United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40 (9th Cir. 1971). · Go Syfert
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40 (9th Cir. 1971). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
75 citation events (1 in the last 25 years) across 16 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Feldman (cacd, 2004-06-16)
Treatment trajectory · 1971 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1971 1998 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 43 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Feldman
C.D. Cal. · 2004 · confidence medium
The District Court may then determine by considering each question whether, in each instance, the claim of self-incrimination is well-founded.’ ” United States v. Drollinger, 80 F.3d 389, 392 (9th Cir.1996) (quoting United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bodwell
9th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
Rendahl, 746 F.2d at 555 , citing with approval United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971) (Fifth Amendment challenge premature on appeal from enforcement order; appellant must present himself for questioning after enforcement and as to each question elect to raise or not to raise the defense). 8 Bodwell, however, who was proceeding pro se, never had an opportunity to answer the questions in the IRS summons before or during the enforcement proceedings here. 1 Accordingly, Bodwell's claim could not have been raised and litigated properly in the enforcement proceedings.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bodwell
9th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
Rendahl, 746 F.2d at 555 , citing with approval United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971) (Fifth Amendment challenge premature on appeal from enforcement order; appellant must present himself for questioning after enforcement and as to each question elect to raise or not to raise the defense).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Aeilts
C.D. Cal. · 1994 · confidence medium
See id.; United States v. Rendahl, 746 F.2d 553, 555 (9th Cir.1984); United States v. Ellsworth, 460 F.2d 1246, 1248 (9th Cir.1972); United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971); United States v. Argomaniz, 925 F.2d 1349, 1355 (11th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ronald L. Bodwell Betty Bodwell
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42-43 (9th Cir.1971). 10 Finally, we reject the Bodwells' frivolous assertion that they are "sovereigns" and are therefore entitled to sovereign immunity from the assessment and collection of income taxes.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America Donna Carroll, Revenue Officer of the Internal Revenue Service v. Tracy L. Brown
9th Cir. · 1990 · confidence medium
A person must have the chance to “present himself for questioning, and as to each question elect to raise or not to raise the defense.” Id. (quoting United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. George Allee (2×)
1st Cir. · 1989 · confidence medium
E.g., United States v. Reis, 765 F.2d 1094, 1096 (11th Cir.1985); United States v. Riewe, 676 F.2d 418 , 420 n. 1 (10th Cir.1982); United States v. Davis, 636 F.2d 1028, 1038 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 862 , 102 S.Ct. 320 , 70 L.Ed.2d 162 (1981); United States v. Jones, 538 F.2d 225, 226 (8th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1040 , 97 S.Ct. 738 , 50 L.Ed.2d 752 (1977); United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Lawnie Mayhew v. Jack Horton and Schonert Construction, Inc.
9th Cir. · 1980 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Popkin
9th Cir. · 1980 · confidence medium
United States v. Ellsworth, 460 F.2d 1246, 1248 (9th Cir. 1972); United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41 (9th Cir. 1971); Wild v. Brewer, 329 F.2d 924 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 914 , 85 S.Ct. 262 , 13 L.Ed.2d 185 (1964).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Popkin
9th Cir. · 1980 · confidence medium
United States v. Ellsworth, 460 F.2d 1246, 1248 (9th Cir. 1972); United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41 (9th Cir. 1971); Wild v. Brewer, 329 F.2d 924 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 914 , 85 S.Ct. 262 , 13 L.Ed.2d 185 (1964). 9 We conclude that in no respect was appellant entitled to an evidentiary hearing.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Garrett (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
5th Cir. · 1978 · confidence medium
Standard Fruit & Steamship Co. v. United Fruit Co., 396 U.S. 820 , 90 S.Ct. 59 , 24 L.Ed.2d 71 (1969) 4 See United States v. Wright Motor, Inc., 536 F.2d 1090, 1095 (5th Cir. 1976), quoting United States v. Salter, 432 F.2d 697, 700-01 (1st Cir. 1970); Moore's Federal Practice, P 81.06(1) (1975 ed. & 1976-77 Supp.) 5 See United States v. Interstate Tool & Engineering Corp., 526 F.2d 59, 61-62 (7th Cir. 1975); United States v. House, 524 F.2d 1035, 1043 (3d Cir. 1975); United States v. Kendrick, 518 F.2d 842 , 848-50 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1016 , 96 S.Ct. 449 , 46 L.Ed.2d 387 (1975)…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Garrett (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
5th Cir. · 1978 · confidence medium
See United States v. Interstate Tool & Engineering Corp., 526 F.2d 59, 61-62 (7th Cir. 1975); United States v. House, 524 F.2d 1035, 1043 (3d Cir. 1975); United States v. Kendrick, 518 F.2d 842, 848-50 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1016 , 96 S.Ct. 449 , 46 L.Ed.2d 387 (1975); United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971); National Plate & Window Glass Co. v. United States, 254 F.2d 92, 93 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 822 , 79 S.Ct. 35 , 3 L.Ed.2d 63 (1958). .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lynn v. Biderman
9th Cir. · 1976 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41-42 (9th Cir. 1971)
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lynn v. Biderman
