Parole is an amelioration of punishment that remains in legal effect imprisonment, and a mere lapse of time without legal restraint does not constitute service of a sentence.
A prisoner convicted of a crime and sentenced to a term of imprisonment was released on parole but subsequently violated the terms of his parole by committing another crime and being confined in a state penitentiary. The prisoner argued that his sentence had expired due to good conduct credits and the passage of time while he was out on parole. The court holds that parole is an amelioration of punishment that remains in legal effect as imprisonment, and a mere lapse of time without imprisonment or other legal restraint does not constitute service of a sentence. Because the parole violation interrupted the service of the sentence, the parole board acted within its authority to revoke the parole.
v.
Corall
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On November. 25, 1914, Corail was convicted of the crime of breaking into a postoffice and- was sentenced to[*194] be confined in the Leavenworth penitentiary ■ for three years from that date. He served in prison until February 24, 1916, when he was allowed to go out on parole under the Act of June 25, 1910, c. 387, 36 Stat. 819, as amended by the Act of January 23,1913, c. 9, 37 Stat. 650, portions of which are printed in the margin. [1] On June 28, 1916, the warden in accordance with § 4 issued a warrant for the retaking of Corail as a parole violator. Before he was retaken, and in October, 1916, he was convicted at Chicago of another crime and sentenced therefor to the Illinois state penitentiary at Joilet, where he was confined until some time in December, 1919. After his release from that prison he was retaken, December 17,[*195] 1919, on the warden’s warrant to the Leavenworth penitentiary. In January, 1920, the parole board, pursuant to § 6, took action appropriate to revoke and terminate the parole. The validity of that action is the only question involved.
Corall claims that, allowing deductions for good conduct (Act of June 21, 1902, c. 1140, 32 Stat. 397); the term of his sentence actually ended before the expiration of three years from the date it began and on or about March 17, 1917. ■ The warden contends that the time elapsing between February 24, 191G, when he was paroled, and December 17, 1919, when he was retaken, can not be taken into account; that' when the board acted to revoke his[*196] parole, the sentence had not been served, and he was bound to serve that part of it which remained unexpired when parole was granted. February 4, 192.1, Corail.made application for a writ of habeas corpus to the District Court for the District of Kansas. That court decided he was illegally held and ordered his discharge. The warden appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals where the judgment was affirmed.
Mere lapse of time without imprisonment or other restraint contemplated by the law does not constitute service of sentence. Escape from prison interrupts service, and the time elapsing between escape and retaking will not be taken into account or allowed as a part of the term. Dolan’s Case, 101 Mass. 219, 222; Petition of Moebus, 73 N. H. 350, 352. The parole authorized by the statute does not suspend service or operate to shorten the term. While on parole the convict is bound to remain in the legal custody and under the control of the warden until the expiration of the term, less allowance, if any, for good conduct. While this is an amelioration of punishment, it is in legal effect imprisonment. The sentence and service are subject to the provision of § 6 that if the parole be terminated the prisoner shall serve the remainder of the sentence originally imposed without deduction for the time he was-out on parole.
Corall’s violation of the parole, evidenced by. the warden’s warrant and his conviction, sentence to and confinement in the Joliet penitentiary, interrupted his service under the sentence here in question, and was in legal effect on the same plane, as an escape from the custody and control of the warden. His status .and rights were analogous to those of an escaped convict. Drinkall v. Spiegel, Sheriff, 68 Conn. 441, 449, 450. The term of his sentence had not expired in October, 1916, when, at Chicago, he was'convicted of another crime and sentenced to the Joliet penitentiaiy. Then — if not earlier — he ceased to be in[*197] the legal custody and under the control of the warden of the Leavenworth penitentiary, as required by § 3 of "the act and the terms of the parole authorized thereby. His-claim that his term expired in 1917 before he was retaken and while he was serving sentence at Joliet cannot be sustained, and we hold that it had not expired in January, 1920, at the time of the action of the board. Under § 6, the board was authorized at any time during his term of sentence in its discretion to revoke the order and terminate the parole,- and to require him to serve, the remainder of the sentence originally imposed without any allowance for the time he was out on parole.
The judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded to the District Court with directions that the respondent, Arthur Corail, be restored to the custody of the warden of the United States penitentiary at ‘Leavenworth, Kansas.
Section' 1 is to the effect that prisoners may be released on parole as provided in the act.
. Section 2 provides that the superintendent of prisons of the Department of Justice and the warden and physician of each United States penitentiary shall constitute a board of parole for such prison which shall establish rules and regulations fot its procedure subject to the approval of the Attorney General.
Section 3. “ That if it shall appear to said board of parole . . . that there is a reasonable probability that such applicant will live and remain at liberty without violating the laws, and if in the opinion of the board such release is not .incompatible with the welfare of society, then said board of parole may in its discretion authorize the release of such applicant on parole, and he shall be allowed to go on parole o.utside of said prison, and, in the discretion of the board, to return to his home, upon such terms and conditions, including personal reports from such paroled person, as said board of parole shall prescribe, and to remain, while on parole, in the legal custody , and under the control of the warden of such prison from which paroled, and until the expiration of the term or terms specified in his sentence, less such good time allowance as is or may hereafter be pro- ■ vided for by act of Congress; and the said board shall, in every parole, fix the limits of the residence of the person paroled, which limits may thereafter be changed in the discretion of the board. . • .
Section 4.'“ That if the warden of the prison or penitentiary from which said prisoner was paroled or said, board of parole or any member thereof shall have reliable information that the prisoner has violated his parole, then said warden, at any time within the term or[*195] terms of the prisoner’s sentence, may issue his warrant to any officer hereinafter authorized to execute the same, for the retaking of such prisoner.”
Section 5. “ That any officer of said prison of ’ any federal officer authorized to serve criminal process within the United States, to whom such warrant shall be delivered, is authorized and réquired- tó execute such w'arrant by taking such prisoner and returning him to said prison within the time specified in said warrant therefor. . . .”
Section 6. “ That at the next meeting of the’ board of parole held at such prison after the issuing of a warrant for the retaking of any paroled prisoner, said board of parole shall be notified thereof, and if said prisoner shall have been returned to said prison, he shall be given an opportunity to appear before said board of parole, and the said board may then or at’ any ’time in its discretion revoke the order and terminate such parole or modify the terms and conditions thereof. If such order of parole shall be revoked and the parole so terminated, the said prisoner shall serve the remainder of the sentence originally imposed; and the time the prisoner was out on parole shall not be taken into account to diminish the time for which he was sentenced.”
Section 7 provides for a parole officer for each penitentiary, and makes it the duty of such officer to aid paroled prisoners in securing employment and to visit and exercise supervision over them while on parole and provides that tjie supervision of paroled prisoners may also be devolved upon the United States marshals when the board of parole may deem it necessary.