United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568 (1954). · Go Syfert
United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568 (1954). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
G Cite
cited 3× by 3 distinct cases · …when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action, ⚠ not in text Topic ↗
116 citation events (70 in the last 25 years) across 32 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: The United States v. Commodities Export Co., and Old Republic Insurance Co. (cafc, 1992-08-11)
Treatment trajectory · 1954 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1954 1990 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 27 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (quoted) The United States v. Commodities Export Co., and Old Republic Insurance Co. (2×)
Fed. Cir. · 1992 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence low
in common parlance a right accrues when it comes into exist-ence_
cited Cited as authority (rule) William Michael DeWitt v. Trinity Logistics, Inc., et. al.
N.D. Tex. · 2026 · confidence medium
Sys., 603 U.S. 799 , 810 (2024) (quoting United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) VanRenselaar v. Batres
Idaho · 2025 · confidence medium
A “right accrues when it comes into existence.” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) J.M. v. Red Roof Franchising, LLC
E.D. Cal. · 2025 · confidence medium
Compl. ¶ 24, which means she was not a “minor at the time of the 24 alleged offenses,” 18 U.S.C. § 1595 (c), and the question under § 1595(c) is whether she filed this 25 case within “10 years after the cause of action arose.” 26 For federal statutory claims like a civil claim under the TVPRA, a cause of action 27 normally “arises” when it “accrues,” i.e., when it “comes into existence,” Gabelli v. S.E.C., 28 568 U.S. 442, 448 (2013) (quoting United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954)), or in 1 other words, when it is “complete and present,” Graham Cnty.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Olivieri v. Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Inc.
2d Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
And the Court has recently explained that generally, “[a] ‘right accrues when it comes into existence’—i.e., ‘when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action.’” Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System, 144 S.Ct. 2440 , 2451 (2024) (first quoting United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954); then quoting Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U.S. 442, 448 (2013)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Weidman v. Hildebrandt
Ohio · 2024 · confidence medium
A. The Plain Meaning of “Accrued” {¶ 76} Dictionary and caselaw definitions, along with the common law, demonstrate that when the General Assembly enacted the Code of Civil Procedure of the State of Ohio in 1853, which provided a statute of limitations for civil actions for libel and slander, 51 Ohio Laws 57, 59, a defamation cause of action accrued upon publication, not upon the plaintiff’s discovery of the publication or upon the plaintiff’s discovery that the publication caused an injury, even if the publication occurred in a secretive, concealed, or otherwise inherently unknowable…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Weidman v. Hildebrandt
Ohio · 2024 · confidence medium
A. The Plain Meaning of “Accrued” {¶ 76} Dictionary and caselaw definitions, along with the common law, demonstrate that when the General Assembly enacted the Code of Civil Procedure of the State of Ohio in 1853, which provided a statute of limitations for civil actions for libel and slander, 51 Ohio Laws 57, 59, a defamation cause of action accrued upon publication, not upon the plaintiff’s discovery of the publication or upon the plaintiff’s discovery that the publication caused an injury, even if the publication occurred in a secretive, concealed, or otherwise inherently unknowable…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors (2×)
SCOTUS · 2024 · confidence medium
In 1948, as now, “accrue” had a well-settled meaning: A “right accrues when it comes into existence,” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U. S. 568, 569 (1954)—i.e., “ ‘when the plain- tiff has a complete and present cause of action,’ ” Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U. S. 442, 448 (2013) (quoting Wallace v. Kato, 549 U. S. 384, 388 (2007)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors Revisions: 7/09/24 (2×)
SCOTUS · 2024 · confidence medium
In 1948, as now, “accrue” had a well-settled meaning: A “right accrues when it comes into existence,” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U. S. 568, 569 (1954)—i.e., “ ‘when the plain- tiff has a complete and present cause of action,’ ” Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U. S. 442, 448 (2013) (quoting Wallace v. Kato, 549 U. S. 384, 388 (2007)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors (2×)
SCOTUS · 2024 · confidence medium
In 1948, as now, “accrue” had a well-settled meaning: A “right accrues when it comes into existence,” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U. S. 568, 569 (1954)—i. e., “ `when the plain- tiff has a complete and present cause of action,' ” Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U. S. 442, 448 (2013) (quoting Wallace v. Kato, 549 U. S. 384, 388 (2007)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) BARNES v. FESTIVAL FUN PARKS, LLC
W.D. Pa. · 2023 · confidence medium
Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Carroll v. Hawkeye Community College
N.D. Iowa · 2022 · confidence medium
In defining the word “accrued,” the Supreme Court held that “[i]n the common parlance[,] a right accrues when it comes into existence.” Gabelli v. S.E.C., 133 S. Ct. 1216, 1220 (2013) (quoting United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Isaac Donald Everly v. Patrice Everly
6th Cir. · 2020 · confidence medium
When interpreting similar statutory text a few years before 1957, the Court noted that “[i]n common parlance a right accrues when it comes into existence[.]” Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U.S. 442, 448 (2013) (quoting United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) FERC v. Powhatan Energy Fund, LLC
