State v. Downey, 768 P.2d 502 (Wash. Ct. App. 1989). · Go Syfert
State v. Downey, 768 P.2d 502 (Wash. Ct. App. 1989). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
G Cite
cited 3× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 2008 · …whether the officer's acts were consistent with his or her claimed motivation.
91 citation events (72 in the last 25 years) across 4 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: State v. Rowland (moctapp, 2002-03-28)
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989 2007 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 11 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) State v. Rowland (3×) also: Cited as authority (quoted), Cited "see"
Mo. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
courts recognize that a high level of ether can justify a warrantless search
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Leffler (2×) also: Cited "see"
Wash. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
App. at 437 (emergency exception did not justify warrantless search where deputies did not ask about defendant’s well-being and had no information that anyone was injured and in need of immediate help); Downey, 53 Wn.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Coffey v. State
Okla. Crim. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
United States v. Rhiger, 315 F.3d 1283, 1288 (10th Cir.2003); United States v. Walsh, 299 F.3d 729, 734 (8th Cir.2002); United States v. Wilson, 865 F.2d 215, 217 (9th Cir.1989); United States v. Clark, 617 F.Supp. 693, 697 (E.D.Pa.1985), aff'd, 791 F.2d 922 (3d Cir.1986); United States v. Callabrass, 607 F.2d 559, 564 (2nd Cir.1979); State v. Rowland, 73 S.W.3d 818, 823 (Mo.App.S.D.2002); VanWinkle v. State, 764 N.E.2d 258, 266 (Ind.App.2002); State v. Fee, 135 Idaho 857 , 26 P.3d 40, 44 (Idaho App.2001); State v. Chapman, 107 Or.App. 325 , 813 P.2d 557, 560-61 (1991); State v. Calloway, 111 …
cited Cited as authority (rule) State v. Lynd
Wash. Ct. App. · 1989 · confidence medium
App. 543, 544-45 , 768 P.2d 502 *21 (1989) (overpowering ether odor); State v. McAlpin, 36 Wn.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Duncan
Wash. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Downey, 53 Wn.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Duncan (2×)
Wash. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Downey, 53 Wn.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Leffler (2×)
Wash. Ct. App. · 2007 · signal: see · confidence high
See Downey, 53 Wash.App. at 544-45 , 768 P.2d 502 (emergency exception applies when entry is based on knowledge that dangerous chemicals exist that may imminently cause harm); State v. Nichols, 20 Wash.App. 462, 465-66 , 581 P.2d 1371 (1978) (police must have reasonable grounds to believe there is an emergency at hand, and there must be a reasonable basis to associate the emergency with the area searched). ¶ 20 In sum, the emergency exception only applies where there is an imminent threat of substantial injury to persons or property.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Leffler (2×)
Wash. Ct. App. · 2007 · signal: see · confidence high
See Downey, 53 Wash.App. at 544-45 , 768 P.2d 502 (emergency exception applies when entry is based on knowledge that dangerous chemicals exist that may imminently cause harm); State v. Nichols, 20 Wash.App. 462, 465-66 , 581 P.2d 1371 (1978) (police must have reasonable grounds to believe there is an emergency at hand, and there must be a reasonable basis to associate the emergency with the area searched). ¶ 20 In sum, the emergency exception only applies where there is an imminent threat of substantial injury to persons or property.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Thompson (2×)
Wash. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Downey, 53 Wn.
examined Cited "see" State v. Thompson (4×)
Wash. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Downey, 53 Wash.App. at 543-46 , 768 P.2d 502 (upholding search of residence where officers were dispatched to investigate an overpowering ether odor; officers knew that ether could be extremely volatile and explosive, the home was in a residential area where an explosion would have dire consequences, and officers did not know whether anyone incapacitated by the fumes remained in residence).
cited Cited "see" State v. Angelos
Wash. Ct. App. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Downey, 53 Wn.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
The State of Washington, Respondent,
v.
William Louis Downey, Appellant
21014-9-I.
Court of Appeals of Washington.
Jan 9, 1989.
768 P.2d 502
Terrence Kellogg and Allan B. Ament, for appellant., Norm Maleng, Prosecuting Attorney, and Ricardo Martinez, Deputy, for respondent.
Winsor.
Cited by 24 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 72%
Citer courts: Missouri Court of Appeals (1)
Winsor, J.

—William Downey appeals from a judgment and sentence for violations of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act. Downey contends the trial court erred in refusing to suppress evidence seized as a result of a warrantless search. We affirm.

Officers Mark Body and Bradley Thomas of the Seattle Police Department were dispatched to Downey's residence to investigate a report of a strong ether odor. Sergeant William Green joined Body and Thomas at the scene. The officers noticed an ether odor 150 to 200 feet from Downey's residence. This odor increased in intensity as the officers[*544] moved closer to Downey's home. The officers contacted the police narcotics unit for advice on how to proceed. They were cautioned that ether is highly volatile and explosive in concentrated form, and were instructed to leave the residence and contact the fire department's hazardous materials squad if the smell of ether overpowered someone, or if open chemicals were found.

Green and Thomas entered Downey's residence to determine whether and why ether was inside the building and to ensure that no one was inside. They did not have a warrant. Green was able to enter only a few feet into the residence before the ether odor made him nauseous and interfered with his breathing. Green then left the building and called the hazardous materials unit.

