Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 569 A.2d 346 (Pa. 1990). · Go Syfert
Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 569 A.2d 346 (Pa. 1990). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
379 citation events (72 in the last 25 years) across 26 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 1990 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1990 2008 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Dyche v. Bonney (3×) also: Cited as authority (quoted), Cited as authority (rule)
3rd Cir. · 2008 · signal: see · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
an at-will employee may be discharged with or without cause, and our law does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer's promise.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) William N. Clark v. Modern Group Ltd. John F. Smith (8×) also: Cited as authority (quoted), Cited "see"
3rd Cir. · 1993 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 6 verbatim quotes · confidence high
the court in geary specifically answered in the negative to the central question of 'whether the time has come to impose judicial restraints on an employer's power of discharge.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Donald E. Smith v. Calgon Carbon Corporation and Merck & Co., Inc. Appeal of Calgon Carbon Corporation (2×) also: Cited as authority (quoted)
3rd Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
the court in geary specifically answered in the negative the central question of 'whether the time has come to impose judicial restraints on an employer's power of discharge.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Anstine v. Adams
M.D. Penn. · 2023 · confidence medium
Although that would also appear to foreclose an employee’s reliance on an employer’s representation, the Stumpp court went further, commenting that “equitable estoppel has been affirmatively rejected by this Court as an exception to the at-will rule.”69 “Thus, the issue of whether [an employee] detrimentally relied on any promises of the [the employer] is simply not relevant in determining whether [the employee] has a protectable property interest in his employment.”70 unilaterally distributed the handbook and retained the right to unilaterally alter the handbook at-will.” Id. at…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Navarro v. Hotel Belvidere, LLC
M.D. Penn. · 2019 · confidence medium
An employee may be discharged with our [sic] without cause, and our law does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer's promise.” Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 569 A.2d 346, 348 (Pa. 1990); see also Dyche v. Bonney, 277 F. App’x 244 , 246 n.1 (3d Cir. 2008) (“[U}nder the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in Paul, [employee-plaintiff's] promissory estoppel theory is not a legally cognizable cause of action in Pennsylvania.”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) McALEE v. Independence Blue Cross
E.D. Pa. · 2011 · confidence medium
Hicks v. Arthur, 843 F.Supp. 949, 956 (E.D.Pa.1994) (citing Freeman v. McKellar, 795 F.Supp. 733, 741 (E.D.Pa.1992); Paralegal v. Lawyer, 783 F.Supp. 230, 230 (E.D.Pa.1992); Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Wilson v. County of Montgomery (2×)
pactcomplmontgo · 2011 · confidence medium
In Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 94 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990), our Supreme Court rejected the theory that detrimental reliance in general could be an exception to the employment at-will doctrine.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Woods v. Era Med LLC
E.D. Pa. · 2010 · confidence medium
Auth., 540 Pa. 391 , 658 A.2d 333, 336 (1995) (the issue of whether an employee “detrimentally relied” on any “promises” of the employer is “simply not relevant” in determining whether the employee could be discharged) (citing Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990) (equitable estoppel is not an exception to doctrine of at-will employment)); see also Dyche v. Bonney, 277 Fed.Appx. 244 , 246 n. 1 (3d Cir.2008) (the holding in Paul applies not only to the affirmative defense of equitable estoppel but also to the closely-related cause of action of promissory esto…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Weaver v. Harpster (2×)
Pa. · 2009 · confidence medium
We reaffirmed the rule that there is no common law cause of action against an employer for termination of an at-will employment relationship and recognized that exceptions to this rule "have been recognized in only the most limited of circumstances, where discharges of at-will employees would threaten clear mandates of public policy." Id. at 348.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rothrock v. Rothrock Motor Sales, Inc. (2×)
Pa. · 2005 · confidence medium
See Shick v. Shirey, 552 Pa. 590 , 716 A.2d 1231, 1233-38 (1998); Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, Inc., 522 Pa. 86 , 559 A.2d 917, 918 (1989) ; Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990) ; Geary v. United States Steel Corp., 456 Pa. 171 , 319 A.2d 174, 180 (1974); see also Amy M.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Dufner v. American College of Physicians
