United States v. Johnny White, 81 F.3d 80 (8th Cir. 1996). · Go Syfert
United States v. Johnny White, 81 F.3d 80 (8th Cir. 1996). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
102 citation events (9 in the last 25 years) across 6 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Albert Ellis (ca8, 2016-03-18)
Treatment trajectory · 1996 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
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Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Albert Ellis (2×)
8th Cir. · 2016 · confidence medium
This offense encompasses two alternative types of conduct with a firearm, “using” or “carrying,” “either one of which provides a basis for prosecution under the statute.” United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996). .As noted earlier, the jury found Ellis guilty on the carrying charge.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Boesen
S.D. Iowa · 2007 · confidence medium
“The jury’s verdict must be upheld if there is an interpretation of the evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Moore, 108 F.3d 878, 881 (8th Cir.1997) (citing United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jones
3rd Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
See United States v. Jurbala, No. 04-94-GMS, 2005 WL 2234609 , at *3 (3d Cir. Sept. 14, 2005); United States v. Moore, 208 F.3d 411, 413 (2d Cir.2000); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996) (citing United States v. Haney, 23 F.3d 1413 , 1416 — 17 (8th Cir.1994)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Preston Maxwell
8th Cir. · 2004 · confidence medium
The jury's verdict must be upheld if there is an interpretation of the evidence that would allow a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. -3- United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Preston E. Maxwell
8th Cir. · 2004 · confidence medium
United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th *818 Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Romelle Monte Surratt, United States of America v. Gregory Surratt, Sr.
8th Cir. · 1999 · confidence medium
“Tn reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence that support the jury’s verdict.’ ” United States v. Smith, 91 F.3d 1199, 1200 (8th Cir.1996) (quoting United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir.1996)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Romelle Surratt
8th Cir. · 1999 · confidence medium
In Count III, the government charged Romelle Surratt with possession with the intent to distribute 365 grams of crack cocaine; Count IV charged Romelle Surratt with being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm. "'In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence that support the jury's verdict.'" United States v. Smith, 91 F.3d 1199, 1200 (8th Cir. 1996) (quoting United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Fernando Dwane Davis AKA Duane Davis, United States of America v. Darnell Hines, United States of America v. Paris Wilson, United States of America v. Carlos Lamont Cleveland, United States of America v. Deshaun Raffles Murphy, United States of America v. Gerald Jarrett, AKA Gerald Jarrett, AKA Gerald Desean Jordan AKA Gerald Shawn Jordan, AKA Desean Gerald Jordan, AKA Aaron Desean Johnson, AKA Turk
8th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
See Muscarello v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 1911 , 141 L.Ed.2d 111 (1998) (defining "carry" broadly such that "one can ... 'carry firearms' in a wagon, car, truck, or other vehicle that one accompanies"); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996) ("[G]overnment must prove that [defendant] bore the firearm on or about his person....") However, it is not enough that a conspirator carried a firearm; the firearm must be carried "during and in relation to" a drug trafficking crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c)(1). 69 The Supreme Court explained in Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Fernando Davis
8th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
See Muscarello v. United States, — U.S. -, 118 S.Ct. 1911 , 141 L.Ed.2d 111 (1998) (defining “carry” broadly such that “one can ... ‘carry firearms’ in a wagon, car, truck, or other vehicle that one accompanies”); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996) (“[G]overnment must prove that [defendant] bore the firearm on or about his person....”) However, it is not enough that a conspirator carried a firearm; the firearm must be carried “during and in relation to” a drug trafficking crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c)(1).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Leroy Kendall
8th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
United States v. Moore, 108 F.3d 878, 881 (8th Cir.1997) (citing United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir.1996)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Donald Gene Crouse
8th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
This evidence was sufficient to show Crouse knowingly possessed the methamphetamine with intent to distribute, see United States v. Hunter, 95 F.3d 14, 16 (8th Cir.1996); United States v. Schubel, 912 F.2d 952, 956 (8th Cir.1990) (inference of intent to distribute permissible where defendant possessed at least 49 grams of methamphetamine, scales, and packaging materials, among other things), notwithstanding the lack of incriminating fingerprint evidence, cf. United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir.1996) (holding evidence sufficient to sustain defendant's conviction for possession of dr…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Donald Gene Crouse
8th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
