United States v. Jerry Paul Lillard, 929 F.2d 500 (9th Cir. 1991). · Go Syfert
United States v. Jerry Paul Lillard, 929 F.2d 500 (9th Cir. 1991). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
150 citation events (19 in the last 25 years) across 20 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: GILBERT (JESSE) v. STATE (nev, 2024-05-09) · Strongest negative: United States v. Ruben Vidaurreta, A/K/A Ruben Turner (ca9, 1993-11-30)
Treatment trajectory · 1991 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1991 2008 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" United States v. Ruben Vidaurreta, A/K/A Ruben Turner
9th Cir. · 1993 · signal: but see · confidence high
United States v. Zweber, 913 F.2d 705, 708-09 (9th Cir.1990) (defendants convicted solely of narcotics possession not entitled to reduction for role in uncharged narcotics conspiracy); but see United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991) (collateral conduct may justify adjustment for leadership role in offense). 10 Vidaurreta argues he was entitled to a downward adjustment for his role in the bank fraud scheme because he was less culpable than Johnny Surles, his accomplice.
discussed Cited "but see" United States v. Frederick L. Palm
9th Cir. · 1993 · signal: but cf. · confidence high
See United States v. Tamez, 941 F.2d 770, 777 (9th Cir.1991); but cf. United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991) (upward adjustment for leadership role not limited to role in offense of conviction). 6 Palm was convicted of possessing a firearm not registered to him.
cited Cited as authority (rule) GILBERT (JESSE) v. STATE
Nev. · 2024 · confidence medium
United States v. Bowhay, 992 F.2d 229, 231 (9th Cir. 1993) (quoting United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir. 1991)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Cervantes-Chavez
D.N.M. · 2014 · confidence medium
See United States v. Laboy, 351 F.3d 578, 585-86 (1st Cir.2003); United States v. Murillo, 933 F.2d 195, 199 (3d Cir.1991); United States v. Ocana, 204 F.3d 585, 591-92 (5th Cir.2000); United States v. Mir, 919 F.2d 940 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Bjorkman, 270 F.3d 482, 494-97 (7th Cir.2001); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991); United States v. Saucedo, 950 F.2d 1508 , 1513 & n. 8 (10th Cir.1991) (“The amendment clearly alters the analysis we adopted in Pettit.”); United States v. Nyhuis, 8 F.3d 731, 744 (11th Cir.1993).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Thomas Klassy (2×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
See United States v. Savage, 67 F.3d 1435, 1443-44 (9th Cir.1995), partially abrogated on other grounds as stated in United States v. Van Alstyne, 584 F.3d 803, 813 (9th Cir.2009); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Allen
9th Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
Allen, Dixon, and Skidmore argue that, although they held leadership positions in the MFWCS, they did not have leadership roles in the "park patrol.” We reject this argument in light of our decision in United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991), in which we held that § 3B1.1 "is not limited to the offense of conviction.” .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Sean Allen, United States of America v. Eric Adam Dixon, United States of America v. Jeremiah Skidmore, United States of America v. Jason Guy Potter, United States of America v. Ryan Flaherty, United States of America v. Michael Flom
9th Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
This is a deferential standard requiring reversal only if we have "a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." Maldonado, 215 F.3d at 1050 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 32 Allen, Dixon, and Skidmore argue that, although they held leadership positions in the MFWCS, they did not have leadership roles in the "park patrol." We reject this argument in light of our decision in United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991), in which we held that § 3B1.1 "is not limited to the offense of conviction." 33 Jason Williams, also a minor, participated in th…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Chorin
3rd Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
See United States v. Smith, 240 F.3d 927 , 931 (11th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 123 S.Ct. 479 (2002); United States v. Anderson, 236 F.3d 427 , 429 n. 5 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 122 S.Ct. 356 (2001); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. David Chorin A/K/A Charlie David Chorin, United States of America v. Kevin Robert Caden A/K/A Thomas Kimble Kevin Robert Caden
3rd Cir. · 2003 · confidence medium
See United States v. Smith, 240 F.3d 927 , 931 (11th Cir.2001), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 123 S.Ct. 479 , 154 L.Ed.2d 413 (2002); United States v. Anderson, 236 F.3d 427 , 429 n. 5 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 956 , 122 S.Ct. 356 , 151 L.Ed.2d 270 (2001); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Trevor Bjorkman, Paul Gunderson, Travis Fearing, Dennis Gunderson, and Joel Hagen
7th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
Cf. United States v. Lewis, 79 F.3d 688, 691-92 (7th Cir.1996); United States v. Rosnow, 9 F.3d 728, 730-31 (8th Cir.1993); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502-03 (9th Cir.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bjorkman, Trevor
7th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
