921 F.2d 994 (10th Cir.1990), *927 cert. denied, — U.S.-, 112 S.Ct. 405 , 116 L.Ed.2d 354 (1991).
discussed Cited "see" Bankr. L. Rep. P 75,971 United States of America v. Vernon Robert Lindholm, Jr.
9th Cir. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d. 671, 676 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982), overruled on other grounds, United States v. Daily, 921 F.2d 994 (10th Cir.1991) (in prosecution for false statement to government agency, court held that leaving a blank is equivalent to an answer of none or a statement that no facts are to be reported).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Leo E. Kingston, Jr.
10th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 678 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982) (holding that “section 1001 prosecutions are not limited to statements which are required to be made by law or regulation”).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Victor Parsons
10th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 682 (10th Cir.1981), cert, denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Raymond T. Brittain (2×)
10th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 675-76 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Sammy G. Daily and Frederik A. Figge
10th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d at 671, 677 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982); Gonzales, 286 F.2d at 122 (citing Weinstock v. United States, 231 F.2d 699 (D.C.Cir.1956)).
discussed Cited "see" Axis, S.P.A. v. Micafil, Inc.
6th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982); Kobe, Inc. v. Dempsey Pump Co., 198 F.2d 416 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 344 U.S. 837 , 73 S.Ct. 46 , 97 L.Ed. 651 (1952).
discussed Cited "see" Eu v. San Francisco County Democratic Central Committee (2×)
SCOTUS · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Abrams v. Reno, 452 F. Supp. 1166, 1171-1172 (SD Fla. 1978), aff’d, 649 F. 2d 342 (CA5 1981), cert. denied, 455 U. S. 1016 (1982).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Stanley P. Gimbel
7th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 678 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
cited Cited "see" International Wood Processors v. Power Dry, Inc.
4th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195, 1203 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982).
cited Cited "see" International Wood Processors, a Corporation, and John C. Olsen v. Power Dry, Inc., a Corporation, Power Dry Patent, Inc., a Corporation, Drywood Corporation, a Corporation, Compton & Cloer Lumber Company, a Corporation, General Wood Processors, Inc., a Corporation, European Banking Company, Limited, a United Kingdom Company, K.N. Hronopoulos, an Individual, Delano Compton, an Individual, and Arthur J. Crowley, an Individual, International Wood Processors, a Corporation, and John C. Olsen v. Power Dry, Inc., a Corporation, Power Dry Patent, Inc., a Corporation, Compton & Cloer Lumber Company, a Corporation, General Wood Processors, Inc., a Corporation, Delano Compton, an Individual, and Drywood Corporation, a Corporation, European Banking Company Limited, a United Kingdom Company, K.N. Hronopoulos, an Individual, Arthur J. Crowley, an Individual, International Wood Processors, a Corporation, and John C. Olsen v. Power Dry, Inc., a Corporation, Power Dry Patent, Inc., a Corporation, Drywood Corporation, a Corporation, Compton & Cloer Lumber Company, a Corporation, General Wood Processors, Inc., a Corporation, K.N. Hronopoulos, an Individual, Delano Compton, an Individual, Arthur J. Crowley, an Individual, and European Banking Company Limited, a United Kingdom Company, International Wood Processors, a Corporation, and John C. Olsen v. Power Dry, Inc., a Corporation, Power Dry Patent, Inc., a Corporation, Drywood Corporation, a Corporation, Compton & Cloer Lumber Company, a Corporation, General Wood Processors, Inc., a Corporation, European Banking Company Limited, a United Kingdom Company, K.N. Hronopoulos, an Individual, Delano Compton, an Individual, Arthur J. Crowley, an Individual, International Wood Processors, a Corporation, John C. Olsen v. European Banking Company Limited, a United Kingdom Company, and Power Dry, Inc., a Corporation, Power Dry Patent, Inc., a