9th Cir. · 1976 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41-42 (9th Cir. 1971).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Simon Levin, Special Agent of the Internal Revenue Service v. Interstate Tool and Engineering Corporation
7th Cir. · 1975 · confidence medium
United States v. Turner, 7 Cir., 480 F.2d 272, 275 (1973); United States v. National State Bank, 7 Cir., 454 F.2d 1249, 1252 (1972); United States v. Bell, 9 Cir., 448 F.2d 40, 42 (1971). ■ We have held that a district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to order discovery prior to the hearing in the Government’s petition for enforcement when the taxpayer sought to establish its defense that the summons had issued for an improper purpose.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Arthur H. Russell v. United States of America and Thomas L. Wesche, Internal Revenue Agent, Internal Revenue Service
8th Cir. · 1975 · confidence medium
See United States v. Theep, 502 F.2d 797, 798-799 (9th Cir. 1974); United States v. Awerkamp, 497 F.2d 832, 835 (7th Cir. 1974); United States v. Cromer, 483 F.2d 99, 102 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Hubert J. Goodrich, Special Agent Internal Revenue Service v. Thomas F. Zack, as President (2×)
9th Cir. · 1975 · confidence medium
East, Senior United States District Judge, District of Oregon, sitting by designation 1 Not to the contrary is our language in United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971), that until a case is actually pending, a summons is proper even "where its purpose is allegedly to uncover crime." That language is prefaced by the qualification, "Where the Government is attempting to collect revenue under the tax laws"; in Bell one object of the investigation was to determine civil liability.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Ronald H. Eggleston, Revenue Agent v. Raymond J. Theep, United States of America and Ronald H. Eggleston, Revenue Agent v. Stanley Steinert
9th Cir. · 1974 · confidence medium
As stated by this Court in United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, at 42 (1971), the law recognizes that a taxpayer must appear for questioning, and as to each question asked or document sought by the Government may decide whether to raise the Fifth Amendment privilege. 6 It does not appear that Agent Eggleston made the specific inquiries required to afford the appellants the opportunity to make appropriate objection to the production of separate documents or records sought by the Government for inspection. 7 The unlawful search and seizure provisions of the Fourth Amendment do not protect the tax…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Theep
9th Cir. · 1974 · confidence medium
As stated by this Court in United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, at 42 (1971), the law recognizes that a taxpayer must appear for questioning, and as to each question asked or document sought by the Government may decide whether to raise the Fifth Amendment privilege.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Zack
D. Nev. · 1974 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41-42 (9th Cir. 1971); United States v. Egenberg, 443 F.2d 512, 516 (3rd Cir. 1971); United States v. Held, 435 F.2d 1361, 1364 (6th Cir. 1970); United States v. Stamp, 147 U.S.App.D. *829 C. 340, 458 F.2d 759 (1971), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 975 , 92 S.Ct. 2424 , 32 L.Ed.2d 675 (1971).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Carl Rosen, Revenue Agent of the Internal Revenue Service v. Alvin I. Malnik
5th Cir. · 1974 · confidence medium
See United States v. Ellsworth, supra, 460 F.2d at 1248 ; United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir., 1971); Daly v. United States, 393 F.2d 873, 877-878 (8th Cir., 1968); United States v. Terry, 362 F.2d 914, 917 (6th Cir., 1966); United States v. Harmon, 339 F.2d 354, 359 (6th Cir., 1964), cert. den. 380 U.S. 944 , 85 S.Ct. 1025 , 13 L.Ed.2d 963 ; In re Turner, 309 F.2d 69, 71 (2nd Cir., 1962); Landy v. United States, 283 F.2d 303, 304 (5th Cir., 1960); United States v. Solon, 294 F.Supp. 880, 882 (E.D.N.Y., 1968), aff’d 405 F.2d 1211 , 1212 (2nd Cir., 1968).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. William M. Hickok
9th Cir. · 1973 · confidence medium
It has long been recognized that an individual cannot “assert his personal privilege against self-incrimination as a valid ground for refusing to produce corporate records.” United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41 (9th Cir. 1971); see Grant v. United States, 227 U.S. 74 , 33 S.Ct. 190 , 57 L.Ed. 423 (1913).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Burnis Brown, Revenue Agent, Internal Revenue Service v. Herbert E. Turner
7th Cir. · 1973 · confidence medium
United States v. National State Bank, 454 F.2d 1249, 1252 (7th Cir. 1972), United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Martin Hoffenblum, Special Agent of the Internal Revenue Service v. George Cromer (3×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 1973 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Thornton J. Camfield, Special Agent, Internal Revenue Service v. Wall Corporation
D.C. Cir. · 1972 · confidence medium
In United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41-42 (9th Cir. 1971), the court, faced with the recurring problem of determining the validity of an Internal Revenue Service summons, stated: Where the Government is attempting to collect revenue under the tax laws, and no criminal case is actually pending against the taxpayer, a summons to examine the taxpayer’s records obtained pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7602 , may be used even where its purpose is allegedly to uncover crime.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and Lyman M. Nicoll, Internal Revenue Agent v. W. Vaughn Ellsworth
9th Cir. · 1972 · confidence medium
Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118, 122 , 77 S.Ct. 1145 , 1 L.Ed.2d 1225 (1957); Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. 361 , 382, 31 S.Ct. 538 , 55 L.Ed. 771 (1911); Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 43 , 26 S.Ct. 370 , 50 L.Ed. 652 (1906); United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 41 (9th Cir. 1971).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States of America and John S. Wills, Special Agent, Internal Bevenue Service v. National State Bank v. George Green, M.D. And Margot M. Green, His Wife, Intervening