Cf. United States v. Lewis, 79 F.3d 688, 691-92 (7th Cir. 1996); United States v. Rosnow, 9 F.3d 728, 730-31 (8th Cir. 1993); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502-03 (9th Cir. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Becker (2×) also: Cited "see"
10th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1991) (holding that estimation of drug quantity is not limited by the least abundant precursor chemical present).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Summerlin
10th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
Vol. VII, Trial Tr. at 1047-48, 1060-61, 1063-66, 1072-73, 1105, and the chemist was not obliged to use PA as a basis for his estimate, cf. United States v. Lillard , 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir. 1991) (drug estimate not limited to least abundant precursor chemical present).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Edward Dale Summerlin, Also Known as Peewee, Also Known as Dwayne Wildman, United States of America v. Harold Onee Behrens, Also Known as Buddy Behrens
10th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
Vol. VII, Trial Tr. at 1047-48, 1060-61, 1063-66, 1072-73, 1105, and the chemist was not obliged to use PA as a basis for his estimate, cf. United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1991) (drug estimate not limited to least abundant precursor chemical present).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bobby Odus
7th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
United States v. Rayborn, 957 F.2d 841, 844-45 (11th Cir.1992); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503-04 (9th Cir.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Robert Kenneth Cyphers
9th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
“Because of this change, ... § 3B1.1 is not limited to the offense of conviction.” United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Gail C. Dixon
9th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502-03 (9th Cir.1991); U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3; U.S.S.G.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Lee Anne Dorothy Hanson, Aka: Leeanne Dorothy Hanson Aka: Leeanne D. Hanson Aka: T/n: Leanne Dorthy Knowles
9th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Apolonio Huerta
9th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
See United States v. Schubert, 957 F.2d 694, 696 (9th Cir.1992) (district court's determination that defendant organized criminal activity not clearly erroneous when defendant provided associate with a substantial sum of cash with which to purchase marijuana); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991) (held U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 not limited to the offense of conviction).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Antonio ROBLES-ALVAREZ, Defendant-Appellant
9th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
See e.g., Hernandez, 55 F.3d at 446-47 (9th Cir.1995) (“no reasonable officer would stop” motorist whose car was legally parked under Montana law); Cannon, 29 F.3d at 476 (“any reasonable officer would stop” a motorist driving with a suspended license in violation of California law); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991) (reasonable officer would stop a motorist speeding “carelessly in violation of Oregon law”).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Michael Eugene Savage
9th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jose Arias-Mendez
9th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
See Cannon, 29 F.3d at 476 (stop was not pretextual because reasonable officer would stop a driver for driving with a suspended license); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir. 1991) (stop was not pretextual where officer who suspected defendant of narcotics activities would have stopped the vehicle for speeding anyway)
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jerry Wayne George
9th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir. 1991). 7 Finally, the district court did not err in adding two points to George's offense level for being a manager or supervisor under U.S.S.G.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Cabell
D.D.C. · 1995 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
See Caballero, 936 F.2d at 1299 (before sentencing court can find that defendant was a minor participant entitled to two-point decrease in offense level, even though his crime involved no other participant, evidence has to show that relevant conduct for which defendant would be otherwise accountable involved more than one participant and that defendant’s culpability for that conduct was relatively minor compared to that of other participants); cf. United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991) (“A defendant who is part of a large drug conspiracy but convicted only of possession…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Pedro Pablo Hernandez (2×)
9th Cir. · 1995 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
See United States v. Millan, 36 F.3d 886, 889 (9th Cir.1994) (concluding that traffic stop for driving with a cracked windshield was pretextual because state law did not prohibit driving with a cracked windshield and government did not establish any other legitimate reason for the stop); cf. United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991) (stop was not pretextual because even though officers suspected defendant of drug trafficking, they would have made the stop anyway because defendant was carelessly speeding in violation of state law). 19 We are not dissuaded by the fact that Herna…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Raymundo Vindiola