This evidence was sufficient to show Crouse knowingly possessed the methamphetamine with intent to distribute, see United States v. Hunter, 95 F.3d 14, 16 (8th Cir. 1996); United States v. Schubel, 912 F.2d 952, 956 (8th Cir. 1990) (inference of intent to distribute permissible where defendant possessed at least 49 grams of methamphetamine, scales, and packaging materials, among other things), notwithstanding the lack of incriminating fingerprint evidence, cf. United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996) (holding evidence sufficient to sustain defendant&s conviction for possession of…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Leroy Kendall
8th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
United States v. Moore, 108 F.3d 878, 881 (8th Cir. 1997) (citing United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Darrell Regans, Also Known as Kevin Price
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
For example, in United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82-83 (8th Cir.1996), we affirmed an 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c) conviction because defendant carried a firearm while distributing crack cocaine.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Darrell Regans
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
For example, in United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82-83 (8th Cir. 1996), we affirmed an 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c) conviction because defendant carried a firearm while distributing crack cocaine.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Marcus Canady
2d Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Instead, to uphold Canady’s conviction for “carrying,” the evidence must establish that, during and in relation to the drug trafficking crime, Canady either (1) had physical possession of the firearm, as distinct from constructive possession, see, e.g., United States v. Santos, 95 F.3d 116, 118 (2d Cir.1996) (per curiam) (upholding conviction for “carrying” where evidence showed that defendant actually held firearm in one hand, while completing a drug deal on the phone); cf. Windom, 82 F.3d at 749 (noting that “carry” requirement satisfied if jury concludes that defendant who was…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dennis L. Barrett v. United States
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See Bailey, 116 S. Ct. at 507-09 (preserving "carrying" as alternative basis for § 924(c)(1) charge); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir. 1996) ("carry" means to bear firearm on or about one’s person).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dennis L. Barrett v. United States
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See Bailey, — U.S. at---, 116 S.Ct. at 507-09 (preserving “carrying” as alternative basis for § 924(c)(1) charge); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996) (“carry” means to bear firearm on or about one’s person).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Allen H. McKinney (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See United States v. Nelson, 109 F.3d 1323, 1325 (8th Cir.1997); United States v. Caldwell, 97 *134 F.3d 1063, 1066 (8th Cir.1996); United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d 1371, 1375 (8th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 273 , 136 L.Ed.2d 196 (1996); and United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Allen McKinney (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See United States v. Nelson, 109 F.3d 1323, 1325 (8th Cir. 1997); United States v. Caldwell, 97 F.3d 1063, 1066 (8th Cir. 1996); United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d 1371, 1375 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 273 (1996); and United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir. 1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Parmoto Richard Purvis
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
In order to sustain the convictions for “carrying” a firearm in violation of section 924(c)(1), the government must prove that Purvis “bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense.” United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996). 3 In addition to general testimony that Purvis instructed various people under him to regularly carry guns to protect the criminal operation, there is more than sufficient evidence that Purvis carried a firearm on the specific occasions to which his convictions relate.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Parmoto Purvis
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
In order to sustain the convictions for “carrying” a firearm in violation of section 924(c)(1), the government must prove that Purvis “bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense.” United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th 4 Cir. 1996).3 In addition to general testimony that Purvis instructed 3 We note that each of the firearm charges was submitted to the jury under only the “carry” prong of section 924(c)(1), under the theory that Purvis either carried or aided and abetted in the carrying of a firearm during the commission of a dr…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Reginald Johnson
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
The relevant principle was stated in Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398, 420 , 90 S.Ct. 642, 654 , 24 L.Ed.2d 610 (1970): “when a jury returns a guilty verdict on an indictment charging several acts in the conjunctive ... the verdict stands if the evidence is sufficient with respect to any one of the acts charged,” quoted approvingly in Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 56-57 , 112 S.Ct. 466, 473 , 116 L.Ed.2d 371 (1991). “[T]o sustain a conviction for ‘carrying 1 a firearm in violation of § 924(c)(1), the government must prove that [the defendant] bore the firearm on or about…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Leonard A. Tucker v. United States