7th Cir. · 1972 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. National State Bank
7th Cir. · 1972 · confidence medium
United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir. 1971).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Bell
N.D. Cal. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Rendahl, 746 F.2d 553 (9th Cir.1984) (citing United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971)).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Kowalik
S.D. Fla. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally, United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971) (finding a Fifth Amendment challenge on appeal from an enforcement order to be premature and requiring the respondent to obey the order to appear and raise the privilege in response to particular questions); United States v. Rendahl, 746 F.2d 553, 555 (9th Cir.1984) (finding that res judicata principles would not bar litigation of privilege issue at contempt hearing since respondents did not appear before the IRS until after the enforcement order was entered, and thus first opportunity to present those claims properly was at …
cited Cited "see" United States v. G & G Advertising Company
8th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971). 9 In support of his claim that the IRS was abusing the court's process, Grisham sought discovery of IRS files and memoranda.
cited Cited "see" United States v. G & G Advertising Co.
8th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Church of Scientology
9th Cir. · 1975 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 9 Cir., 1971, 448 F.2d 40, 42 ; United States v. Ruggeiro, 9 Cir., 1970, 425 F.2d 1069, 1071 ; United States v. Ahmanson, 9 Cir., 1969, 415 F.2d 785, 787 .
cited Cited "see" United States v. Church Of Scientology Of California
9th Cir. · 1975 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 9 Cir., 1971, 448 F.2d 40, 42 ; United States v. Ruggeiro, 9 Cir., 1970, 425 F.2d 1069, 1071 ; United States v. Ahmanson, 9 Cir., 1969, 415 F.2d 785, 787 .
cited Cited "see" United States of America and John H. Kerdus, Special Agent of the Internal Revenue Service v. Charles Luther and the Bible Institute of the Air, Inc., United States of America and John H. Kerdus, Special Agent of the Internal Revenue Service v. Charles Luther and the Bible Institute of the Air, Inc., C.W. Burpo, Applicant for Intervention-Appellant
9th Cir. · 1973 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell (9 Cir. 1971), 448 F.2d 40 . 12 Our holding does not preclude an inquiry into such matters on some subsequent occasion where the issue may be material.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Luther
9th Cir. · 1973 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell (9 Cir. 1971), 448 F.2d 40 .
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Mid-West Business Forms, Inc.
8th Cir. · 1973 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40 (9 Cir. 1971); United States v. Bowman, 435 F.2d 467, 469-470 (3 Cir. 1970); Hair Industry, Ltd. v. United States, 340 F.2d 510 (2 Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 381 U.S. 950 , 85 S.Ct. 1804 , 14 L.Ed.2d 724 2 Of course, the fact that the investigation might ultimately lead to a criminal prosecution does not render the summons outside the scope of Section 7602.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Mid-West Business Forms, Inc.
8th Cir. · 1973 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40 (9 Cir. 1971); United States v. Bowman, 435 F.2d 467, 469-470 (3 Cir. 1970); Hair Industry, Ltd. v. United States, 340 F.2d 510 (2 Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 381 U.S. 950 , 85 S.Ct. 1804 , 14 L.Ed.2d 724 . .
cited Cited "see" United States v. Schoendorf
7th Cir. · 1971 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 9 Cir., 448 F.2d 40, 41 (1971) ; and In Re Mal Brothers Contracting Co., 3 Cir., 444 F.2d 615, 618 (1971).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Schoendorf
7th Cir. · 1971 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Bell, 9 Cir., 448 F.2d 40, 41 (1971); and In Re Mal Brothers Contracting Co., 3 Cir., 444 F.2d 615, 618 (1971). 13 In another recent case, United States v. Anzelmo, D.C.E.D.La., 319 F.Supp. 1106, 1130-1131 (1970), where one lawyer claimed to be a partner with another lawyer under an arrangement similar to the case at bar, the trial court determined in substance that "no factual basis for concluding that a law partnership in fact existed." 14 We conclude that the trial court did not err in ordering enforcement of the two summonses in issue, and such orders are now affirmed.…
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Robert L. Drollinger
9th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Id.; see also United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Abrahams
9th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see also · confidence medium
United States v. Lawless, 709 F.2d 485, 487 (7th Cir.1983); see also United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971) (requiring IRS summons respondent who claimed privilege against self-incrimination to assert his claim question-by-question).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Abrahams
9th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see also · confidence medium
United States v. Lawless, 709 F.2d 485, 487 (7th Cir.1983); see also United States v. Bell, 448 F.2d 40, 42 (9th Cir.1971) (requiring IRS summons respondent who claimed privilege against self-incrimination to assert his claim question-by-question).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
United States of America and Martin Hoffenblum, Special Agent of the Internal Revenue Service
v.
Irving Bell, as President of Brooks Rent a Car, Inc., and Brooks Rent a Car, Inc.
25254_1.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Sep 16, 1971.
448 F.2d 40
1971 U.S. App. LEXIS 8040
Cited by 10 opinions  |  Published

