green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 1×
9.4 score
“the consensus is that a plaintiff need prove only discriminatory effect, and need not show that the decision complained of was made with discriminatory intent”
Treatment trajectory · 1988 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1988
2007
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited "but see"
Biodex Corporation v. Loredan Biomedical, Inc.
But see Molins PLC v. Quigg, 837 F.2d 1064, 1066 , 5 USPQ2d 1526, 1527 (Fed.Cir.), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988) (ripeness of PTO action determined under regional circuit law).
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Dews v. Town of Sunnyvale, Tex.
(2×)
also: Cited "see"
the consensus is that a plaintiff need prove only discriminatory effect, and need not show that the decision complained of was made with discriminatory intent
discussed
Cited "see"
In re Motors Liquidation Co.
See SEC v. ESM Grp., Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 273 (11th Cir.1988) (holding that fraud on the court is the type of fraud which prevents or impedes the proper functioning of the judicial process, and it must threaten public injury, as distinguished from injury to a particular litigant), cert denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988). .
cited
Cited "see"
Aguiar v. Interbay Funding, LLC (In Re Aguiar)
See Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22 , 25 (1st Cir.1987), cert denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Salem Five Cents Sav.
cited
Cited "see"
Ramon Rodriguez v.
See In re Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 (1988); Salem Five Cents Sav.
discussed
Cited "see"
People United for Children, Inc. v. City of New York
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1216-17 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) (citing Village of Arlington Heights, 429 U.S. at 265 , 97 S.Ct. 555 ).
cited
Cited "see"
Puerto Rico Public Housing Administration v. United States Department of Housing & Urban Development
See generally United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181, 1217 (2nd Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Parents, Alumni, & Friends of Taylor School v. City of Norfolk
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1223-26 (2d Cir.1987), ce rt. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) (finding that discriminatory intent can be inferred from an action undertaken in response to the majority of the community and their discriminatory intent).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1288-1521 , (S.D.N.Y.1985), aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 3 .
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
See 635 F.Supp. 1538 , aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). *714 In 1993, based on an application by both Yonkers Board and the plaintiff-intervenors, this Court found that vestiges of the dual school system continued to exist in YPS.
cited
Cited "see"
Weinberger v. Navarro
See S.E.C. v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom Peat Marwick Main & Co. v. Tew, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
Brooks v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Florida, Inc.
See SEC v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.), reh’g denied, 840 F.2d 25 , cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
Nadine Brooks v. Blue Cross And Blue Shield Of Florida, Inc.
See SEC v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.), reh'g denied, 840 F.2d 25 , cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. City of Yonkers
See 837 F.2d 1181 (1987) (“Yonkers III”), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. City Of Yonkers
See 837 F.2d 1181 (1987) ("Yonkers III "), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
Future Tech International, Inc. v. Tae Il Media, Ltd.
See SEC v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.), reh’g denied, 840 F.2d 25 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Kirschner v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Valley Stream
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1216-17 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) (recognizing that the question of intent in an equal protection case belongs to the trier of fact). c.
cited
Cited "see"
Vernon v. Medical Management Associates of Margate, Inc.
See SEC v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.), reh’g denied, 840 F.2d *1554 25, cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Trustees of the Hotel Industry Pension Fund v. Carol Management Corp.
(2×)
See SEC v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.), reh’g denied, 840 F.2d 25 , cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Orange Lake Associates, Inc. v. Kirkpatrick
Although we will not permit “another branch of government to subvert the equal protection guarantee,” Rotunda & Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law, supra, § 18.4, at 50, we also will not sit as a super-legislature by declaring void democratically enacted laws on the tenuous basis that a few people might be adversely affected by the law: See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1292 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (“[a]n action which merely has the unintended effect of creating or maintaining racial segregation [does not] violate[ ] ... the Constitution”), aff' d, 837 F.2d 1181 (…
discussed
Cited "see"
Orange Lake Associates, Inc. v. Kirkpatrick
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1292 (S.D.N.Y.1985) ("[a]n action which merely has the unintended effect of creating or maintaining racial segregation [does not] violate[ ] ... the Constitution"), aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
Mann v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n
See SEC v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, Peat Marwick Main & Co. v. Tew, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
People Who Care v. Rockford Bd. of Educ.