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d 1371, 1378-79 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 273 (1996); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir. 1996).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Leonard A. Tucker, United States of America
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d 1371, 1378-79 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct. 273 (1996); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Brian Matlock, Also Known as \Slim
unknown court · 1997 · confidence medium
See United States v. Macklin, 104 F.3d 1046, 1050 (8th Cir.1997); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 84 (8th Cir.1996); United States v. Delaney, 52 F.3d 182, 189 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 209 , 133 L.Ed.2d 141 (1995); United States v. Clary, 34 F.3d 709, 710-14 (8th Cir.1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1182 , 115 S.Ct. 1172 , 130 L.Ed.2d 1126 (1995).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Brian Matlock
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See United States v. Macklin, 104 F.3d 1046, 1050 (8th Cir.1997); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 84 (8th Cir.1996); United States v. Delaney, 52 F.3d 182, 189 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 209 , 133 L.Ed.2d 141 (1995); United States v. Clary, 34 F.3d 709, 710-14 (8th Cir.1994), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 1172 , 130 L.Ed.2d 1126 (1995).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Reginald Johnson
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
That distinguishes this case from United States v. Webster, 84 F.3d 1056, 1066 (8th Cir. 1996), where the instructions permitted the jury to convict if it found that defendant "used or carried the weapon in question." Likewise, United States v. Caldwell, 97 F.3d 1063, 1069 (8th Cir. 1996), is distinguishable because, in that case, "The jury could have convicted appellant solely because it found that he 'used' the firearms merely by concealing them in the car and having them readily available for use." -3- 3 relation to a drug trafficking offense." United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Ci…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Opera Moore
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Opera Moore
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) John Sam Aslakson v. United States
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See Bailey, 116 S.Ct. at 507 (firearm carried when offender keeps gun hidden in clothing throughout drug transaction); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996) ("carry" means to bear firearm on or about one's person). 3 Accordingly, we affirm.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) John Sam Aslakson v. United States
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
See Bailey, 116 S. Ct. at 507 (firearm carried when offender keeps gun hidden in clothing throughout drug transaction); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir. 1996) ("carry" means to bear firearm on or about one's person).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Arnold F. Hohn v. United States (2×)
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
He also urged that the government's methamphetamine-within-arm's-reach-of-firearms argument was insufficient under United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996) (affirming "carrying" conviction on direct appeal and saying government must prove that the defendant bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offenses), quoting Bailey 's language, "the inert presence of a firearm, without more, is not enough to trigger § 924(c)(1)." --- U.S. at ----, 116 S.Ct. at 508 (discussing different meanings of "use"--active employment, storage, placement for…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Reginald Pierre Beasley, United States of America v. Oliver Lawrence Beasley
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence that support the jury’s verdict.” United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Mike Smith
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
We must uphold the verdict if the evidence so viewed is such that “there is an interpretation of the evidence that would allow a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir.1996)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Mike Smith
8th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
We must uphold the verdict if the evidence so viewed is such that "there is an interpretation of the evidence that would allow a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. (quoting United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir. 1996)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Robert Rydell Williams v. United States
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
His two conspirators were arrested in the building eight days later after resuming sales of crack cocaine. “[T]o sustain a conviction for ‘carrying’ a firearm in violation of § 924(c)(1), the government must prove that [the accused] bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense.” United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John D. Behler (2×)
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
We have listed the various dictionary definitions of “carry,” see United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (1996), and we need not reiterate them here.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John D. Behler (2×)
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
We have listed the various dictionary definitions of "carry," see United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (1996), and we need not reiterate them here.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Robert Williams v. United States