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
"It was not clear error for the district court to conclude [that the ledger entries were] part of the general scheme of [selling marijuana] and thus could be included in the offense level calculation." United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1991). 5 Finally, Vindiola challenges the district judge's three-point upward departure for Vindiola's management or supervisory role under U.S.S.G.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jerry Paul Lillard
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Victor Cervantes-Martinez
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Mario Alonzo Millan (4×)
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
However, the government has failed to establish that driving with a cracked windshield is illegal in Nevada. 2 Compare, e.g., Cannon, 29 F.3d at 476 (officers suspected defendant of narcotics trafficking, but would have made the stop anyway because defendant was driving with a suspended license in violation of California law); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991) (officer suspected defendant of drug-related activity, but would have pulled defendant over anyway, because defendant was "speeding carelessly in violation of Oregon law").
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Anthony Bruce Cannon (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
See also United States v. Mota, 982 F.2d 1384 (9th Cir.1993) (quoting Smith, 802 F.2d at 1124 ); United States v. Huffhines, 967 F.2d 314, 317-18 (9th Cir.1992) (noting that "[t]here is no evidence that [the police officer's] motive for confronting [defendant] was anything other than to investigate" a citizen’s complaint); Gutierrez-Mederos, 965 F.2d at 802 (“To evaluate ... appellant's claim [that the stop was pretextual] we must review the district court's factual finding regarding the motivation or primary purpose of the arresting officer."); United States v. Brewer, 947 F.2d 404, 411-1…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carmen Gomez, Natanael Cuevas
2d Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
See United States v. Olibrices, 979 F.2d 1557, 1560 (D.C.Cir.1992) (reduction for minor role in offense cannot be awarded when larger offense was not taken into account in setting base level) (citing section 3B1.2, Application Note 4); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502-03 (9th Cir.1991) (commentary to section 3B1 does not allow consideration of larger narcotics conspiracy in determination of mitigating roles as to separate distribution charge).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Leon Paul Meier (2×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
United States v. Davis, 15 F.3d 902, 913 (9th Cir.1994). " 'The determination of a defendant's role in the offense is to be made on the basis of all conduct within the scope of Sec. 1B1.3 ... and not solely on the basis of elements and acts cited in the count of conviction.' " United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991) (quoting U.S.S.G.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Rolena Ann Sanders
9th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
We must inquire "whether a reasonable officer 'would have' made the [arrest] anyway, apart from his suspicions about other more serious criminal activity." Id. at 1290 (citing United States v. Bowhay, 992 F.2d 229, 231 (9th Cir.1993); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991)); see also Taglavore, 291 F.2d at 265 (finding the defendant's arrest a pretext because of the officers' failure to follow "ordinary procedure" and the timing of the arrest). 16 Here, the facts and circumstances of Sanders's arrest for hitchhiking demonstrate that the arrest was a pretext for the search.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Matteucci
D. Or. · 1994 · confidence medium
The government cites United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991), and United States v. Loucks, 806 F.2d 208 (10th Cir.1986), to support this argument.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Randy Lynn Price (2×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991). 5 Officer Mickelson testified that he was traveling northbound when he observed Price's southbound vehicle, which he perceived to be speeding and missing its front license plate.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. William Boyd Fillingame, Jr., AKA Lonnie Allen Hutchens, Randy Hutchens, Lyle Little, Edward Joseph Foley, Randy W. Sammones
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1991). 5 The evidence here was quite sufficient to allow the district court to determine that Fillingame was capable of producing the quantity of methamphetamine ascribed to his lab and to him by the unchallenged police lab report.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Eugene Anthony Tarintino
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
The district court found the defendant's rate of speed enough to establish probable cause for the stop. 6 In United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 501-02 (9th Cir.1991), we rejected a similar claim.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Michael James Riconosciuto
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