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1530 (S.D.N.Y. 1985), aff'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Morgan v. Hennigan, 379 F.Supp. 410, 463 (D.Mass.1974), aff'd sub nom.
discussed
Cited "see"
Pride Communications Ltd. Partnership v. WCKG, Inc.
(2×)
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276, 1530 (S.D.N.Y.1985), aff 'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); Morgan v. Hennigan, 379 F.Supp. 410, 463 (D.Mass.1974), aff'd sub nom.
discussed
Cited "see"
Williams v. Poulos
See Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); but see FDIC v. Meyer, 781 F.2d 1260, 1268 (7th Cir.1986) (motion to alter or amend judgment “cannot be used to raise arguments which could, and should, have been made before the judgment issued”) (emphasis supplied).
discussed
Cited "see"
Williams v. Poulos
See Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir. ___ ____________________________ 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 (1988); but see FDIC v. _____ ______ ___ ___ ____ Meyer, 781 F.2d 1260, 1268 (7th Cir. 1986) (motion to alter _____ or amend judgment "cannot be used to raise arguments which ______ could, and should, have been made before the judgment issued") (emphasis supplied).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Roberts
See In re ___ _____ Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 26 (1st Cir. 1987), cert. denied, _________________ _____ ______ 486 U.S. 1055 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Leslie Roberts
See In re Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 26 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Easter Seal Society of New Jersey, Inc. v. Township of North Bergen
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Ed., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1223-24 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); United States v. Borough of Audubon, 797 F.Supp. 353, 361 (D.N.J.1991) (Gerry, C.J.), aff’d, 968 F.2d 14 (3d Cir.1992) (Exhibits Attached to Pit.
cited
Cited "see"
Bender v. CenTrust Mortgage Corp.
See SEC v. ESM Group, Inc., 835 F.2d 270, 272 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, Peat Marwick Main & Co. v. Tew, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
State v. Clouse
See United States v. Biswell, 406 U.S. 311 , 92 S.Ct. 1593 , 32 L.Ed.2d 87 (1972), and Crosby v. State, 750 S.W.2d 768 (Tex.Crim.App.1987), cer t. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
John M. Pekah v. Manuel Lujan, as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior
See Ducheneaux v. Secretary of the Interior, 837 F.2d 340, 341-42 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 (1988). 4 Five years later, Appellant brought this action in federal district court, seeking review of the Secretary's decision under the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551-576 .
cited
Cited "see"
Frederick Feinstein v. Morris and Joyce Moses, D/B/A Sun-Cal Products
Accord Appeal of Sun Pipe Line, 831 F.2d 22, 24 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board Of Education
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181, 1236 (2d Cir.1987) (discussing deference owed to district court's choice of remedy in racial discrimination cases), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 9 The City first challenges the district court's denial of the City's request for a possibility of reverter in the sites. 2 The City argues that it is entitled to this future interest in the sites as protection against certain contingencies--e.g., Deluxe fails to build public housing on the sites or the MHA terminates the sites for public housing.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181, 1236 (2d Cir.1987) (discussing deference owed to district court’s choice of remedy in racial discrimination cases), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Graham v. New York
See U.S. v. Yonkers Board of Education, 837 F.2d 1181 , 1218 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); First National Bank of Cincinnati v. Pepper, 547 F.2d 708, 710 (2d Cir.1976) (Friendly, J.). .
discussed
Cited "see"
54 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 40,060, 12 Employee Benefits Ca 1801 Adele Graham and Tamaara Danish, Individually and as Representatives of a Class of Persons Similarly Situated v. State of New York, Department of Civil Service Edward v. Regan, as Comptroller of the State of New York Mario Cuomo, as Governor of the State of New York
See U.S. v. Yonkers Board of Education, 837 F.2d 1181 , 1218 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); First National Bank of Cincinnati v. Pepper, 547 F.2d 708, 710 (2d Cir.1976) (Friendly, J.) 5 The court, in discussing the New York State Health Insurance Program, wrote that An employer which offers a comprehensive individual health insurance plan that denies benefits for pregnancy and childbirth clearly offers a less comprehensive plan to its female employees than to its male employees.
discussed
Cited "see"
Yonkers Board Of Education v. United States
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988). 4 While appeal of the two orders was still pending, the City moved to modify the May 13, 1986, order to eliminate the requirement that it provide funding for the new schools.