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
His two conspirators were arrested in the building eight days later after resuming sales of crack cocaine. "[T]o sustain a conviction for `carrying' a firearm in violation of § 924(c)(1), the government must prove that [the accused] bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense." United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir. 1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John R. Caldwell (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
After reviewing the record evidence, we think a properly instructed jury could have returned a guilty verdict under the “carry” prong of 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c)(1). “[T]he ordinary meaning of the word ‘carry5 includes transporting firearms in the passenger compartment of a car loaded with drugs.” United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d at 1378 (citing cases from other circuits), citing United States v. Freisinger, 937 F.2d at 387 (transporting firearm in passenger compartment of vehicle loaded with drugs satisfies “carry” prong); accord United States v. Miller, 84 F.3d at 1257-61 (“carry…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John R. Caldwell (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
After reviewing the record evidence, we think a properly instructed jury could have returned a guilty verdict under the -18- “carry” prong of 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c)(1). “[T]he ordinary meaning of the word ‘carry’ includes transporting firearms in the passenger -19- compartment of a car loaded with drugs.” United States v. Willis, 89 F.3d at 1378 (citing cases from other circuits), citing United States v. Freisinger, 937 F.2d at 387 (transporting firearm in passenger compartment of vehicle loaded with drugs satisfies “carry” prong); accord United States v. Miller, 84 F.3d at 1257-…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Andre D. Smith
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
The facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the jury verdict, see United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 81 (8th Cir.1996), are as follows.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jeffrey Jay Jones v. United States
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
See Bailey v. United States, 116 S.Ct. 501, 507-09 (1995) (defining "use" to preserve "carry" as alternative basis for § 924(c)(1) charge); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996) (to sustain conviction for "carrying" firearm under § 924(c), government must prove defendant "bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense"). 3 Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed. 1 The Honorable Stephen N. Limbaugh, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jeffrey Jay Jones v. United States
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
See Bailey v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 501, 507-09 (1995) (defining "use" to preserve "carry" as alternative basis for § 924(c)(1) charge); United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir. 1996) (to sustain conviction for "carrying" firearm under § 924(c), government must prove defendant "bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense").
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Wesley v. United States
E.D. Mo. · 1996 · confidence medium
The government argues that the evidence was sufficient to establish a violation under the “carry” prong. 1 The Eighth Circuit recently explained the “carry” prong of § 924(c)(1) in a post-Bailey decision, United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. George A. Webster, Jr.
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
In fact, it appears that this Court’s traditional definition of the term “use” was so expansive that it effectively swallowed the word “carry.” Prior to Bailey , we had infrequent occasion to explicate on the meaning of “carry,” and we have only recently held that a person carries a weapon for purposes of § 924(c)(1) when he bears “the firearm on or about his person.” United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. George A. Webster
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
In fact, it appears that this Court's traditional definition of the term "use" was so expansive that it effectively swallowed the word "carry." Prior to Bailey, we had infrequent occasion to explicate on the meaning of "carry," and we have only recently held that a person carries a weapon for purposes of § 924(c)(1) when he bears "the firearm on or about his person." United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 83 (8th Cir. 1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Paul William Cunningham
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
“The jury’s verdict must be upheld if there is an interpretation of the evidence that would allow a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. White, 81 F.3d 80, 82 (8th Cir.1996).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Paul W. Cunningham
8th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
"The jury's verdict must be upheld if there is an interpretation of the evidence that would allow a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. White, No. 95-2949, 1996 WL 154228, at *1 (8th Cir. Apr. 4, 1996).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Johnny WHITE, Appellant
95-2949.
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
May 15, 1996.
81 F.3d 80
1996 WL 154228
JoAnn Trog, St. Louis, MO, for appellant., Raymond Martin Meyer, Asst. U.S. Atty., St. Louis, MO (Richard L. Poehling, of counsel), for appellee.
Arnold, Bowman, Jones.
Cited by 76 opinions  |  Published
BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

