Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428 (Tex. App. 2000). · Go Syfert
Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428 (Tex. App. 2000). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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cited 2× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 2010 · …does not complain on appeal about all possible bases for the judgment at p. 431
66 citation events (66 in the last 25 years) across 1 distinct court.
Treatment trajectory · 2001 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2001 2013 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 42 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) in the Matter of the Marriage of Rasha Al Hashimi and Haider Alwash
Tex. App. · 2018 · confidence medium
See Navarro v. Grant Thornton, LLP, 316 S.W.3d 715, 719-20 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.); Britton, 95 S.W.3d at 681 ; Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.— Austin 2000 , no pet.) (applying this principle to party’s failure to attack implied findings and conclusions following bench trial); Inscore v. Karnes Cnty.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Erma J. Matthews v. Jerome Solomon C/O Epoch Films, Inc. Mindy Goldberg, and Others
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
First, the Bastrop County deed records, as well as a title certificate from Independence Title Company, prove that 73 Leffler v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 290 S.W.3d 384, 386 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, no pet.); see also Nabors Corp. Services, 132 S.W.3d at 95 (“[W]hen a trial court's summary judgment rests upon more than one independent ground, [ ] the aggrieved party must assign error to each ground or the judgment will be affirmed on any ground not complained of.”); Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (same proposition); Conely, 2010…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Thomas D. Young A/K/A T. David Young v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Tex. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
In such situations it is said that the appellant has waived his right to complain of the ruling to which no error was assigned.” Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Patrick Earl Conely v. Texas Board of Criminal Justice, Candace Moore, and Joella Puente (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
Id. at 424; Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.) ("Where a judgment may rest upon more than one ground, the party aggrieved by the judgment must assign error to each ground or the judgment will be affirmed on the ground to which no complaint is made.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Patrick Earl Conely v. Texas Board of Criminal Justice, Candace Moore, and Joella Puente (2×) also: Cited "see"
Tex. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
Id. at 424; Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (“Where a judgment may rest upon more than one ground, the party aggrieved by the judgment must assign error to each ground or the judgment will be affirmed on the ground to which no complaint is made.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Larry Brooks v. Mass Marketing, Ltd., F/K/A Mass Marketing, Inc., D/B/A Super S. Foods
Tex. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
App. P. 38.1(f) (appellant's brief "must state concisely all issues or points presented for review"); Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.) (affirming judgment because appellant's opening brief "does not complain on appeal about all possible bases for the judgment").
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Larry Brooks v. Mass Marketing, Ltd., F/K/A Mass Marketing, Inc., D/B/A Super S. Foods
Tex. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
App. P. 38.1(f) (appellant’s brief “must state concisely all issues or points presented for review”); Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (affirming judgment because appellant’s opening brief “does not complain on appeal about all possible bases for the judgment”).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Alamo Title Company, Inc. v. Land Resources Corporation
Tex. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
See Texas Dept. of Public Safety v. Wilmoth , 83 S.W.3d 929, 931 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2002, no pet.); Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Ronald Lloyd Nielsen
Tex. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
Id. (citing Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Nielsen (2×)
Tex. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
Id. (citing Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.-Austin 2000, no pet.)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Chong Hua Sheng Mwu Gwung Committee, Inc., D/B/A Tien Tao Temple and the Construction Team, Inc. v. George Phillips D/B/A George Phillips & Son Contractors
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Wilmoth
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, no pet.); accord, In re T.M., 33 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (holding that the appellant waived complaint because it did not negate each potential basis supporting the trial court’s ruling).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Lisa Wilmoth
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.); accord, In re T.M. , 33 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (holding that the appellant waived complaint because it did not negate each potential basis supporting the trial court’s ruling).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Harper Wilmoth