We have rejected Riconosciuto's argument that "the court's calculation of lab capacity is limited by the quantity of the least abundant precursor chemical." United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir.1991); United States v. Putney, 906 F.2d 477, 478-80 (9th Cir.1990).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Raymond Joseph Johns
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502-03 (9th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Terry Neal Masterson, United States of America v. Christy Lynn Yzaguirre
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
Thus, for example, a defendant "who is part of a large drug conspiracy but convicted only of possession, should not be rewarded for his participation in the conspiracy by receiving a lighter sentence than one who was convicted of possession but had no connections to a larger scheme." United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991). 7 Here, the Pearsons, who were convicted of conspiracy, set up a marijuana growing operation in the basement of a house they owned.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Carlton Wilfred Webster (2×)
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
Amendment 345 provides that “[t]he determination of the defendant’s role in the offense is to be made on the basis of all conduct within the scope of § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct), ie., all conduct included under § lB1.3(a)(l)-(4), and not solely on the basis of elements and acts cited in the count of conviction.” See also United States v. Lui, 941 F.2d 844, 849 (9th Cir.1991) (assuming defendant who smuggled heroin through Los Angeles airport may be eligible for a downward adjustment as a courier); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991) (amendment 345 allows district …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ralph Hatley
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
In United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991), we stated that the rule in Zweber , as applied to adjustments for.minor role under § 3B1.2, was not inconsistent with the amended Introductory Commentary to Chapter 3, Part B.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Angelo T. Commito
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Chong Won Tai
7th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
See: United States v. Caballero, 936 F.2d 1292, 1299 (D.C.Cir.1991), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 943 , 117 L.Ed.2d 113 (1992) (rejecting its previous position that § IB 1.3(a) did not apply to § 3B1.1); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 503 (9th Cir.1991) (same); United States v. Mir, 919 F.2d 940, 945-46 (5th Cir.1990) (same); United States v. Saucedo, 950 F.2d 1508, 1513 (10th Cir.1991) (rejecting its previous position with respect to conduct occurring after the date of amendment); United States v. Ruiz-Balista, 956 F.2d 351, 353-54 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, - *1213 U.S. -, 113…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Paul Robert Bowhay
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jose Luis Martinez
9th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
See id. at 1403; see also United States v. Gutierrez-Mederos, 965 F.2d 800, 803 (9th Cir.1992), cert. denied, 61 U.S.L.W. 3583 (U.S. Feb. 22, 1993) (No. 92-6924); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991). 7 Here, Martinez made a wide and rapid turn into a lane normally used for oncoming traffic and his vehicle's right-rear brake/tail light was not working.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Serge Brato
9th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991). 11 A. The Search of Brato's Car was Legal. 12 The warrant authorized a search of "[a]ny vehicles parked directly on the property or in the street in front of or adjacent to" the property, "provided that said vehicles can be specifically connected to an occupant or permanent resident of each location to be searched prior to searching said vehicle or location." Brato argues that the warrant was overbroad.
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Lewis Edward Franklin (3×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Stevens
D. Haw. · 1992 · confidence medium
Moreover, the Ninth Circuit’s recent decision in United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502 (9th Cir.1991) is controlling for the present case. *915 In Lillard , police officers were investigating the defendant for possible methamphetamine manufacturing and had him under constant surveillance.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jose R. Ramirez (2×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 1992 · confidence medium
(Nov. 1990); United States v. Lillard, 929 F.2d 500, 502-03 (9th Cir.1991) (rejecting dicta in United States v. Zweber, 913 F.2d 705, 708 (9th Cir.1990)). 6 The application of Guidelines amendments that are "not substantive changes but rather clarifications of the [Sentencing] Commission's intent" does not violate the ex post facto clause.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Jerry Paul LILLARD, Defendant-Appellant
90-30202.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Mar 29, 1991.
929 F.2d 500
91 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 2265
1991 U.S. App. LEXIS 4943
1991 WL 41792
Robert J. Larson, Eugene, Or., for defendant-appellant., Deborah J. Dealy-Browning, Thomas M. Coffin, Asst. U.S. Attys., Eugene, Or., for plaintiff-appellee.
Browning, Farris, Wright.
Cited by 107 opinions  |  Published
EUGENE A. WRIGHT, Circuit Judge:

The defendant appeals the denial of his motion to suppress and his sentence. We affirm.

I

State police had been investigating Jerry Paul Lillard for possible methamphetamine manufacturing and in November 1988 placed him under 24-hour surveillance. On November 17, three officers, in two separate cars, followed Lillard’s van when it left his rented house. The van was traveling 70 to 75 m.p.h. down a two-lane country road where the speed limit was 55 m.p.h. The officers saw the van skid around a corner.

Detective Parnell stated that he stopped the van because Lillard was speeding and driving carelessly, and was suspected of[*502] manufacturing methamphetamine. Parnell approached the van with his gun drawn. When he reached the van, he recognized a distinct odor associated with methamphetamine manufacturing.

Lillard was arrested and advised of his Miranda rights, which he indicated he understood. He was questioned about the house and the drug lab. Later, after having been unhandcuffed and advised of his rights a second time, Lillard signed a consent form for the search of his van and rented house.

When the van and house were searched, police found codefendant Donald Lynn Holcomb, guns, quantities of drugs and chemicals, and a fully operational methampetha-mine lab. Pursuant to a search warrant supported by facts obtained in the November 1988 search, Lillard’s Sutherlin, Oregon residence was searched on July 26, 1989. A second lab, guns and a variety of chemicals were found.

Lillard was arrested by federal agents in October. He entered a conditional guilty plea to manufacturing methamphetamine in July 1989 and to possession of unregistered machine guns in October 1989. He was sentenced to consecutive terms of 231 months and 24 months, to be followed by three years of supervised release.

II

Lillard contends that the searches violated his Fourth Amendment rights and that all evidence obtained from them should be suppressed. We review de novo a denial of a motion to suppress. United States v. Miller, 812 F.2d 1206, 1208 (9th Cir.1987).

It is undisputed that Lillard was speeding carelessly in violation of Oregon law. The officer who stopped him testified that he knew about Lillard’s suspected methamphetamine manufacturing but that he would have stopped him anyway because of his speeding and careless driving. Cf. United States v. Prim, 698 F.2d 972, 975 (9th Cir.1983) (warrant was a pretext because officers testified it was not the reason for their action). We reject Lil-lard’s argument that the stop was a pretext.

As the officers approached the van, they smelled a distinct odor they knew was associated with making methamphetamine. This fact, coupled with the earlier suspicions that Lillard was making the drug, supports the conclusion that there was probable cause to arrest. See United States v. Greene, 783 F.2d 1364, 1368 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1185, 106 S.Ct. 2923, 91 L.Ed.2d 551 (1986).

Lillard also contends he was threatened and did not voluntarily waive his rights when he consented to the search of his van and rented house. Whether consent was voluntary is a question of fact reviewed for clear error. United States v. George, 883 F.2d 1407, 1411 (9th Cir.1989). The district court’s findings that the officer’s and Lillard’s versions of the conversation in question revealed a concern for safety and that Lillard’s consent was voluntary were not clearly erroneous. We affirm the denial of his motion to suppress.