pactcomplphilad · 2005 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348-49 (1990).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Walsh v. Alarm Security Group, Inc.
E.D. Pa. · 2002 · confidence medium
Id.; Permenter, 38 F.Supp.2d at 379 ; Geiger, 962 F.Supp. at 648 , all citing Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Bauer v. Pottsville Area Emergency Medical Services, Inc. (4×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2000 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 93-95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Donahue v. Federal Express Corp.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 2000 · confidence medium
See also Werner v. Zazyczny, 545 Pa. 570, 579 , 681 A.2d 1331, 1335 (1996); Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990). 6 In keeping with the above authority, we hold that Appellant cannot as a matter of law maintain an action for breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, insofar as the underlying claim is for termination of an at-will employment relationship. ¶ 18 Appellant suggests that he can maintain a cause of action for breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing arising out of his claim that he was not treated fairly under the GFTP.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Diberardinis-Mason v. Super Fresh
E.D. Pa. · 2000 · confidence medium
Discussion In general, Pennsylvania 5 does not recognize a common-law cause of action for the termination of at-will employment. 6 See, e.g., Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990); Geary v. United States Steel Corp., 456 Pa. 171 , 319 A.2d 174 (1974).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Permenter v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., Inc.
E.D. Pa. · 1999 · confidence medium
Auth., 540 Pa. 391 , 658 A.2d 333, 335-36 (1995); Paul v. Larikenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990). 11 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Satterfield v. Borough of Schuylkill Haven
E.D. Pa. · 1998 · confidence medium
An employee may be discharged with or without cause, and our law does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer’s promise.” Id. at 348.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Steinke v. Sungard Financial Systems, Inc.
1st Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Specifically, “the doctrine of equitable estoppel is not an exception to the employment at-unll doctrine.” Paul, 569 A.2d at 349 (emphasis added); see Dugan v. Bell Tel. of Pa., 876 F.Supp. 713, 727 (W.D.Pa.1994) (holding that employee could not assert claim of promissory estoppel based on reliance on employer’s alleged promise to find him permanent employment); Anderson v. Haverford College, 851 F.Supp. 179, 184 (E.D.Pa.1994) (instructing that Niehaus v. Delaware Valley Med.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Steinke v. Sungard Financial (2×)
1st Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Co. , 23 F.3d 808, 813 (3d Cir. 1994). "[A]s a general rule, [in Pennsylvania] there is no common law cause of action against an employer for termination of an at-will employment relationship." Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 569 A.2d 346, 348 (Pa. 1990); see Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, Inc., 559 A.2d 917, 918 (Pa. 1989).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Geiger v. AT & T CORP.
E.D. Pa. · 1997 · confidence medium
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that “equitable estoppel is not an exception to the employment at-will doctrine.” Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Werner v. Zazyczny
Pa. · 1996 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990). 1.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Luteran v. Fairchild Weston Systems Inc.
pactcomplmontgo · 1996 · confidence medium
An employee may be discharged with or without cause, and our law does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer’s promise.” Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Smyth v. Pillsbury Co.
E.D. Pa. · 1996 · confidence medium
Borse v. Piece Goods Shop, Inc., 963 F.2d 611, 614 (3d Cir.1992); Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 93 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990); Geary v. United States Steel Corp., 456 Pa. 171 , 319 A.2d 174 (1974).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Shoemaker v. City of Lock Haven
M.D. Penn. · 1995 · confidence medium
Williams v. Philadelphia Housing Authority, 834 F.Supp. 794, 797 (E.D.Pa.1993), aff'd without pub’d opin., 27 F.3d 560 (3d Cir.1994), citing Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990); Andrew v. Lemmon Pharmacal Co., 767 F.Supp. 657, 659 (E.D.Pa.1990); and Carlson v. Arnot-Ogden Memorial Hospital, 918 F.2d 411, 416 (3d Cir.1990).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Green v. Bryant