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.); accord, In re T.M. , 33 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (holding that the appellant waived complaint because it did not negate each potential basis supporting the trial court's ruling).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Harper Wilmoth
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure 3 Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.); accord, In re T.M., 33 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (holding that the appellant waived complaint because it did not negate each potential basis supporting the trial court’s ruling).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Lisa Wilmoth
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.); accord, In re T.M. , 33 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (holding that the appellant waived complaint because it did not negate each potential basis supporting the trial court's ruling).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Lisa Wilmoth
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure 3 Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.); accord, In re T.M., 33 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (holding that the appellant waived complaint because it did not negate each potential basis supporting the trial court’s ruling).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Texas Department of Public Safety v. Harper Wilmoth
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.); accord, In re T.M. , 33 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (holding that the appellant waived complaint because it did not negate each potential basis supporting the trial court’s ruling).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pace Concerts, Ltd. v. Resendez
Tex. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
In determining whether the trial court properly interpreted the counterclaim as lacking a request for affirmative relief, we note the trial court has “broad discretion when interpreting pleadings so long as the interpretation is ‘reasonable and consistent with the nature and character of the pleadings.’ ” Secure Comm., Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 432 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, no pet.) (quoting In re Bokeloh, 21 S.W.3d 784, 790 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.)).
discussed Cited "see" Texas Medical Board and Scott Freshour, in His Official Capacity as General Counsel of the Texas Medical Board v. Teladoc, Inc.
Tex. App. · 2015 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428 , 430–31 (Tex.App.–Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned). [12] [13] Finally, the Board summarily asserts that sovereign immunity bars Witcher’s claims against the individual appellants who were sued in their official capacity.16 Subject to the limited “ultra vires” exception, sovereign immunity protects state officers sued in their official capacities to the same extent that it protects their employers.
cited Cited "see" the Port of Houston Authority of Harris County, Texas v. Zachry Construction Corporation
Tex. App. · 2015 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428 , 430 n.2 (Tex.App.—Austin 2000, no pet.); Robinson v. Lubbering, 2011 WL 749197 , *3, 7 (Tex.App.—Austin 2011, no pet.).
cited Cited "see" Lou Ann Hughes and Performance Products, Inc.// James Pearcy v. James Pearcy// Lou Ann Hughes and Performance Products, Inc.
Tex. App. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428 , 430–31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (appellant waives right to complain of trial court’s ruling when he fails to assign error to the ruling).
cited Cited "see" the Texas State Board of Pharmacy, and in Their Official Capacities Only, Gay Dodson, Executive Director And Jeanne D. Waggener, President of the Board v. Tiana Jean Witcher
Tex. App. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned).
cited Cited "see" Texas State Board of Pharmacy v. Witcher
Tex. App. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned).
cited Cited "see" Vic A. Gardner v. Greg Abbott, Attorney General of Texas The State of Texas And Glenn Elliott, Individually
Tex. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned). 13 .
cited Cited "see" Clifton E. Wolf, Melba R. Wolf, Mary Ellen Castillo and James Allen Reinarz, M.D. v. Highland Haven Property Owners Association, Inc. Shady Acres Property Owners Association, Inc. And Kathleen Barnett, as Independent of the Estate of Chester Arthur Barnett
Tex. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). 8 the initial burden of conclusively establishing each of that defense’s essential elements.
cited Cited "see" Donnie Tasker v. Foley Property Assets, LLC Carroll Tim Beason and Veronica Beason
Tex. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.).
cited Cited "see" Tammy Elliott Cocke v. Simon Russell Elliott Dolphus Jack Brown Claire Clode-Baker Elaine Bulger Brown Fred Am Rhein Vantex Service Corporation Active Deployment Systems, Inc. Pourquoi Pas, Inc. And RonJon Rentals, Inc.
Tex. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). 7 Although the Hon.
discussed Cited "see" Vic A. Gardner v. Greg Abbott, Attorney General of Texas The State of Texas And Glenn Elliott, Individually
Tex. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned). 14 specific incidents previously recounted.
discussed Cited "see" Everett Watson v. Beverly Monk