448 F.2d 40

71-2 USTC P 9649

UNITED STATES of America and Martin Hoffenblum, Special
Agent of the Internal Revenue Service, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
Irving BELL, as President of Brooks Rent A Car, Inc., and
Brooks Rent A Car, Inc., Defendants-Appellants.

No. 25254.

United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit.

Sept. 16, 1971.

James A. Thomas (argued), of Greenberg & Glusker, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiffs-appellants.

Stephen G. Fuerth (argued), Tax Div., Lee A. Jackson, Joseph M. Howard, John P. Burke, Johnnie M. Walters, Asst. Atty. Gen., Washington, D. C., Bart M. Schouweiler, U. S. Atty., John L. Thorndal, Asst. U. S. Atty., Las Vegas, Nev., for defendants-appellees.

Before JERTBERG, MERRILL and BROWNING, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

[*~40]1

This is an appeal from a District Court order directing appellant Bell to comply with an Internal Revenue summons issued under 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7602 (1964), requiring him to produce certain records of appellant Brooks Rent A Car, Inc., a corporation wholly owned by Bell.

2

The principal issue presented on this appeal is whether the sole owner of a corporation can assert his personal privilege against self-incrimination as a valid ground for refusing to produce corporate records.[1] We have already answered this question in the negative. Wild v. Brewer, 329 F.2d 924 (9th Cir.) cert. denied, 379 U.S. 914, 85 S.Ct. 262, 13 L.Ed.2d 185 (1964). See Grant v. United States, 227 U.S. 74, 33 S.Ct. 190, 57 L.Ed. 423 (1913); Fineberg v. United States, 393 F.2d 417, 420 (9th Cir. 1968). We find no reason to re-examine our decision in Wild v. Brewer, supra, on the basis of subsequent decisions in other cases cited by appellants.