4th Cir. · 2020 · confidence medium
This is wholly unsurprising, as it is consistent with the most straightforward reading of “accrual.” That is, “[i]n common parlance a right accrues when it comes into existence,” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954), which is as true today as it was in the 19th century.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) G and G Productions LLC v. Rita Rusic
9th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
“In common parlance,” a right is said to accrue “when it comes into existence.” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954); see also Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 388 (2007) (recognizing the “standard rule” that a claim accrues “when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gabelli v. Securities & Exchange Commission
SCOTUS · 2013 · confidence medium
“In common parlance a right accrues when it comes into existence . . . .” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U. S. 568, 569 (1954).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) SEC v. Microtune, Incorporated
5th Cir. · 2012 · confidence medium
Indeed, the Supreme Court has held that the general meaning of when a right “accrues” is when that claim “comes into existence.” See United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 (1954) (examining the accrual language of the Commodity Credit Corporation Act and determining that the normal meaning of “accrued” is when a claim comes into existence.).
discussed Cited "see" Felter v. Norton (2×)
D.D.C. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 , 74 S.Ct. 287 , 98 L.Ed. 300 (1954); Lekas v. United Airlines, Inc., 282 F.3d 296, 299 (4th Cir.2002).
discussed Cited "see" City of Tucson v. Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc. (2×)
Ariz. Ct. App. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
See Udall . ¶7 In deciding whether a newly enacted statute of limitations could absolutely bar a government claim in an analogous case, the Supreme Court stated that “no constitutional question is raised by applying [the new statute] to pre-existing claims of the Government.” United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 570 , 74 S.Ct. 287, 288 , 98 L.Ed. 300 , 304 (1954).
discussed Cited "see" Federal Deposit Insurance v. Massingill (2×)
5th Cir. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See FDIC v. Belli, 981 F.2d 838, 840 (5th Cir.1993) (stating that "a cause of action 'accrues,' when 'it comes into existence,’ U.S. v. Lindsay, [ 346 U.S. 568, 569 , 74 S.Ct. 287, 288 , 98 L.Ed. 300 (1953)]," as, in that case, when the maker breached the note and the bank demanded payment). 13 .
discussed Cited "see" Cumberland County Welfare Board v. Roberts (2×)
Cumberland Cty. Super. Ct. · 1976 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Lindsay, 346 U. S. 568 , 74 S. Ct. 287 , 98 L.
discussed Cited "see" Eureka Printing Co. v. Div., Etc., Dept. of Labor & Industry (2×)
N.J. · 1956 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Lindsay, 346 U. S. 568 , 74 S. Ct. 287 , 98 L.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Mallak v. Aitkin County (2×)
D. Minnesota · 2014 · signal: see also · confidence low
The Supreme Court has expressly held that “in common parlance a right accrues when it comes into existence.” U.S. v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 , 74 S.Ct. 287 , 98 L.Ed. 300 (1954); see also Gabelli, 133 S.Ct. at 1220 (citing Lindsay, 346 U.S. at 569 , 74 S.Ct. 287 ) (construing “accrue” with respect to claims under the residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act to mean when a right comes into existence); Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed.) (“accrue” means “[t]o come into existence as an enforceable claim or right; to arise”).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Hardin v. Jackson (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 2010 · signal: see also · confidence low
The action of any person under legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the claim accrues may be commenced within three years after the disability ceases. *743 Under this statute, a party challenging final agency action must commence his suit within six years after the right of action accrues and the “right of action first accrues on the date of the final agency action.” Harris v. FAA, 353 F.3d 1006, 1009-10 (D.C.Cir.2004); see also Fetter v. Kempthorne, 473 F.3d 1255, 1259 (D.C.Cir.2007) (“Actions usually accrue ‘when [they] come[ ] into existence.’ ” (quoting United States…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Marceau v. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 1269 (2×)
D. Ariz. · 2009 · signal: see also · confidence low
Rawlings v. Ray, 312 U.S. 96, 98 , 61 S.Ct. 473 , 85 L.Ed. 605 (1941); see also United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 , 74 S.Ct. 287 , 98 L.Ed. 300 (1954).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Poling v. K. Hovnanian Enterprises (2×)
D.N.J. · 2000 · signal: see also · confidence low
Additionally, as the Supreme Court recognized in Rotella , — U.S. at -n. 4, 120 S.Ct. at 1083 n. 4, it is a “cardinal principle that a limitations period does not begin to run until the cause of action is complete.” See Rawlings v. Ray, 312 U.S. 96, 98 , 61 S.Ct. 473 , 85 L.Ed. 605 (1941); see also United States v. Lindsay, 346 U.S. 568, 569 , 74 S.Ct. 287 , 98 L.Ed. 300 (1954); Clark v. Iowa City, 87 U.S.(20 Wall.)583, 589, 22 L.Ed. 427 (1874).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Rotella v. Wood
SCOTUS · 2000 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Rawlings v. Ray, 312 U. S. 96, 98 (1941); see also United States v. Lindsay, 346 U. S. 568, 569 (1954); Clark v. Iowa City, 20 Wall. 583, 589 (1875).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES
v.
LINDSAY Et Al.
94.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Mar 8, 1954.
346 U.S. 568
1954 U.S. LEXIS 2503
Paul A. Sweeney argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Acting Solicitor General Stern, Assistant Attorney General Burger and Melvin Richter., Edward C. Park argued the cause and filed a brief for respondents.
Black, Reed.
Cited by 57 opinions  |  Published
1 passages pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 60%
Citer courts: Federal Circuit (2)

