Lilia Nequinto Hendrix v. United States Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 583 F.2d 1102 (9th Cir. 1978). · Go Syfert
Lilia Nequinto Hendrix v. United States Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 583 F.2d 1102 (9th Cir. 1978). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
30 citation events (16 in the last 25 years) across 5 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Benedicto Sustal v. Eric Holder, Jr. (ca9, 2015-03-13)
Treatment trajectory · 1979 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1979 2002 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 11 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Benedicto Sustal v. Eric Holder, Jr.
9th Cir. · 2015 · confidence medium
Thus, “[ujnless unusual circumstances dictate that in the interest of justice retroactive effect should be given an annulment, it is the marital status at the time of entry that should serve as the basis for one alien’s preferment over others under the quota system.” Hendrix, 583 F.2d at 1103 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted); see also Matter of Magana, 17 I. & N. Dec. 111 (BIA 1979) (refusing to apply relation back to cure entry fraud).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Alfred Minasyan v. Alberto R. Gonzales, Attorney General
9th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
See Fierro v. Reno, 217 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir.2000) (holding that a state nunc pro tunc order, which retroactively changed custody from the petitioner’s non-citizen mother to his citizen father, did not establish that he met all the criteria of INA § 321 because during the relevant time period he was actually in the custody of his mother); Hendrix v. U.S. INS, 583 F.2d 1102, 1103 (9th Cir.1978) (holding that a woman admitted to the United States based on her representation that she was unmarried could not retroactively cure the fact that she was married at the time of entry by obtaining a subs…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Minasyan v. Gonzales
9th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
See Fierro v. Reno, 217 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2000) (holding that a state nunc pro tunc order, which retroactively changed custody from the petitioner’s non-citizen mother to his citizen father, did not establish that he met all the criteria of INA § 321 because during the relevant time period he was actually in the custody of his mother); Hendrix v. INS, 583 F.2d 1102, 1103 (9th Cir. 1978) (holding that a woman admitted to the United States based on her representation that she was unmarried could not retroactively cure the fact that she was married at the time of entry by obtaining a subsequ…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rybusinski v. Immigration & Naturalization Service
7th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
See Garcia v. INS, 31 F.3d 441, 444 (7th Cir.1994); Hendrix v. U.S. INS, 583 F.2d 1102, 1103 (9th Cir.1978); see also Matter of Wong, 16 I & N Dec. 87, 89 (even though a California court gave retroactive effect to an order annulling the marriage ab initio, the BIA did not relate the order back for immigration purposes).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Witter v. Immigration & Naturalization Service
5th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
We have never specifically addressed this issue; however, Petitioners’ assertion is contrary to decisions of the Seventh and Ninth Circuits and the BIA In Hendrix v. INS, 583 F.2d 1102, 1103 (9th Cir.1978), the Ninth Circuit held that a woman admitted to the United States based on her representation that she was unmarried could not retroactively cure the fact that she was married at the time of entry by obtaining a subsequent annulment.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Kaivan Sharifzadeh-Fahraji v. Immigration & Naturalization Service
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
"Unless unusual circumstances dictate that in the interest of justice retroactive effect should be given an annulment, it is the marital status at the time of entry that should serve as the basis for one alien's preferment over others under the quota system." Id. at 1103 (citation omitted).
discussed Cited "see" Maria Gomez v. William Barr
9th Cir. · 2019 · signal: see · confidence high
See Hendrix v. INS, 583 F.2d 1102, 1103 (9th Cir. 1978) (per curiam) (quoting Matter of Wong, 16 I. & N. Dec. 87, 89 (B.I.A. 1977) (“[W]e are not obliged to give retroactive effect to annulments so as to cure a violation of law respecting entry into the United States.”)); Matter of Astorga, 17 I. & N. Dec. 1, 4 (B.I.A. 1979) (“[M]arriages declared void at inception, or annulled, will not relate back to cure a ground of exclusion or deportation at the time of entry where the alien entered the United States in an immigrant status dependent on [her] being unmarried.”).
discussed Cited "see" Trinidad Z. Garcia v. Immigration and Naturalization Service (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
7th Cir. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Hendrix, 583 F.2d at 1104 (stressing the need “to avoid manipulation of the immigration priorities through changes in marital status not undertaken in good faith”); Astorga, 17 I & N Dec. at 4 (same); Magana, 17 I & N Dec. at 114 (“In the present ease, given the respondent’s misrepresentations, we find that justice would be better served by not relating the [annulment] decree back for immigration purposes.”).
cited Cited "see" RAQUENO
BIA · 1979 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally Hendrix v. INS, 583 F.2d 1102 (9 Cir. 1978).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Juan Castro-Cabrera (2×)
9th Cir. · 2011 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Hendrix v. INS, 583 F.2d, 1102, 1103 (9th Cir.1978) (finding that a marriage later annulled ab initio does not relate back to the time of an immigrant’s entry).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Shackelford v. Commissioner
Tax Ct. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
Thus, the Supreme Court of California warns that "in cases involving the rights of third parties, courts have been especially wary lest the logical appeal of the fiction should obscure fundamental problems and lead to unjust or ill-advised results respecting a third party's rights." Sefton v. Sefton, supra at 441 ; see also Hendrix v. United States Immigration & Naturalization Serv. , 583 F.2d 1102 , 1103 (9th Cir. 1978) ; Powers v. Fox , 158 Cal. Rptr. 92 , 95 (Ct. App. 1979) ; Interinsurance Exch. of the Auto.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Lilia Nequinto HENDRIX, Petitioner,
v.
UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION & NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent
77-3543.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Oct 12, 1978.
583 F.2d 1102
1978 U.S. App. LEXIS 8471
Donald L. Ungar (argued), San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner., James P. Morris (argued), Dept, of Justice, Washington, D. C., for respondent.
Choy, Merrill, Per Curiam, Tanner.
Cited by 16 opinions  |  Published
PER CURIAM:

Petitioner, a native of the Philippines, entered the United States on June 5, 1971, upon presenting an immigrant visa. The visa was issued to petitioner as the unmarried daughter of a United States citizen. This status qualifies one for the highest preference for admission under § 203(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(1). In truth petitioner had been married to a Philippine citizen at the time of her entry. As the married daughter of a United States citizen, petitioner would have received a lower preference under 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(4), and admittedly would not have been eligible for admission.

The Immigration Judge found her de-portable under § 241(a)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1), as excludable at the time of entry because she was an alien not of the status specified in her immigrant visa.

Petitioner appealed this decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals. While the appeal was pending, the Superior Court of California granted an annulment of petitioner’s marriage pursuant to California Civil Code § 4425(e), finding that her consent was obtained by force and stating that the annulment should be given retroactive effect “voiding the marriage ad initio." Petitioner then contended on her appeal to the Board that, in light of the annulment, she was not a married person at the time of her entry and was properly admitted under her visa. The Board rejected this argument, dismissed the appeal, and denied petitioner’s motion for reconsideration.

Petitioner here seeks review of the Board’s decision. We affirm the Board. In Matter of Wong, Interim Decision 2549 (BIA 1977), the Board held that “we are not obliged to give retroactive effect to annulments so as to cure a violation of law respecting entry into the United States.” We agree. Unless unusual circumstances dictate that in the interest of justice retroactive effect should be given an annulment, see Matter of T., 3 I. & N. Dec. 528 (BIA 1949), it is the marital status at the time of entry that should serve as the basis for one alien’s preferment over others under the quota system. At the time petitioner entered the United States she was not an unmarried person.

[*1104] Petitioner also contends that the term marriage as used in the immigration statutes refers only to bona fide marriages in which the parties actually intend to enter into a sincere and lasting marital relationship. She points out that the immigration authorities and courts have relied on this concept in a variety of contexts and have held a marriage to be sham where an alien marries an American citizen only in order to obtain some advantage under the immigration laws. See, e. g., Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 611-12, 73 S.Ct. 481, 97 L.Ed. 593 (1953); Bark v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 511 F.2d 1200, 1201-02 (9th Cir. 1975). Petitioner seeks to apply the sham marriage concept in the converse situation, contending that where the immigration authorities urge that an alien is married, the alien should be allowed to prove that the marriage is not bona fide.

The purpose of the sham marriage doctrine, however, is to avoid manipulation of the immigration priorities through changes in marital status not undertaken in good faith. As stated in Lutwak, “Congress did not intend to provide aliens with an easy means of circumventing the quota system by fake marriages in which neither of the parties ever intended to enter into the marital relationship.” 344 U.S. at 611, 73 S.Ct. at 486. Applying the sham marriage doctrine in petitioner’s situation would not serve to avoid manipulation of the immigration laws. Rather it could facilitate it, for, as the Immigration Judge noted, if petitioner’s argument is accepted, “it will rest with the married alien to decide unilaterally whether his or her marriage was valid or invalid according to the goal he or she hopes to achieve.”

The petition to review is denied.