E.D. Pa. · 1995 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990) (citing Clay v. Advanced Computer Applic., 522 Pa. 86 , 559 A.2d 917, 918 (1989)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Stumpp v. Stroudsburg Municipal Authority (2×)
Pa. Commw. Ct. · 1994 · confidence medium
However, in the case of Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990), the Supreme Court held that "[t]he doctrine of equitable estoppel is not an exception to the employment at-will doctrine.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dugan v. Bell Telephone of Pennsylvania
W.D. Pa. · 1994 · confidence medium
Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990), that Pennsylvania law “does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer’s promise.” Further, courts have specifically held Pennsylvania law does not recognize a cause of action based on an employee’s detrimental reliance on an employer’s past policies and practices.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Anderson v. Haverford College
E.D. Pa. · 1994 · confidence medium
“An employee may be discharged with our [sic] without probable cause, and our law does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer’s promise.” Id., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Raines v. Haverford College
E.D. Pa. · 1994 · confidence medium
“An employee may be discharged with our [sic] without probable cause, and our law does not *1014 prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer’s promise.” Id., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hicks v. Arthur
E.D. Pa. · 1994 · confidence medium
Freeman v. McKellar, 795 F.Supp. 733 , 741 *957 (E.D.Pa.1992); Paralegal v. Lawyer, 783 F.Supp. 230, 230 (E.D.Pa.1992); Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Altopiedi v. Memorex Telex Corp.
E.D. Pa. · 1993 · confidence medium
The court stated that in Geary , its holding was “that while some exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine might exist, especially in public policy areas, ‘this ease does not require us to define in comprehensive fashion the perimeters of this privilege, and we decline to do so.’ ” Paul, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990) (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. Philadelphia Housing Authority (2×)
E.D. Pa. · 1993 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990); Andrew v. Lemmon Pharmacal Co., 767 F.Supp. 657, 659 (E.D.Pa.1990); Carlson v. Arnot-Ogden Memorial Hosp., 918 F.2d 411, 416 (3d Cir.1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Niehaus v. Delaware Valley Medical Center (2×)
Pa. Super. Ct. · 1993 · confidence medium
In the course of overruling a Superior Court en banc decision which ruled the doctrine of promissory estoppel prevented the employer from terminating its employee, our Supreme Court declared as follows: "[a]n employee may be discharged with or without cause, and our law does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer's promise. " Id. at 95 , 569 A.2d at 348 (emphasis added); accord Ruzicki v. Catholic Cemeteries Ass'n, 416 Pa.Super. 37 , 610 A.2d 495 (1992).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Krajsa v. Keypunch, Inc. (3×) also: Cited "see"
Pa. Super. Ct. · 1993 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 93 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990); Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, Inc., 522 Pa. 86, 88 , 559 A.2d 917, 918 (1989); Geary v. United States Steel Corp., 456 Pa. 171 , 319 A.2d 174 (1974).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Sarah Borse v. Piece Goods Shop, Inc (5×) also: Cited "see"
3rd Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
The Court specifically answered in the negative to the central question of “whether the time has come to impose judicial restraints on an employer’s power of discharge.” Id. at 348 (citations and footnote omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Clark v. Lancaster City Housing Authority
pactcompllancas · 1992 · confidence medium
Geary v. U.S. Steel Corp., 456 Pa. 171, 175 , 319 A.2d 174, 176 (1974); Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 94 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990); DiBona Ventura v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 372 Pa. Super. 420, 423 , 539 A.2d 865, 867 (1988); Hershberger v. Jersey Shore Steel Co. 394 Pa. Super. 363, 368 , 575 A.2d 944, 947 (1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Asko v. Bartle
E.D. Pa. · 1991 · confidence medium
“Exceptions to th[e] rule” that an at-will employee may be terminated with or without cause “have been recognized in only the most limited of circumstances, where discharges of at-will employees would threaten clear mandates of public policy.” Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990) (quoting Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, 522 Pa. 86, 89 , 559 A.2d 917, 918 (1989)); see also Schoch, 912 F.2d at 658 ; Mann v. J.E.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Yetterant v. Ward Trucking Corp.