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428 , 430–31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) 2 (appellant waives the right to complain of a trial court’s ruling when he fails to assign error to the ruling); Johnson v. Coggeshall, 578 S.W.2d 556, 560 (Tex. Civ.
discussed Cited "see" Everett Watson v. Beverly Monk
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.) (appellant waives the right to complain of a trial court's ruling when he fails to assign error to the ruling); Johnson v. Coggeshall , 578 S.W.2d 556, 560 (Tex. Civ.
cited Cited "see" Sonya Thorn Lopez v. Texas State University, Sherri H. Benn, and Stella Silva
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned). 2.
discussed Cited "see" Sonya Thorn Lopez v. Texas State University, Sherri H. Benn, and Stella Silva (2×)
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex.App.Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned). .
cited Cited "see" Russell H. Fish, III, Individually and Derivatively on Behalf of Texas Legislative Service, Partnership v. Texas Legislative Service, Partnership Andrew K. Fish And John C. Fish
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned).
cited Cited "see" Russell H. Fish, III, Individually and Derivatively on Behalf of Texas Legislative Service, Partnership v. Texas Legislative Service, Partnership Andrew K. Fish And John C. Fish
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned).
cited Cited "see" Hubert Warren v. Sharon Keller, Lawrence E. Meyers, Tom Price, Paul Womack, Cheryl Johnson, Mike Keasler, Barbara P. Hervey, Charles R. Holcomb and Cathy Cochran
Tex. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned).
cited Cited "see" Hubert Warren v. Sharon Keller, Lawrence E. Meyers, Tom Price, Paul Womack, Cheryl Johnson, Mike Keasler, Barbara P. Hervey, Charles R. Holcomb and Cathy Cochran
Tex. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W.3d 428, 430-31 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.) (holding that appellant waives right to complain of ruling to which no error was assigned).
discussed Cited "see" Ford v. City State Bank of Palacios
Tex. App. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430 (Tex.App.—Austin 2000, no pet. h.) (citing English v. Fischer, 660 S.W.2d 521, 524 (Tex.1983)); Gilmartin v. KVTV—Channel 13, 985 S.W.2d 553, 558 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1998, no writ). 3.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." YCUL, LLC and Earnest Taylor v. Jennifer Peterson
Tex. App. · 2025 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Co. v. Tex Star Motors, Inc., 355 S.W.3d 595, 601 (Tex. 2010) (noting that evidentiary sufficiency is measured against jury charge); Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc., 166 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex. 2005); City of Fort Worth v. Zimlich, 29 S.W.3d 62, 71 (Tex. 2000) (observing that court is bound to review evidence in light of instruction submitted to jury without objection); Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000) (stating that when submitted without objection, court’s charge, not some other unidentified law, measures sufficiency of evidence); see also Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 4…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Nestor Mendoza, Jr. v. Annie Marie Bazan
Tex. App. · 2019 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Bank, 893 S.W.2d 23, 25 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, writ denied) (citing Roberson v. Robinson, 768 S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex. 1989)); see also Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d 428, 430 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Alexander Tan and Lan Ly Tan v. Antonio Di Napoli and Maya Di Napoli
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Co. v. Tex Star Motors, Inc., 355 S.W.3d 595, 601 (Tex. 2010) (noting that evidentiary sufficiency must be measured against jury charge); Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc., 166 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex. 2005); City of Fort Worth v. Zimlich, 29 S.W.3d 62, 71 (Tex. 2000) (observing that court bound to review evidence in light of instruction submitted to jury without objection); Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000) (stating that when submitted without objection, court’s charge, not some other unidentified law, measures sufficiency of evidence); see also Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson, 31 S.W.3d…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Alexander Tan and Lan Ly Tan v. Antonio Di Napoli and Maya Di Napoli
Tex. App. · 2012 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Co. v. Tex Star Motors, Inc. , 355 S.W.3d 595, 601 (Tex. 2010) (noting that evidentiary sufficiency must be measured against jury charge); Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc. , 166 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex. 2005); City of Fort Worth v. Zimlich , 29 S.W.3d 62, 71 (Tex. 2000) (observing that court bound to review evidence in light of instruction submitted to jury without objection); Osterberg v. Peca , 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000) (stating that when submitted without objection, court's charge, not some other unidentified law, measures sufficiency of evidence); see also Secure Comm, Inc. v. Anderson , 31 S.W…
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
SECURE COMM, INC., Appellant,
v.
Ronina ANDERSON, Appellee
03-99-00008-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas.
Dec 7, 2000.
31 S.W.3d 428
Harvey F. Cohen, Austin, for appellant., J. Luke Dow, Austin, for appellee.
Aboussie, Smith, Yeakel.
Cited by 51 opinions  |  Published
LEE YEAKEL, Justice.

