The plaintiff and his brother retained the defendants, New York attorneys, to represent them in several criminal actions in Massachusetts. At the request of the defendants, the plaintiffs paid the defendants a retainer of $8,500. Three weeks after payment was made, the plaintiff and his brother discharged the defendants, requesting an accounting and a refund of a portion of the fee. The defendants refused, and the plaintiff brought this action for an accounting and for damages under G. L. c. 93A, § 11.
After the plaintiff presented his case, the defendants, without offering any evidence as to the reasonableness of their fee,[*22] moved to dismiss both counts pursuant to Mass.R.Civ.P. 41 (b) (2), [2] 365 Mass. 804 (1974), and also asked the court to take judicial notice of the fact that it is an accepted custom and practice among attorneys of the criminal bar that retainers taken in connection with representation of criminal defendants are nonrefundable.
The plaintiff objected to the taking of any judicial notice of common practices and urged that the nature of the attorney-client relationship requires some kind of an accounting. The plaintiff did not press the count under G. L. c. 93A, conceding that there was insufficient evidence.
The judge allowed the motion under Mass.R.Civ.P. 41(b) (2), making what he termed “Rulings of Law” (which we treat as findings of fact) as follows: “Plaintiff has admitted that he understood that the retainer was a flat fee to cover services and expenses, and that no hourly fee was ever discussed; he acknowledged that the fee was non-refundable, and that an accounting had neither been discussed with nor promised by either defendant. Plaintiff chose of his own volition to avail himself of new counsel.” The judge also found that the defendants filed appearances and performed services for the plaintiff and his brother until discharged. After making these rulings (findings), the judge concluded: “The defendants therefore performed according to their agreement with the Smiths and no accounting or refimd of retainer is due from defendants.” We reverse.
An examination of the record leads us to conclude that there is no support for the finding that the plaintiff acknowledged that the fee was nonrefundable. There is no testimony to that effect, nor is there any evidence from which such an acknowl[*23] edgment by the plaintiff could be inferred. On cross-examination, the plaintiff testified that he was told that the retainer of $8,500 was necessary for the defendants to get involved in the case. That testimony, however, cannot be construed as an agreement that the fee was nonrefundable. [3] The finding is, therefore, clearly erroneous. See Robbins v. Robbins, 19 Mass. App. Ct. 538, 541 (1985).
The evidence warranted the judge’s findings that the retainer was a flat fee to cover services and expenses [4] and that the plaintiff chose of his own volition to avail himself of new counsel. There was, however, no evidence as to what would be a reasonable fee for the services actually performed. In the absence of such evidence, a motion to dismiss under Mass.R.Civ.P. 41 (b) (2), see note 2, supra, was not warranted. Essential to the lawyer-client relationship is the client’s right to change his lawyer at any time — even without cause. [5] Salem Realty Co. v. Matera, 10 Mass. App. Ct. 571, 575 (1980), S.C., 384 Mass. 803 (1981). Moreover, if he discharges his lawyer, the client is not bound to pay for services not rendered. Otherwise the right to change lawyers would be of little value. Ibid. A discharged lawyer who has not rendered substantial[*24] performance cannot recover on a contingent fee contract, [6] but may only seek a reasonable fee on a quantum meruit basis. Salem Realty Co. v. Matera, 384 Mass, at 804. The same principle applies here. The defendants, who have the burden of proof, see First National Bank v. Brink, 372 Mass. 257, 264 (1977), are entitled to only such fees as they can show are reasonable for the services actually performed. See Cummings v. National Shawmut Bank, 284 Mass. 563, 568-569 (1933); Korzenik y. Supreme Radio, Inc., 347 Mass. 309, 310, 311 (1964); Salem Realty Co. v. Matera, 10 Mass. App. Ct. at 576, and cases cited. Accordingly, the judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
Rule 41(b)(2) reads in relevant part as follows:
“After the plaintiff, in an action tried by the court without a jury, has completed the presentation of his evidence, the defendant, without waiving his right to offer evidence in the event the motion is not granted, may move for a dismissal on the ground that upon the facts and the law the plaintiff has shown no right to relief. The court as trier of the facts may then determine them and render judgment against the plaintiff or may decline to render any judgment until the close of all the evidence. If the court renders judgment on the merits against the plaintiff the court shall make findings as provided in Rule 52 (a).”
We need not now consider the extent to which a fee, by agreement not to be refunded, may nevertheless be challenged. See Jacobson v. Sassower, 107 A.D.2d 603 (N.Y. 1985); Simon v. Metoyer, 383 So.2d 1321, 1322-1324 (La. App. 1980); ABA Comm, on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Informal Op. 998 (1967) (unethical to require agreement that retainer be nonrefundable). See also S.J.C. Rule 3:07, DR 2-110 (A) (3) & DR 2-110 (B) (4), as appearing in 382 Mass. 775 (1981) (discharged attorney must refund promptly unearned portion of fee paid in advance). Cf. also Mass. B.A., Opinion No. 78-11, 63 Mass.L.Rev. 231 (1978) (retainer usually payment for future services; if it exceeds amount necessary in the matter, lawyer must return unused portion). But see Jacobs v. Holston, 70 Ohio App.2d 56, 59 (1980) (nonrefundable retainer taken for accepting case enforceable in absence of fraud or overreaching without the attorney showing it is fair and reasonable). See generally 1 Speiser, Attorneys’ Fees §§ 4:26, 4:28, 18.11, 18.12 (1973).
There was no suggestion that the $8,500 was a fee to insure counsel’s future services as contrasted with an advance payment for those services. See Blair v. Columbian Fireproofing Co., 191 Mass. 333, 337 (1906); Korzenik v. Supreme Radio, Inc., 347 Mass. 309, 310-311 (1964).
Of course, if a court continuance is needed, other considerations come to the fore. See Smith, Criminal Practice and Procedure §§ 1119-1120 (2d ed. 1983).
We do not intimate that a discharged lawyer who has rendered substantial performance may recover on his contract. That question was left open in Salem, 384 Mass, at 804.