Pa. Super. Ct. · 1991 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990), citing Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, 522 Pa. 86, 88-90, 559 A.2d 917, 918 (1989); See also Hershberger, supra. Although the court in Geary, supra did consider and reject the plaintiffs cause of action for wrongful discharge based on specific intent to harm, the court stated that “[w]e hold only that where the complaint itself discloses a plausible and legitimate reason for terminating an at-will employment relationship and no clear mandate of public policy is violated thereby, an employee at will has no right of acti…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Andrew v. Lemmon Pharmacal Co.
E.D. Pa. · 1990 · confidence medium
Defendant responds that, inasmuch as plaintiffs at-will employment was terminable without cause, the alleged promises, regardless of reliance, are unenforceable. “[T]he doctrine of equitable estoppel is not an exception to the employment at-will doctrine.” Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 94 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Carlson, David v. Arnot-Ogden Memorial Hospital
3rd Cir. · 1990 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Redick v. Kraft, Inc.
E.D. Pa. · 1990 · confidence medium
Baker Co., 733 F.Supp. 885, 890 (M.D.Pa.1990); McWilliams v. AT & T Information Systems, Inc., 728 F.Supp. 1186, 1193 (W.D.Pa.1990); Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gill v. Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company Of Missouri
8th Cir. · 1990 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, --- Pa. ----, 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990) 7 See FEC v. Mass. Citizens for Life, Inc., 479 U.S. 238, 259-63 , 107 S.Ct. 616, 628-29 , 93 L.Ed.2d 539 (1986); Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 64-69 , 103 S.Ct. 2875, 2878-82 , 77 L.Ed.2d 469 (1983) 8 42 U.S.C.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Curran v. Children's Service Center of Wyoming County, Inc.
Pa. · 1990 · confidence medium
Summary judgment serves to eliminate the waste of time and resources of both litigants and the courts in cases where a trial would be a useless formality. “[A]s a general rule, there is no common law cause of action against an employer for termination of an at-will employment relationship.” Paul, M.D. v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 95 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990), quoting Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, 522 Pa. 86, 89 , 559 A.2d 917, 918 (1989).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gill v. Farm Bureau Life Insurance
8th Cir. · 1990 · confidence medium
Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, — Pa. -, 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hershberger v. Jersey Shore Steel Co.
Pa. · 1990 · confidence medium
In the absence of a legally cognizable cause of action, the trial court erred in submitting the issue to the jury. 524 Pa. at -, 569 A.2d at 348-49 (Citation omitted).
discussed Cited "see" I.K. v. School District of Haverford Township (2×)
E.D. Pa. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 375 Pa.Super. 1 , 543 A.2d 1148, 1153 (1988) (en banc), aff'd in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346 (1990) ("a plaintiff who attempts to recover upon a promise on the basis of estoppel need not attach any particular label to his claim”). .
discussed Cited "see" Bair v. Purcell (2×)
M.D. Penn. · 2007 · signal: see · confidence high
See Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990).
discussed Cited "see" Petrovski v. Federal Express Corp. (2×)
N.D. Ohio · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Paul v. Lankenau Hosp., 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346, 348 (1990); see also Bingham, supra, at 350 n. 39 ('‘Novosel has been described as the most far-reaching extension of the public policy doctrine and as a dramatic break with precedent because prior cases had unanimously required that government action be present in order for a constitutional violation to exist.”). 5 .
examined Cited "see" Tiernan v. Charleston Area Medical Center, Inc. (4×)
W. Va. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346 (1990). [16] Moreover, the Third Circuit has explicitly retreated from Novosel's interpretation of Pennsylvania's constitution.
discussed Cited "see" Delaware Valley Medical Center v. Niehaus (2×)
Pa. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90 , 569 A.2d 346 (1990).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Pavle PAUL, M.D., Appellee,
v.
LANKENAU HOSPITAL and Ralph F. Moriarty. Appeal of LANKENAU HOSPITAL
152 Eastern District Appeal Docket 1988.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Feb 1, 1990.
569 A.2d 346
Otis W. Erisman, James D. Crawford, David G. Battis, Philadelphia, for appellants., Jeffrey L. Pettit, Philadelphia, for Pavle Paul, M.D., Terry L. Fromson, Sharon M. Dietrich, Philadelphia, for amicus-Philadelphia Unemployment Project.
Nix, Flaherty, Zappala, Papadakos, Larsen, McDermott.
Cited by 139 opinions  |  Published
4 passages pin-cited by 3 cases
Pinpoint authority: #15,474 of 633,719
Citer courts: Third Circuit (5)