Corporation, Drywood Corporation, a Corporation, Compton & Cloer Lumber Company, a Corporation, General Wood Processors, Inc., a Corporation, K.N. Hronopoulos, an Individual, Delano Compton, an Individual, Arthur J. Crowley, an Individual, International Wood Processors, a Corporation, John C. Olsen v. Arthur J. Crowley, an Individual, and Power Dry, Inc., a Corporation, Power Dry Patent, Inc., a Corporation, Drywood Corporation, a Corporation, Compton & Cloer Lumber Company, a Corporation, General Wood Processors, Inc., a Corporation, European Banking Company Limited, a United Kingdom Company, K.N. Hronopoulos, an Individual, Delano Compton, an Individual
4th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195, 1203 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Francisco Larranaga (2×)
10th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 685 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Gimbel
E.D. Wis. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 678-79 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
examined Cited "see" United States v. Gel Spice Co., Inc. (3×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
E.D.N.Y · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Jamieson-McKames Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 651 F.2d 532, 543 (8th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982); United States v. Dudgeon, 279 F.Supp. 300, 302 (D.Mass.1967).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Bernard P. Elkin, A/K/A \Bob Elkin
unknown court · 1984 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 682 (10th Cir.1981) (legislative history of § 287 does not indicate that Congress intended that materiality be an element), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982); but see United States v. Adler, 623 F.2d 1287 , 1291 n. 5 (8th Cir.1980) (requiring proof of materiali *1010 ty); United States v. Snider, 502 F.2d 645 , 652 n. 12 (4th Cir.1974) (same).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Marvin P. Johnson, Robert A. Wilkins, Duane Quamina, Patricia Gordon, Mark Francis Johnson
11th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
Van Liew , however, involved the demonstrably different situation where one of the conspiratorial objectives listed in the indictment actually failed to state a criminal offense. 321 F.2d at 672 ; see Griffin, 699 F.2d at 1104 n. 9 (drawing same distinction with United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671 (10th Cir.1981), ce rt. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982), which followed Van Liew.) Compare United States v. Carman, 577 F.2d 556, 567 (9th Cir.1978) (following Van Liew , but requiring reversal only in cases where the charged substantive offense fails to state a crime)…
cited Cited "see" United States v. Articles of Drug Consisting of Following: An Undetermined Quantity of 100-Capsule Bottles, Labeled in Part: (Bottle) Imported From New Zealand Neptone Lyophilizied-Homogenized Mussels
N.D. Cal. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Jamieson-McKames Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 651 F.2d 532 , 538-39 & n. 10 (8th Cir.1981), cert. den. 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
cited Cited "see" Dale v. Bartels
S.D.N.Y. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 .
discussed Cited "see" UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. ANTONY MICHAEL UPTON, SANTA BARBARA CASTLE DEVELOPMENT CORP., a/k/a Castle Construction Corp., and RONALD R. BARRICK
unknown court · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 682 (10th Cir. 1981) (the legislative history of § 287 does not indicate that Congress intended to make materiality an element of the statute), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 (1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re Subpoenas Duces Tecum Nos. A99-0001, A99-0002, A99-0003 & A99-0004
W.D. Va. · 1999 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Jamieson-McKames Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 651 F.2d 532 (8th Cir.1981) cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982); United States v. Schiffman, 572 F.2d 1137 (5th *733 Cir.1978).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Midwestern MacHinery Co., Inc. v. Northwest Airlines, Inc.