3

Appellants claim that enforcement of the summons would offend the Fourth Amendment because it was issued for the purpose of collecting evidence for use in a criminal tax fraud prosecution. They argue that the District Court erred in restricting discovery and cross-examination attempting to elicit proof of the Government's purpose. But no criminal case is actually pending against Bell, and the record makes it clear that one objective of the present investigation is to determine whether appellants are civilly liable for a tax or a tax plus penalty. Where the Government is attempting to collect revenue under the tax laws, and no criminal case is actually pending against the taxpayer, a summons to examine the taxpayer's records obtained pursuant to 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7602, may be used even where its purpose is allegedly to uncover crime. See United States v. Ruggeiro, 425 F.2d 1069 (9th Cir. 1970); United States v. Ahmanson, 415 F.2d 785, 787 (9th Cir. 1969); Wild v. United States, 362 F.2d 206, 208-209 (9th Cir. 1966); Boren v. Tucker, 239 F.2d 767, 772-773 (9th Cir. 1956). In the circumstances of this case the Government's alleged purpose to uncover evidence of criminal activity is irrelevant, and there was no error in the District Court's rulings restricting appellants' attempts to establish such a purpose through discovery and cross-examination.

[*~41]4

Appellants also argue that restrictions on their discovery prevented them from proving that the summons constituted a second examination of their records contrary to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. Sec. 7605(b), which without special authorization restricts the Internal Revenue Service to "only one inspection." We disagree. A trial court has broad discretion to limit discovery under Rule 81(a) (3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. There was no abuse of discretion here, where the revenue agents were available for cross-examination at trial as to what records they already had in their possession. See United States v. Bowman, 435 F.2d 467, 469 (3d Cir. 1970). The agents' testimony that they had seen only a 1966 check register established that a second examination of the corporation's books was not being attempted, since the Government had never completed "one meaningful examination." See United States v. Giordano, 419 F.2d 564, 567 (8th Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 1037, 90 S. Ct. 1355, 25 L.Ed.2d 648 (1970); National Plate & Window Glass Co. v. United States, 254 F.2d 92, 93 (2d Cir. 1958.

5

We find no merit in appellants' contentions that for various other reasons issuance of the summons constituted an abuse of process. The record establishes ample justification for the issuance of the summons: for some time the Internal Revenue Service has been unsuccessfully attempting to inspect the records of the corporation for the purpose of making a normal investigation of the company's returns and of reconciling apparent discrepancies between the returns and the company's bank deposits.

6

Appellant Bell's self-incrimination challenge to the District Court's requirement that he personally appear before a Special Agent of the Internal Revenue Service for the purpose of giving oral testimony is premature at this time. See Communist Party of United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U.S. 1, 106-109, 81 S.Ct. 1357, 6 L.Ed.2d 625 (1961); Chapman v. Goodman, 219 F.2d 802, 806-807 (9th Cir. 1955); United States v. Roundtree, 420 F.2d 845, 852 (5th Cir. 1969). Appellant must present himself for questioning, and as to each question elect to raise or not to raise the defense. The District Court may then determine by considering each question whether, in each instance, the claim of self-incrimination is well-founded. See United States v. Roundtree, supra, and authorities cited therein.

7

Appellants' remaining assignments of error are without merit. The factual and legal issues contested in this case were adequately presented to the trial court in pre-trial memoranda and oral argument, and appellants have failed to show that they were prejudiced by the court's denial of a continuance or its refusal to receive their written brief at the conclusion of the trial. Since appellants were accorded all of the procedural rights they were entitled to under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, there was no error in the employment of a show cause procedure by the District Court to expedite this summons enforcement proceeding. See Wild v. United States, 362 F.2d 206, 209 (9th Cir. 1966); McGarry's, Inc. v. Rose, 344 F. 2d 416, 418 (1st Cir. 1965).

[*~42]8

Affirmed.

1

It is well-settled that a corporation itself is not protected by the privilege against self-incrimination. See Essgee of China v. United States, 262 U.S. 151, 43 S.Ct. 514, 67 L.Ed. 917 (1923); Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. 361, 382, 31 S.Ct. 538, 55 L.Ed. 771 (1911); Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 43, 26 S.Ct. 370, 50 L.Ed. 652 (1906)