We withdraw our opinion and judgment of April 27, 2000, and substitute the following opinion.

Appellee Ronina Anderson filed suit against her former employer, appellant Secure Comm, Inc., for breach of contract, wrongful termination, detrimental reliance, and common-law fraud. After a bench trial, the county court at law rendered judgment for Anderson in the amount of $21,403.82 plus pre- and post-judgment interest and attorney’s fees. The trial court did not file findings of fact or conclusions of law, [1] and the judgment does not indicate on which of Anderson’s theories of recovery she prevailed. Secure Comm appeals arguing that the judgment must be reversed because (1) Secure Comm had the right to terminate Anderson’s employment because Anderson was an at-will employee, or (2) in the alternative, the written agreement between Anderson and Secure Comm does not constitute an enforceable contract because there was no meeting of the minds. Secure Comm also complains that the trial court’s damage calculation was incorrect. We will affirm.

Because the trial court did not file findings of fact and conclusions of law, “we must assume it made all findings in support of its judgment.” Pharo v. Chambers County, 922 S.W.2d 945, 948 (Tex.1996). We necessarily imply findings of fact in favor of Anderson on “every issue [she] was obligated to establish by a preponderance of evidence as a predicate for the desired recovery.” Roever v. Delaney, 589 S.W.2d 180, 181 (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1979, no writ). Anderson pleaded four causes of action. The trial court did not specify in the judgment his basis for ruling in favor of Anderson. Thus, the court impliedly found that Secure Comm is liable under every theory — breach of contract, wrongful termination, common-law fraud, and promissory estoppel. [2] See Johnson v. Coggeshall, 578 S.W.2d 556, 560 (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1979, no writ) (where trial court did not file findings or conclusions, trial court impliedly found for plaintiff on both grounds pleaded).

On appeal, Secure Comm attacks only two of the possible bases of recovery — breach of contract and wrongful termination. Secure Comm does not complain of the two other possible grounds of recovery — common-law fraud or promissory estoppel. “Where a judgment may rest upon more than one ground, the party aggrieved by the judgment must assign[*431] error to each ground or the judgment will be affirmed on the ground to which no complaint is made. In such situations it is said that the appellant has waived his right to complain of the ruling to which no error was assigned.” Johnson, 578 S.W.2d at 560.

In Johnson, the plaintiffs pleaded two possible grounds for venue. See id. at 559. The trial court denied the defendants’ objections to venue. See id. at 558. On appeal, however, the defendants attacked only one of the two possible venue grounds. See id. at 560. This Court affirmed, holding that unless an appellant complains about each possible ground upon which appellee could have prevailed, the judgment would be affirmed. See id.

The court in Roever affirmed a trial-court judgment for similar reasons. See 589 S.W.2d at 182. Because the trial court did not file findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court of appeals presumed all findings were made in favor of the prevailing party, the defendant. See id. And although the record affirmatively showed that the plaintiff was injured and had suffered damages, because the plaintiff did not complain on appeal that the trial court erred in finding that he was not injured, the plaintiff waived any error, and the judgment was affirmed. See id.