Johnny White, an African-American, was tried by jury and found guilty on charges of possession of cocaine base with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (1994); carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (1994); and illegal possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (1994). At the close of the government’s case and again at the close of all evidence, White moved for a judgment of acquittal on the ground that the evidence against him was insufficient as a matter of law to sustain a conviction under the charges. The District[*82] Court [1] denied those motions. After the jury-found White guilty as charged, the District Court sentenced him to an aggregate term of 147 months in prison followed by four years of supervised release. White timely appeals his convictions and sentence. We affirm.

I.

White raises challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government, and accepting all reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence that support the jury’s verdict. United States v. Bates, 77 F.3d 1101, 1104-05 (8th Cir.1996). The jury’s verdict must be upheld if there is an interpretation of the evidence that would allow a reasonable-minded jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 1105.

White argues that the evidence is insufficient to convict him of possession of cocaine base with intent to distribute. We disagree.

First, there is more than sufficient evidence that White knowingly possessed the cocaine base. Following his arrest and advisement of his Miranda rights, White twice admitted being in knowing possession of the cocaine base in both an oral and a written statement to the police, saying that he had the cocaine base in his possession to deliver to a friend. Officers Dailey and McLin testified that they initially encountered White on a residential street in St. Louis while they were looking for an individual named Michael Cooper, for whom the officers had an arrest warrant. Because White fit the description of Cooper, the officers approached White and asked him if he was Cooper. Without responding, White looked in the direction of the officers, and then fled on foot. Officer McLin testified that during the ensuing pursuit, he observed White throw a clear plastic bag from his right hand. Subsequently, Officer McLin retrieved the bag and recognized its contents as cocaine base. Joseph Crow, a criminalist and expert on drug analysis with the St. Louis Police Department, identified the contents of the plastic bag as 25.81 grams of cocaine base. Considering this evidence, we find unpersuasive White’s argument that the evidence is insufficient to prove that he possessed the cocaine base because the plastic bag was not tested for his fingerprints. See United States v. Haney, 23 F.3d 1413, 1416-17 (8th Cir.) (holding evidence sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction of possession of firearm without fingerprint evidence where witness testified that he saw gun in defendant’s possession and saw defendant drop gun in precise location where gun was found), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 115 S.Ct. 253, 130 L.Ed.2d 174 (1994).

Second, as to intent to distribute, White admitted in both an oral and a written statement to the police that he had the cocaine base in his possession to transfer to another individual. In addition, evidence of intent to distribute may be inferred from possession of a distributable quantity of drugs, i.e., a quantity larger than that which a mere drug user ordinarily would possess for personal use. See United States v. Thompson, 925 F.2d 234, 237 (8th Cir.1991). Where there is additional evidence of plan or intent to distribute, possession of as little, as five grams of cocaine has been held to be a distributable amount. See United States v. White, 969 F.2d 681, 684 (8th Cir.1992) (citing United States v. Ramirez, 608 F.2d 1261, 1264 (9th Cir.1979)). In the present case, Sergeant Gilmore testified that the amount of cocaine base that White possessed, 25.81 grams, has a street value in excess of $3,000, and that such a quantity is consistent with distribution. The presence of a firearm in White’s possession, “generally considered a tool of the trade for drug dealers, is also evidence of intent to distribute.” See United States v. Schubel, 912 F.2d 952, 956 (8th Cir.1990). Officer Dailey testified that while he was chasing White, he observed White reach into the rear waistband of his pants and discard a magazine clip for a pistol.[*83] During the pursuit, White discarded his jacket and continued to run until Officer Dailey was able to catch him. After White’s arrest, Officer Dailey returned to the precise location where White discarded his jacket and found a gun underneath it. We conclude that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, is sufficient to sustain the jury’s verdict that White was guilty of possession of cocaine base with intent to distribute.

White also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his conviction for carrying a firearm during the commission of a drug trafficking crime. White argues there was insufficient evidence to establish that he was in possession of a firearm, asserting that he did not “use” the firearm within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). See Bailey v. United States, — U.S.-, -, 116 S.Ct. 501, 509, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995). This argument, however, is beside the point, because White was convicted of “carrying,” not “using,” a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense. The Supreme Court in Bailey held that to sustain a conviction under the “use” prong of § 924(c)(1), the prosecution must show that the defendant actively employed the firearm during and in relation to the predicate crime. Id. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 509. Here, by contrast, we are concerned solely with the issue of whether White was in fact “carrying” the firearm within the meaning of § 924(c)(1).

Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) “[wjhoever, during and in relation to any „.. drug trafficking crime, ... uses or carries a firearm” is subject to imprisonment for five years. It is clear that § 924(c)(1) specifies two alternative types of conduct with a firearm, “uses” or “carries,” either one of which provides a basis for prosecution under the statute. As the Supreme Court in Bailey observed, “[t]he ‘carry1 prong of section 924(c)(1) ... brings some offenders who would not satisfy the ‘use’ prong within the reach of the statute.” — U.S. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 509. The words of the statute are to be given their “ordinary” or “natural” meaning. See id. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 506. Webster’s Dictionary defines “carry” as “to move while supporting” or “to hold, wear, or have upon one’s person.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 343 (3d ed. 1981). Black’s Law ■ Dictionary similarly defines “carry” as “[t]o have or bear upon or about one’s person,” and defines “carry arms or weapons” as “[t]o wear, bear, or carry them upon the person or in the clothing or in a pocket, for the purpose of use.” Black’s Law Dictionary 214 (6th ed. 1990). The Supreme Court in Bailey concluded that “a firearm can be carried without being used, e.g., when an offender keeps a gun hidden in his clothing throughout a drug transaction.” Bailey, — U.S. at-, 116 S.Ct. at 507.