Lead Opinion

Mr. Justice Black

delivered the opinion of the Court.

On February 29, 1952, the United States filed the complaint in this case against Lindsay and the other respondents alleging that on February 26, 1945, Lindsay had delivered damaged wool to the Government in violation of an agreement with the Commodity Credit Corporation, a wholly owned corporate agency of the United States. The defendants moved to dismiss on the ground that the Government’s seven year old claim was barred by the six year time limit in § 4 (c) of a 1948 Act as amended.[1] That section provides that “No suit by or[*569] against the Corporation shall be allowed unless ... it shall have been brought within six years after the right accrued on which suit is brought . . . .” Holding that the 1952 suit was barred because the right to sue had “accrued” in 1945 when the damaged wool was delivered, the District Court dismissed the case. 105 F. Supp. 467. The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirmed on the same ground. 202 F. 2d 239. However, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has held that a Government claim arising prior to the 1948 Act “accrued” not when the suit arose but when the Act became effective. Field Packing Co. v. United States, 197 F. 2d 329. This conflict among the circuits as to the statutory meaning of “accrued” led us to grant certiorari. 346 U. S. 810. The question here is whether Government claims growing out of the Corporation’s transactions prior to the Act “accrued” on the date a right to sue came into existence or on the date the Act became effective.

In common parlance a right accrues when it comes into existence as the Government’s claim against Lindsay did in 1945. Giving “accrued” its normal meaning would therefore bar all claims not sued on within six years from the date they arose whether they came into existence before or after passage of the Act. The Government admits that the normal meaning of “accrued” controls when the 1948 Act is applied prospectively, that is, to claims arising after the Act’s effective date. But construing the Act in a way that requires its six year limitation period to begin before 1948 gives the law a retroactive effect, shortening the time for suit on some prior claims and summarily cutting off others. To prevent retroactivity we are urged to depart from the normal meaning of “accrued” when § 4 (c) is applied to preexisting claims. This suggested departure is no minor one. We are asked to read the words “six years after[*570] the right accrued” as though Congress intended to say “six years after the effective date of the Act when it is applied to pre-existing causes of action.” Precedents are cited in which, to avoid retroactive barring of suits, courts have refused to give “accrued” its normal meaning and have instead given it a special meaning — the date a new statute of limitations becomes effective. In effect, it is argued that these court decisions have made “accrued” a word of art when used in such statutes. Therefore, we are asked to hold that Congress used “accrued” in § 4 (c) with this special meaning.

It is true that courts have sometimes given “accrued” the meaning the Government here suggests, but we are unable to agree that the word has thereby taken on an established technical meaning which Congress must have had in mind when it used “accrued” in this Act. The legislative history fails to show that such a meaning was suggested to Congress before the Act was passed. Moreover, many of the decisions that gave “accrued” this special meaning did so to avoid possible constitutional questions should the statutes be interpreted in a way that would destroy private rights. See, e. g., Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall. 596. But no constitutional question is raised by applying this six year time limit to pre-existing claims of the Government. Congress has unquestioned power to bar recovery on Government claims if it sees fit. And we agree with the court below that we need not now decide whether § 4 (c) can be applied to preexisting claims brought by private persons against the Government. But see Lynch v. United States, 292 U. S. 571, 581; Cummings v. Deutsche Bank, 300 U. S. 115, 119; Addison v. Huron Stevedoring Corp., 204 F. 2d 88, 91-92.