D. Minnesota · 1998 · signal: see also · confidence low
See du Pont, 353 U.S. at 607 ; SCFC ILC, 801 F.Supp. at 525 ; see also International Railways of Central America v. United Brands Co., 532 F.2d 231 (2d Cir.1976) (recognizing a use of stock to impose section 7 damage liability), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 835 , 97 S.Ct. 101 , 50 L.Ed.2d 100 (1976) SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 463 F.Supp. 983 (D.Conn.1978) (analyzing “holding” theory and determining that an impermissible use must be involved), affirmed and remanded on other grounds, 645 F.2d 1195 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1708 , 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Gill v. State of Rhode Island
D.R.I. · 1996 · signal: see also · confidence low
Eu v. San Francisco Democratic Comm., 489 U.S. 214, 229 , 109 S.Ct. 1013, 1023 , 103 L.Ed.2d 271 (1989); see also Abrams v. Reno, 452 F.Supp. 1166, 1171-72 (S.D.Fla.1978), aff'd, 649 F.2d 342 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1710 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982) (holding Florida’s statutory ban on primary endorsements by political parties unconstitutional).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Kaspar Wire Works, Inc., Plaintiff/cross-Appellant v. K-Jack Engineering Co., Inc., and Micro-Magnetic Liquidation Trust, Third-Party
3rd Cir. · 1995 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195, 1205 (2d Cir.1981) ("[A] Sec. 2 violation will have occurred where ... the dominant competitor in a market acquires a patent covering a substantial share of the same market that he knows when added to his existing share will afford him monopoly power.") (emphasis added), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 (1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Justice
Fla. Dist. Ct. App. · 1993 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Jamieson-McKames Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 651 F.2d 532, 542-43 (8th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982) (business partner of professional corporation with unlimited access to work area had authority to consent to search); United States v. Harte-Hanks Newspapers, 254 F.2d 366, 369 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 357 U.S. 938 , 78 S.Ct. 1385 , 2 L.Ed.2d 1551 (1958) (no illegal search and seizure where corporation representative consented to government's entry onto corporate premises and later voluntarily provided corporate documents…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Hinckley, No. Cr 91-72600 (Jun. 1, 1992)
Conn. Super. Ct. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Irwin, 654 P.2d 671 , 681-82 (10th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982) (where the Court of Appeals upheld the trial court's denial of the defendant's motion to dismiss).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Griffin v. United States (2×)
SCOTUS · 1991 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., United States v. Irwin, 654 F. 2d 671, 680 (CA10 1981), cert. denied, 455 U. S. 1016 (1982); United States v. Head, 641 F. 2d 174, 178-179 (CA4 1981), cert. denied, 462 U. S. 1132 (1983); United States v. Kavazanjian, 623 F. 2d 730, 739-740 (CA1 1980); United States v. Carman, 577 F. 2d 556, 567-568 (CA9 1978); United States v. Baranski, 484 F. 2d 556, 560-561 (CA7 1973); Van Liew v. United States, 321 F. 2d 664, 672 (CA5 1963).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Joann Mitcheltree (2×)
10th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Jamieson-McKames Pkarm., 651 F.2d 532 , 543-50 (8th Cir.1981) (counterfeit drug operation), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982); United States v. Barnett, 587 F.2d 252 , 254 n. 1, 257 (5th Cir.1979) (adulterated cottonseed meal), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 923 , 99 S.Ct. 2031 , 60 L.Ed.2d 396 (1979).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." People v. Zapata (2×)
Colo. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
People v. Shackelford, 182 Colo. 48 , 511 P.2d 19 (1973); see also United States v. Irwin, 654 P.2d 671 (10th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Rex S. Taylor
10th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
It is fundamental that “[a] defendant cannot complain of error which he invited upon himself.” United States v. Riebold, 557 F.2d 697, 708 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 860 , 98 S.Ct. 186 , 54 L.Ed.2d 133 (1977); see also United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671, 676-77 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
cited Cited "see, e.g." People v. Collins
Colo. · 1986 · signal: see also · confidence low
People v. Shackelford, 182 Colo. 48 , 511 P.2d 19 (1973); see also United States v. Irwin, 654 F.2d 671 (10th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 , 72 L.Ed.2d 133 (1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Torigian Laboratories, Inc.
E.D.N.Y · 1984 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Jamieson-McKames Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 651 F.2d 532, 536-40 (8th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1016 , 102 S.Ct. 1709 [ 72 L.Ed.2d 133 ] (1982); United States v. New England Grocers Supply Co., 488 F.Supp. 230, 237-39 (D.Mass.1980). 4.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Briscoe
v.
LaHue
No. 81-1404.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Mar 22, 1982.
455 U.S. 1016
Published
3 passages pin-cited by 4 cases
Pinpoint authority: #26,303 of 633,719
Citer courts: Tenth Circuit (2) · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial… (1) · D. Minnesota (1)

C. A. 7th Cir. Motion of petitioners Chris P. Vickers, Sr., and James N. Ballard for leave to proceed informa pauperis and certiorari granted.