Ill

A. Leadership Role

Lillard argues that the two-level leadership role enhancement to his base offense level for the drug manufacturing charge was inappropriate because he was the only participant in the offense of conviction. See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual § 3Bl.l(c) (Nov.1990) (U.S.S.G.) [1] The government conceded that Holcomb, who was at the lab in November 1988, was not a participant in activities at the July 1989 lab to which Lillard pleaded guilty.

Lillard relies on United States v. Zweber, 913 F.2d 705 (9th Cir.1990) to assert that a[*503] court may enhance a sentence under § 3B1.1 only for the role played in the offense of conviction, not collateral criminal conduct. For the purposes of § 3B1.2 (Mitigating Role), Zweber defined “role in the offense” as the role played in the “offense of conviction.” Id. at 708. While the Zweber court approved of the Seventh and D.C. Circuits’ view that “offense” means “offense of conviction” for § 3B1.1 as well, references in Zweber to § 3B1.1 were dicta. See id. at 709. We must now address the issue directly and in light of new commentary.

The amended introductory commentary to Chapter 3, Part B clarifies the relationship between § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) and §§ 3B1.1 and 3B1.2. “The determination of a defendant’s role in the offense is to be made on the basis of all conduct within the scope of § 1B1.3 ... and not solely on the basis of elements and acts cited in the count of conviction.” U.S. S.G. Ch.3, Pt.B, intro, comment.; see United States v. Fells, 920 F.2d 1179, 1183-84 (4th Cir.1990); United States v. Mir, 919 F.2d 940, 945 (5th Cir.1990). Because of this change, we hold that § 3B1.1 is not limited to the offense of conviction.

The new commentary, added after this court’s decision in Zweber, is not inconsistent with that decision as to § 3B1.2. The defendants in Zweber wanted the court to consider their mitigating roles in the context of a large drug conspiracy, rather than their aggravating roles in the one conviction count of drug distribution. Zweber, 913 F.2d at 708. The commentary follows Zweber: “where the defendant has received mitigation by virtue of being convicted of an offense significantly less serious than his actual criminal conduct, ... a further reduction in the offense level under § 3B1.2 ... ordinarily is not warrant-ed_” U.S.S.G. Ch. 3, Pt. B, intro, comment.

Our different treatment of “offense” in § 3B1.1 furthers the goals of sentence uniformity and proportionality. A defendant, who is part of a large drug conspiracy but convicted only of possession, should not be rewarded for his participation in the conspiracy by receiving a lighter sentence than one who was convicted of possession but had no connections to a larger scheme. The Zweber rule assures that. Similarly, a defendant, who is a leader of a drug operation but is convicted only of possession, should receive a harsher sentence through § 3B1.1 than his codefendant, the errand boy.

Here, the district court adopted the presentence report, which found specifically that Lillard operated two methamphetamine labs and that Holcomb was his employee. Evidence indicated that the labs were sophisticated and ongoing. The court’s findings and conclusion that Lillard played a leadership role in the offense of manufacturing methamphetamine were not clearly erroneous. We hold that the district court properly considered Lillard’s relevant November 1988 conduct in determining that he played a leadership role in the manufacturing offense.

B. Criminal History

Lillard contends his criminal history calculation should not be enhanced under § 4Al.l(d) for an unserved sentence. His Oregon conviction was affirmed on appeal in 1988, but by July 1989 he had yet to serve his sentence of six months in jail.

Two points are added to a defendant’s criminal history calculation “if the defendant committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice sentence, including probation, parole, supervised release, imprisonment, work release, or escape status.” U.S.S.G. § 4Al.l(d). ' Lillard contends that, because he was not under direct state supervision or control in July 1989, § 4Al.l(d) is inapplicable. Non-supervisory status does not exempt the sentence from inclusion under § 4Al.l(d). See United States v. McCrudden, 894 F.2d 338, 339 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 110 S.Ct. 1534, 108 L.Ed.2d 773 (1990). [2]

[*504] If a defendant commits another crime after being sentenced, but before his sentence is served, the § 4Al.l(d) enhancement is appropriate. United States v. Mackbee, 894 F.2d 1057, 1058 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 110 S.Ct. 2574, 109 L.Ed.2d 755 (1990). The district court did not err by enhancing Lillard’s criminal history calculation by two points.