Lead Opinion

OPINION OF THE COURT

PAPADAKOS, Justice.

This case causes us to review once again our jurisprudence on the subject of employment at-will in Pennsylvania.

Appellee, Dr. Pavle Paul, is a Yugoslavian physician who emigrated to the United States where he was employed by Appellant, Lankenau Hospital, from 1962 until his resignation on August 20, 1980. Dr. Paul sued the hospital for compensatory damages based on his claims that the hospital was estopped from discharging him for removing five refrigerators, allegedly without permission, and that such discharge caused him to be defamed. In his suit before a jury against Lankenau Hospital, he claims further that he was forced to resign because of false charges stemming from his removal of the five refrigerators from Lankenau, even though he insists he had authorization to take them.

The record shows that during his lengthy tenure at the hospital, Dr. Paul had removed numerous items from the hospital’s storage, mainly discarded medical equipment, which he would sell for profit or send to Yugoslavia. It is uncontested that material taken previously was with per[*92] mission, and the only concern of this case is with the taking of the five refrigerators. At all times, Dr. Paul has maintained that he was given oral approval by a storeroom manager to transport the refrigerators. On August 20, 1980, nevertheless, he was asked to sign the letter of resignation on the grounds that he had taken the refrigerators without proper authorization.[1]

In his suit, Dr. Paul raised nine complaints in Torts and Contracts.[2] The trial court granted a non-suit on all counts of the Complaint excepting Count IV, estoppel and detrimental reliance, which was permitted to go to the jury with four special interrogatories:

(1) Do you find that plaintiff Pavle Paul had permission from David D’Urbanis to take the refrigerators from Lankenau Hospital?
(2) Do you find that it was reasonable for plaintiff to rely on permission from David D’Urbanis to take the refrigerators from Lankenau Hospital and that plaintiff fully[*93] satisfied any duty that he may have had to inquire whether the refrigerators were of no further use to the hospital?
(3) Do you find that defendant Lankenau Hospital acted reasonably and believed in good faith that plaintiff Pavle Paul had taken the refrigerators without permission?
(4) Do you find that plaintiff Pavle Paul resigned voluntarily from his employment at Lankenau Hospital?

The jury answered all four interrogatories in favor of Dr. Paul.

Then proceeding to the damages phase of trial, the jury awarded Dr. Paul the sum of $410,000, representing loss of all future earnings. President Judge Richard S. Lowe, however, remitted the award to $128,000, the amount Appellee would have earned from the time of his resignation to the date of the jury verdict.

Both parties filed post-trial motions. Lankenau insisted that it was entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial on the grounds that estoppel is not a legal exception to the power of termination under an employment at-will status and the issue should not have gone to the jury. Dr. Paul sought removal of the non-suits. A panel of the Superior Court affirmed the decision below, 375 Pa.Super. 1, 543 A.2d 1148, and Dr. Paul filed allocatur with this Court, while the hospital asked for reargument. When reargument was granted, Dr. Paul withdrew his allocatur petition.