Secure Comm does not attack the trial court’s implied findings in favor of Anderson on common-law fraud and promissory estoppel. Where, as here, a reporter’s record is brought forward, the trial court’s implied findings “may be challenged by factual sufficiency and legal sufficiency points the same as jury findings or a trial court’s findings of fact.” Roberson v. Robinson, 768 S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex.1989). Secure Comm has not presented issues challenging the factual and legal sufficiency of the trial court’s implied findings supporting Anderson’s common-law-fraud and promissory-estoppel causes of action. Thus, Secure Comm has waived any possible error the trial court may have made in ruling for Anderson on those grounds. See Johnson, 578 S.W.2d at 560; Roever, 589 S.W.2d at 182. Because Secure Comm does not complain on appeal about all possible bases for the judgment, the trial court’s determination of liability is affirmed. See Johnson, 578 S.W.2d at 560; Roever, 589 S.W.2d at 182; see also 6 McDonald & Carlson Texas Civil Practice § 18.13, at 527 (Elaine Grafton Carlson ed., 1998 ed.) (if trial court fails to file findings and conclusions, appellant should look to pleadings and “assume that the trial court found in favor of each element of all affirmative claims ... and should attack those presumed findings accordingly”). Because the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed on Anderson’s promissory-estoppel and common-law-fraud causes of action, we need not address Secure Comm’s first two issues that attack the judgment only with regard to Anderson’s breach-of-contract and wrongful-termination claims. See Tex.R.App.P. 47.1. [3]

In its third issue, Secure Comm argues that the “proper measure of damages for wrongful termination is the present cash value of the contract less any amounts that the employee should ... have been able to earn through other employment.” [4] Secure Comm asserts that Anderson’s recovery is limited to $9000.[*432] The position from which she was terminated paid $2500 per month. Anderson alleged that Secure Comm guaranteed her employment for one year at a guaranteed salary of $2500 per month; she was fired with about nine months left on the alleged contract. Secure Comm argues that there was evidence that Anderson was offered employment with Secure Comm for $1500 per month after she was terminated; thus she is entitled to only nine times $1000, the difference between $2500 and $1500. However, Anderson testified that after informing her that she was no longer going to be paid $2500 per month, Secure Comm offered her a position with no guaranteed salary, only the possibility of commissions. Under Anderson’s version of events, which we take as true, see Benoit v. Wilson, 150 Tex. 273, 239 S.W.2d 792, 797 (1951), the trial court did not err in his calculation of damages even if the court based his judgment on Anderson’s wrongful-termination allegations. Secure Comm’s third issue is overruled.

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

1

. Secure Comm properly requested findings of fact and conclusions of law and gave timely notice that they were past due. See Tex. R.Civ.P. 296, 297. However, it does not complain on appeal of the trial court’s failure to file findings and conclusions.

2

. In the trial court, appellee pleaded “detrimental reliance.” This Court will interpret such pleading as asserting a cause of action for promissory estoppel. Courts have broad discretion when interpreting pleadings so long as the interpretation is "reasonable and consistent with the nature and character of the pleading at issue.” In re Bokeloh, 21 S.W.3d 784, 790 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet. h.). Detrimental reliance is one element of promissory estop-pel. See English v. Fischer, 660 S.W.2d 521, 524 (Tex.1983).

3

. This Court recognizes that promissory es-toppel and breach of contract may be mutually exclusive causes of action. See Boy Scouts of America v. Responsive Terminal Sys., Inc., 790 S.W.2d 738, 742 n. 1 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1990, writ denied) (citing Fretz Constr. Co. v. Southern Nat'l Bank, 600 S.W.2d 878, 880 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1980), rev’d. on other grounds, 626 S.W.2d 478 (Tex.1981)). However, because there are no findings of fact and conclusions of law, the record is not clear under which of Anderson’s four claims the trial court rendered judgment. See Wheeler v. White, 398 S.W.2d 93, 97 (Tex.1965) (plaintiff could recover on promissory-estoppel theory when pleaded as alternative to breach of contract).

4

. We note that the damage award could have been based on any one of the four causes of action pleaded by Anderson.