C.Destruction of Evidence

According to Lillard, chemicals seized from his labs were destroyed before he or the government had a chance to weigh them. He argues for suppression of the testimony about the chemical quantities, claiming he was prejudiced per se and denied due process at sentencing because he had no way of disproving the amount the government claimed it found. [3]

When primary evidence is destroyed and secondary evidence is used, the latter’s admissibility at trial turns on a balancing test aimed at insuring a fair trial. See United States v. Loud Hawk, 628 F.2d 1139, 1151 (9th Cir.1979) (en banc), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 917, 100 S.Ct. 1279, 63 L.Ed.2d 602 (1980). The court “must weigh the extent of the Government’s culpability [for the lost evidence] and the degree of prejudice to the appellant.” United States v. Kennedy, 714 F.2d 968, 975 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1034, 104 S.Ct. 1305, 79 L.Ed.2d 704 (1983).

Because sentencing courts are not limited to evidence that would be admissible at trial when determining relevant facts, such as lab capacity, see United States v. Burns, 894 F.2d 334, 337 (9th Cir.1990), we are uncertain about whether the Loud Hawk evidentiary rule applies in the sentencing context. Assuming that it is applicable, we conclude the district court properly considered the evidence of the lab’s capacity. There was no evidence of government misconduct, and Lillard failed to show prejudice. He had an opportunity at the sentencing hearing to present his own experts to refute the estimated capacity of the lab based on the physical characteristics and equipment and to cross-examine the government witnesses. See Kennedy, 714 F.2d at 976.

Lillard’s due process argument is merit-less. Destruction of evidence is a constitutional problem only under extreme conditions, which were not alleged here. See California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 488-89, 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2533-34, 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984); United States v. Augenblick, 393 U.S. 348, 356, 89 S.Ct. 528, 533, 21 L.Ed.2d 537 (1969).

D. Aggregating Lab Capacities

Lillard urges that the court erred by adding the drug and chemical quantities from the November lab to the July amounts in calculating his base offense level because the November lab was not “part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § lB1.8(a)(2).

Both labs were sophisticated and on-going, as evidenced by the equipment and chemicals recovered. It was not clear error for the district court to conclude implicitly that the November lab was part of the general scheme of manufacturing and thus could be included in offense level calculation. See United States v. Turner, 898 F.2d 705, 711 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 110 S.Ct. 2574, 109 L.Ed.2d 756 (1990).

Lillard asserts incorrectly that the court's calculation of lab capacity is limited by the quantity of the least abundant precursor chemical. The court properly calculated the capacity of each lab by looking at all chemicals found there. See United States v. Bertrand, 926 F.2d 838, 846 (9th Cir.1991).

E. Eighth Amendment

We reject Lillard’s argument that his sentence violates the Eighth Amend[*505] ment because it is not proportional to the crime or to the sentence he would have received under Oregon law. The Eighth Amendment does not require harmonization among sentences imposed by different courts. United States v. Zavala-Serra, 853 F.2d 1512, 1518 (9th Cir.1988); United States v. Meyer, 802 F.2d 348, 353 (9th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 817, 108 S.Ct. 71, 98 L.Ed.2d 35 (1987).

AFFIRMED.

1

. Aggravating Role:

Based on the defendant’s role in the offense, increase the offense level as follows:
(c) If the defendant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity other than described in (a) or (b), increase by 2 levels.

U.S.S.G. § 3B 1.1(c).

2

. We reject Lillard’s reliance on United States v. Dillon, 905 F.2d 1034 (7th Cir.1990). The Dillon court was faced with a significantly different situation. See id. at 1037. Unlike Dillon’s sen[*504] tence of a year of supervised release, Lillard’s six-month prison term could not be served simply by the passage of time.

3

. The chemicals were used to calculate the capacity of the methamphetamine labs, which determined Lillard’s base offense level.