The Superior Court en banc affirmed both the estoppel decision as to Count IV of the Complaint, as well as the nonsuits on the remaining counts, excepting Count VIII, defamation. On the defamation claim, the Superior Court concluded that dismissal of an innocent employee on an allegation of theft can support a cause of action for defamation and on the facts of this case, the jury should have been allowed to decide the matter.

The instant appeal derives solely from Lankenau’s efforts to reverse the Superior Court on those two issues. As part[*94] of its estoppel argument, Lankenau also claims that damages under an at-will employment status should be limited to one year’s wages.

A. The Estoppel Issue

We are urged by Appellee and amicus[3] to read our controlling case, Geary v. United States Steel, 456 Pa. 171, 319 A.2d 174 (1974), as a breakthrough in the recognition of some restrictions on the doctrine of employment at-will. Also see, Comment, The Role of Federal Courts in Changing State Law: The Employment At Will Doctrine in Pennsylvania, 133 U.Pa.L.Rev. 227, 249 (1984), which concluded that “Geary was among the first five cases in the country to admit even the possibility of an exception to the doctrine of employment at will.”

Geary involved a discharge based on an employee’s report to his superiors concerning the unsafe nature of the steel pipe being manufactured and sold by the company. The majority in a 4-3 decision[4] held that while some exceptions to the at-will employment doctrine might exist, especially in public policy areas, “this case does not require us to define in comprehensive fashion the perimeters of this privilege, and we decline to do so.” 319 A.2d at 180. Moreover:

The Pennsylvania law is in accordance with the weight of authority elsewhere. Absent a statutory or contractual provision to the contrary, the law has taken for granted the power of either party to terminate an employment relationship for any or no reason. This power of termination is explicitly recognized in the Restatement of Torts, § 762, Privilege of Selecting Persons for Business Relations:

319 A.2d at 176 (footnotes omitted).

The Court specifically answered in the negative to the central question of “whether the time has come to impose[*95] judicial restraints on an employer’s power of discharge.” 319 A.2d at 176.

Our most recent reaffirmation of Geary is Clay v. Advanced Computer Applications, 522 Pa. 86, 559 A.2d 917 (1989), in which Mr. Justice Flaherty wrote:

It should be noted that, as a general rule, there is no common law cause of action against an employer for termination of an at-will employment relationship. Geary v. United States Steel Corp., 456 Pa. 171, 319 A.2d 174 (1974). Exceptions to this rule have been recognized in only the most limited of circumstances, where discharges of at-will employees would threaten clear mandates of public policy.

559 A.2d at 918.

Also, see Mr. Chief Justice Nix’s concurring statement that “this Court did not announce a cause of action for wrongful discharge in Geary. Indeed the language in Geary clearly states that a cause of action for wrongful discharge in an at-will employment relationship does not exist.” 559 A.2d at 923.

The Geary-Clay analysis is dispositive of the instant case. The doctrine of equitable estoppel is not an exception to the employment at-will doctrine. An employee may be discharged with our without cause, and our law does not prohibit firing an employee for relying on an employer’s promise. In the absence of a legally cognizable cause of action, the trial court erred in submitting the issue to the jury.

B. The Defamation Issue.

The defamation issue is waived under Pa.R.C.P. No. 227.1(b)(2):

(b) Post-trial relief may not be granted unless the grounds therefor,
(2) are specified in the motion. The motion shall state how the grounds were asserted in pre-trial proceedings or at trial. Grounds not specified are deemed waived unless[*96] leave is granted upon cause shown to specify additional grounds.

Also see, Dilliplaine v. Lehigh Valley Trust Co., 457 Pa. 255, 322 A.2d 114 (1974) and Wiegand v. Wiegand, 461 Pa. 482, 337 A.2d 256 (1975).