Thus, in order to sustain a conviction for “carrying” a firearm in violation of § 924(e)(1), the government must prove that White bore the firearm on or about his person during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense. We conclude there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict. In his post-arrest statements to the police, White acknowledged possession of the cocaine base and gun. In addition^ Officer Dailey testified that while he was chasing White, he saw White reach into his rear waistband and drop a black magazine clip for a pistol. Following White’s arrest, Officer Dailey returned to the scene of the foot chase and found a firearm underneath White’s jacket. The firearm was identified as a .45 caliber Glock semi-automatic pistol with the magazine missing. Officer Dailey also found a loaded magazine for a .45 caliber Glock semi-automatic pistol at the arrest scene. The officers later interviewed White’s girlfriend, Annette Smith, who resided with White. During the interview, the police requested and received permission from Smith to search the residence. Smith led the officers to a dresser drawer where they discovered loose rounds of .45 caliber ammunition identical to the rounds found in the discarded magazine.

At trial, White denied that he had possession of the gun and stated that the police had found the gun in a vacant lot where any passerby could have deposited it. He also indicatéd that when the gun and magazine were tested for his fingerprints, the tests proved inconclusive. Both of these theories were fully presented to and apparently re[*84] jected by the jury. Moreover, as we concluded earlier with regard to the absence of fingerprint evidence on the plastic bag, here too, a lack of evidence that White’s fingerprints were on the gun did not render it impermissible for the jury to conclude that White had carried the gun. Rather, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury verdict, we believe the government’s proof sufficiently supports the jury’s finding that White had carried the firearm while possessing the cocaine base with intent to distribute it. See Haney, 23 F.3d at 1416-17; United States v. Rankin, 902 F.2d 1344, 1345-46 (8th Cir.1990) (finding sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction for possession of firearm where officer testified that he saw defendant drop dark object to ground in spot where officer later retrieved firearm). Accordingly, we conclude that White’s § 924(c)(1) conviction must stand. [2]

II.

White challenges his sentence for possession of cocaine base with intent to distribute, claiming that the increased penalties for cocaine base, as compared to the penalties for powder cocaine, have a disparate impact upon African-Americans in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. White further argues that because of alleged ambiguity in the penalty provisions for cocaine base violations, the rule of lenity applies and he should be sentenced consistent with the penalties for powder cocaine violations. Basing his arguments on United States v. Davis, 864 F.Supp. 1303 (N.D.Ga.1994), White urges us to vacate and remand his sentence.

White’s arguments lack merit. We have consistently rejected the claim- that any disparate impact occasioned by the distinction between the penalties for cocaine base and powder cocaine violates the Equal Protection Clause. See United States v. Jackson, 67 F.3d 1359, 1367 (8th Cir.1995), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 1684, — L.Ed.2d-(1996); United States v. Delaney, 52 F.3d 182, 189 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 209, 133 L.Ed.2d 141 (1995); United States v. Clary, 34 F.3d 709, 710-14 (8th Cir.1994), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 1172, 130 L.Ed.2d 1126 (1995). White’s rule-of-lenity argument is similarly foreclosed by our decision in United States v. Jackson, 64 F.3d 1213, 1219-20 (8th Cir.1995), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 966, 133 L.Ed.2d 887 (1996), in which we considered this argument and found it to be without merit.

III.

White’s convictions and sentence are affirmed.

1

. The Honorable Charles A. Shaw, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri.

2

. Possession of cocaine base with intent to distribute is a drug trafficking offense within the meaning of § 924(c). United States v. Matra, 841 F.2d 837, 843 (8th Cir.1988).