The Government also urges that quite apart from constitutional considerations there are strong reasons why courts should, whenever possible, construe statutes so as[*571] to avoid retroactivity. Cases are cited in which particular provisions have been deemed so inequitable and unfair when applied retrospectively that this Court has refused to impute to law-making bodies a purpose to bring about such results.[2] But we cannot say that any consequences of retroactive application of the time limit here call on us to hold that Congress did not intend this statute to take effect according to the natural meaning of its words. The Government has used the Commodity Credit Corporation in business transactions since 1933. Probably many claims have accrued in the intervening years. Maybe others, like this one, are for comparatively small amounts. All, whether large or small, could have been sued on as they arose. We think that Congress might well have believed it wise to bar all stale claims by the Government against its agents and others who dealt with it in the past. For and against such a view arguments can be made that are based on common notions of fairness and justice. In this situation it seems better to leave this statutory problem with Congress rather than for us to stretch the word “accrued” beyond its ordinary meaning. Cf. Chase Securities Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U. S. 304, 316.

Affirmed.

1

62 Stat. 1070, as amended, 63 Stat. 154, 156; 15 U. S. C. (Supp. V) § 714b (c).

2

United States v. Heth, 3 Cranch 399; Claridge Apartments Co. v. Commissioner, 323 U. S. 141; Hassett v. Welch, 303 U. S. 303; Brewster v. Gage, 280 U. S. 327; United States v. Magnolia Co., 276 U. S. 160; United States v. St. Louis, S. F. & T. R. Co., 270 U. S. 1; Shwab v. Doyle, 258 U. S. 529; Union Pacific R. Co. v. Laramie Stock Yards Co., 231 U. S. 190; United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Struthers Wells Co., 209 U. S. 306; Lewis v. Lewis, 7 How. 776.

Dissent

Mr. Justice Reed,

dissenting.

An emphasis by dissent upon the Court’s departure from precedents of statutory construction will not be useless if it arouses the attention of statutory draftsmen[*572] to the necessity of more explicit language to protect government claims.

Prior to the passage of the Act in question, a Delaware corporation of the same name as the federal agency created by the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act of 1948 existed and operated. 15 U. S. C. (Supp. Ill) § 713. It had claims and obligations which were unaffected by their transfer to the present corporation by the Charter Act. The earlier Delaware corporation was a wholly owned agency of the United States without statutory limitation, state or federal, on its right to sue upon its claims. United States v. Summerlin, 310 U. S. 414, and cases cited. Therefore, up to the time of the enactment of § 4 (c), 15 U. S. C. (Supp. III) § 714b (c), there was no compelling reason, beyond the desire for prompt and proper administration, for the United States to file its suits.

As the corporation had played a major part since its organization in 1933 in the purchase, storage and financing of American agricultural products, large claims had accumulated in its favor and against it over the years. S. Rep. No. 1022, 80th Cong., 2d Sess. If the problem here presented was res integra, the existence of old claims, not then barred by limitation, would lead me to interpret the words, “brought within six years after the right accrued,”* as prospective only to avoid imputing to Congress unreasonable and arbitrary destruction of valid claims for and against the corporation. This conclusion would follow from the principle that statutes of limitation “must receive a strict construction in favor of the Government.” DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Davis, 264 U. S. 456, 462; Independent Coal Co. v. United States, 274 U. S. 640, 650.

[*573] Other principles, it seems to me, necessitate this conclusion. Senator Aiken, Chairman of the subcommittee in charge of the bill, its floor manager and the senior Senate conferee, recorded his view in a statement published after the Congress adjourned.

“With respect to claims by the Corporation, the 4-year period of limitations will not begin to run on claims of the Delaware Corporation transferred to the Federal Corporation until June 30, 1948, the effective date of the new charter.” 94 Cong. Rec. A4409.

The precedents in this Court on the interpretation of statutes establishing limitations by the definition of “accrued” without exception give the word prospective meaning. See, e. g., United States v. St. Louis, S. F. & T. R. Co., 270 U. S. 1; Fullerton-Krueger Co. v. Northern Pacific R. Co., 266 U. S. 435; Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall. 596; Lewis v. Lewis, 7 How. 776.

In the light of these purposes and precedents, viewed in the setting of damage to and pilferage of stored crops, the judgment of the Court of Appeals should be reversed.

It was four years in the 1948 Act, 62 Stat. 1070.