As simply stated in his Motion for Removal of Nonsuit which he brings under 227.1: “Plaintiff produced sufficient evidence to produce all essential elements of his claim under Count VIII for defamation.” Such boilerplate assertions fail to meet the specificity requirements of Rule 227.1. See, the Comment:

Subdivision (b)(2) specifies the requisites of the motion for post-trial relief. It must state the specific grounds for the relief sought and “how the grounds were asserted in pre-trial proceedings or at trial.”
In requiring the motion to state the specific grounds therefore, motions which set forth mere “boilerplate” language are specifically disapproved. A post-trial motion must set forth the theories in support thereof “so that the lower court will know what it is being asked to decide,” Frank v. Peekich, 257 Pa.Super. 561, 391 A.2d 624, 632-633 (1978).

We hold that the grounds for review of the defamation claim were not properly preserved, and there was no basis upon which the Superior Court could have granted review. See, Wiegand, 337 A.2d at 257-258.

Accordingly, we reverse both decisions of the Superior Court to allow a cause of action for defamation and to affirm the estoppel ruling of the trial court.

LARSEN and McDERMOTT, JJ., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter. ZAPPALA, J., files a concurring opinion.
1

The record establishes that his termination was due to the allegation that he had taken the refrigerators without permission. Dr. William L. Holmes, his immediate supervisor, testified that the hospital’s president, Ralph F. Moriarty, suggested the resignation:

It was the following morning, I guess it was the 17th of August, that Mr. Moriarty called me to his office. We exchanged greetings and chatted for a minute or two, and then he told me about the incident, that Mr. Broderick and Mr. Gattner had investigated it thoroughly, and that they were convinced that the refrigerators had been taken illegally, and that he felt that it would be best, and probably appropriate, if we were to ask Dr. Paul for his resignation rather than take alternative action. (T.T., p. 192).
2

Count I alleged breach of contract as a violation of the By-Laws of the Medical Staff; Count II insisted that Dr. Paul could not be terminated because he was a third party beneficiary of research grants from the National Institute of Health; Count III alleged breach of implied contract in that Dr. Paul could be fired for just cause only and that he had provided additional consideration in the form of an infant care unit which he gave to the hospital; Count IV maintained that because he had been given permission over the previous years to take the equipment, the hospital was equitably estopped from raising the issue as a basis for termination; Counts V, VI and VII raised violations of public policy in that he was threatened by criminal coercion and also suffered from abusive termination with intent to harm; Count VIII alleged defamation; and Count IX complained that the wrongful termination caused him to suffer intentional infliction of emotional distress.

3

The Philadelphia Unemployment Project.

4

Both Mr. Justice Nix, now Chief Justice, and Mr. Justice Louis Manderino dissented. Mr. Justice Samuel J. Roberts filed a dissenting opinion.

Concurrence

ZAPPALA, Justice,

concurring.

While I join in Part A of the majority’s opinion regarding the issue of at-will employment, I must concur only in the result reached in Part B. Unlike the majority, I find that[*97] the Appellee sufficiently preserved the issue of his defamation claim in his post-trial motions. The purpose of Pa.R.C.P. No. 227.1 is to apprise the trial court of the basis of the litigant’s claim of alleged errors. In this instance, the Appellee indicated in his post-trial motion that the evidence was sufficient to establish a cause of action in defamation. Such allegation satisfies Rule 227.1.

Although I disagree with the majority on the waiver issue, I nevertheless agree with the majority’s disposition of the defamation claim. One of the elements necessary to establish defamation is a communication. 42 Pa.C.S. § 8343. Absent in this record is any evidence to establish any communication of defamatory material. At best, the Appellee bases his theory of defamation on innuendo and supposition. As such, the trial court correctly granted the Appellant’s non-suit. For this reason, I agree with the result reached by the majority in Part B.