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Yonkers Board of Education
See United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
cited
Cited "see"
Frontier Airlines, Inc. v. United Air Lines, Inc.
See Local No. 57 v. Bechtel Power Corp., 834 F.2d 884 , 886-40 (10th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2822 , 100 L.Ed.2d 923 (1988); Maierhofer v. Crown Realty Co., Civ.A.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Human Resource Research & Management Group, Inc. v. County of Suffolk
See City of Middletown, 294 F.3d at 49 (holding that plaintiff can proceed with FHA claim where “animus against the protected group was a significant factor in the position taken by the municipal decision-makers themselves or by those to whom the decision-makers were knowingly responsive ” (emphasis added) (quoting LeBlanc Sternberg, 67 F.3d at 425 )); see also United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1223-24 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Janet Scott-Harris v. City of Fall River, Janet Scott-Harris v. City of Fall River
See, e.g., United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1221-25 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988); City of Birmingham, 538 F.Supp. at 824-27 .
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Scott-Harris v. Fall River
See, e.g., United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1221-25 (2d Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 (1988); City of Birmingham, 538 F. Supp. at 824-27 .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Scott-Harris v. Fall River
See, e.g., ___ ____ United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1221-25 (2d _____________ ____________________ Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 (1988); City of _____ ______ ________ Birmingham, 538 F. Supp. at 824-27.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Karl Pfaff Elizabeth Pfaff v. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
See, e.g., United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 837 F.2d 1181 , 1217 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988) ("[T]he consensus is that a plaintiff need prove only discriminatory effect, and need not show that the decision complained of was made with discriminatory intent.”); Huntington Branch, NAACP, 844 F.2d at 934-35 ("The Act’s stated purpose to end discrimination requires a discriminatory effect standard; an intent require-merit would strip the statute of all impact on de facto segregation.”); Black Jack, 508 F.2d at 1184-85 ("Effect, an…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Stanley v. Darlington County School District
For example, the First Circuit upheld the use of racial percentages for admissions to magnet schools and emphasized that because they “were designed to maximize voluntary desegregation ... magnet schools, in order to prove of value to the desegregation plan, had to be carefully circumscribed to ensure that they would not serve as a haven for those seeking to attend a school predominantly composed of those of their own race.” Morgan v. Kerrigan, 530 F.2d 401, 423 (1st Cir.1976), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 935 , 96 S.Ct. 2648 , 49 L.Ed.2d 386 (1976); see also United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Alfonso Serrano-Perez and Luz De Diego-Rios v. Fmc Corporation, Monsanto Company, and Ici Americas, Inc.
See Mackin v. City of Boston, 969 F.2d 1273, 1279 (1st Cir.1992), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 1043 , 122 L.Ed.2d 352 (1993); Weinberger v. Great Northern Nekoosa Corp., 925 F.2d 518, 528 (1st Cir.1991); see also Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Serrano Perez v. FMC Corp.
See Mackin v. City of Boston, 969 F.2d 1273, 1279 (1st Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 61 U.S.L.W. 3314 (1993); Weinberger v. Great Northern Nekoosa Corp., 925 F.2d 518, 528 (1st Cir. 1991); see also Appeal of Sun Pipe Line Co., 831 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 (1988).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Johnson v. Dixon
See, e.g., United States v. Yonkers Bd. of Educ., 624 F.Supp. 1276 (S.D.N.Y.1985), aff 'd, 837 F.2d 1181 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1055 , 108 S.Ct. 2821 , 100 L.Ed.2d 922 (1988).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
James Saunders v. Amoco Pipeline Company
Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act ( 29 U.S.C. § 185 (a)), preempts state causes of action addressing “questions relating to what the parties to a labor agreement agreed, and what legal consequences were intended to flow from breaches of that agreement, ... whether such questions arise in the context of a suit for breach of contract or in a suit alleging liability in tort.” Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202, 210-11 , 105 S.Ct. 1904, 1911 , 85 L.Ed.2d 206 (1985); see also United Ass’n of Journeymen & Apprentices of Plumbing & Pipe Fitting Indus., Local No. 57 v. …
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
New York State Department of Social Services
v.
Bowen, Secretary of Health and Human Services
v.
Bowen, Secretary of Health and Human Services
No. 87-1564.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jun 13, 1988.
C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.