Thomas continued into the residence, and found "a chemical-type lab with something cooking on a burner" in the basement. Thomas left the building and told Green what he had discovered. Green then called narcotics detectives. After obtaining a warrant based on information from Green and Thomas, detectives searched the lab and seized small amounts of methamphetamine in the manufacturing stage.

Downey was charged with possession of a controlled substance with intent to manufacture or deliver. Before trial, Downey moved to suppress evidence seized as a result of Thomas' and Green's warrantless search. The trial court concluded that the officers' warrantless entry was justified under the exigent circumstances doctrine, and denied Downey's motion. Downey then stipulated to the facts contained in the police reports and was found guilty as charged. He appeals.

Although warrantless searches are per se unreasonable, Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576, 88 S. Ct. 507 (1967); State v. Chrisman, 100 Wn.2d 814, 817, 676 P.2d 419 (1984), an emergency situation can justify such a search. 2 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 5.4(c) (2d ed. 1987). Thus, when premises contain persons in imminent danger of death or harm; objects likely to[*545] burn, explode or otherwise cause harm; or information that will disclose the location of a threatened victim or the existence of such a threat, police may search those premises without first obtaining a warrant. Utter, J., Survey. of Washington Search and Seizure Law: 1988 Update, 11 U. Puget Sound L. Rev. 421, 538-39 (1988); see also State v. Loewen, 97 Wn.2d 562, 568, 647 P.2d 489 (1982) (medical emergency); State v. McAlpin, 36 Wn. App. 707, 677 P.2d 185 (search for missing gun), review denied, 102 Wn.2d 1011 (1984).

In order for a search to come within the emergency exception, we must be satisfied that "the search was actually motivated by a perceived need to render aid or assistance." Loewen, 97 Wn.2d at 568. Therefore, the State must show that: (1) the searching officer subjectively believed an emergency existed; and (2) a reasonable person in the same circumstances would have thought an emergency existed. Loewen, 97 Wn.2d at 568; McAlpin, 36 Wn. App. at 716. In determining whether the first of these conditions is satisfied, the court may examine whether the officer's acts were consistent with his or her claimed motivation. See Stewart v. State, 681 S.W.2d 774, 778 (Tex. Ct. App. 1984).

In the instant case, the trial court found as fact that "there is no question that the officers believed that they had a very dangerous, emergency situation on their hands." We have examined the record and conclude that substantial evidence supports this finding. The State has met its burden as to the subjective belief requirement of the emergency exception.

We also hold that the State proved the objective reasonableness of the search. The relevant circumstances are that: (1) Green and Thomas knew that ether in high concentrations was present, and that ether in high concentrations can be extremely volatile and explosive; (2) Downey's home was in a residential area where an explosion could have disastrous consequences; and (3) the officers did not know whether someone incapacitated by the fumes remained inside Downey's residence. We conclude that a reasonable[*546] person in these circumstances would have thought an emergency which demanded an immediate search existed, see McAlpin, 36 Wn. App. at 718, and that the search was reasonable and, therefore, constitutional.

Downey argues, however, that the search was unreasonable under the rule that the objective reasonableness of the smell of ether alone is insufficient to create exigent circumstances. Downey cites three cases which he claims establish this rule, United States v. Tate, 694 F.2d 1217 (9th Cir. 1982), vacated and remanded, 468 U.S. 1206 (1984), rev'd on other grounds on remand, 795 F.2d 1487 (1986); United States v. Speaks, 649 F. Supp. 1065 (E.D. Wash. 1986); and United States v. Impink, 728 F.2d 1228 (9th Cir. 1984). We reject Downey's argument as these cases do not stand for the rule claimed by Downey and are, in any event, irrelevant to the instant case. Tate and Speaks each address whether information in a search warrant is sufficient to establish probable cause to believe an unlawful drug laboratory is on the premises to be searched. They do not address whether an emergency justifying a warrantless search existed. Although Impink does concern exigent circumstances justifying a warrantless entry, those circumstances only concern the known existence of a chemical lab, not the presence of an "overpowering" odor of ether.

Indeed, courts recognize that a high level of ether can justify a warrantless search. In United States v. Echegoyen, 799 F.2d 1271 (9th Cir. 1986), the court found the odor of ether, noticeable from as far away as one-eighth of a mile, justified a warrantless entry to prevent physical harm to the officers and to address a possible fire hazard.

Similarly, in People v. Duncan, 42 Cal. 3d 91, 103-04, 720 P.2d 2, 227 Cal. Rptr. 654, 661 (1986), the California court explained:

[T]he strong smell of ether, equally consistent with criminal and innocent activity, but in either event indicative of possible danger, justifies further investigation by law enforcement officers.
[*547] If this further investigation reveals "an emergency situation requiring swift action to prevent imminent danger to life or serious damage to property . . ."a warrantless entry, search or arrest may be justified. "[I]n each case the claim of an extraordinary situation must be measured by the facts known to the officers."

(Footnote and citations omitted.) We believe that Officers Green and Thomas faced a situation like that described in Duncan.

The judgment and sentence is affirmed.

Webster and Pekelis, JJ., concur.