At page 1341 Determining descriptiveness versus suggestiveness of marks19 citing cases“a mark is merely descriptive if it immediately conveys qualities or characteristics of the goods”
- In Re Stereotaxis, Inc., 429 F.3d 1039 (Fed. Cir. 2005).published (Any competent source suffices to show the relevant purchasing public’s understanding of a contested term or phrase.)
- Tuong Nguyen v. Smartervitamins Corp., No. 8:21-cv-00832 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 16, 2023).“Laudatory 8 marks” are marks “that describe the alleged merit of the good” and “are descriptive 9 because they simply describe the characteristics or quality of the goods in a 10 condensed form.” In re Nett Designs, 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (F…
- Brooklyn Brewery Corp. v. Brooklyn Brew Shop, LLC, 17 F.4th 129 (Fed. Cir. 2021).publishedDescriptiveness is not evaluated “in the abstract,” or broadly as to the class of goods that the applicant sells (brewing supplies), but rather it must be evaluated “in relation to the particular goods for which registration is 6 “A sugges…
- UBER Promotions, Inc. v. UBER Tech., Inc., 162 F. Supp. 3d 1253 (N.D. Fla. 2016).published(discussing the term “ultimate)
- Juice Generation, Inc. v. Gs Enter. LLC, 794 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2015).published(Placement of a term on the fanciful-suggestive-descriptive-generic continuum is a question of fact.)
- In Re: Trivita, Inc., 783 F.3d 872 (Fed. Cir. 2015).published“A merely descriptive mark qualifies for registration only if the applicant shows that it has acquired secondary meaning.” In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- Rexel, Inc. v. Rexel Int'l Trading Corp., 540 F. Supp. 2d 1154 (C.D. Cal. 2008).published(Laudatory marks that describe the alleged merit of the goods are descriptive because they simply describe the characteristics or quality of the goods in a condensed form.)
- In Re Dss Env't, Inc., 113 F. App'x 902 (Fed. Cir. 2004).unpublished In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001), citing Zatarains, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc., 698 F.2d 786 (5th Cir.1983).
- Malaco Leaf, AB v. Promotion in Motion, Inc., 287 F. Supp. 2d 355 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).publishedIn re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341-42 (Fed.Cir.2001); In re Boston Beer Co., 198 F.3d 1370, 1373-74 (Fed.Cir.1999); 1 J.
- In Re MBNA Am. Bank, N.A., 340 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2003).published In re Nett Designs, 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001).
Show 9 more citing cases
- In re Anylens Acquisition, LLC, 61 F. App'x 698 (Fed. Cir. 2003).unpublished In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 , 57 USPQ2d 1564, 1566 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- In re Dayan, 61 F. App'x 695 (Fed. Cir. 2003).unpublishedIn re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- In re Galbreath, 34 F. App'x 757 (Fed. Cir. 2002).unpublishedIn re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 , 57 USPQ2d 1564, 1566 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- In Re Steelbuilding.com, 415 F.3d 1293 (Fed. Cir. 2005).publishedSee In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- In Re steelbuilding.com, 415 F.3d 1293 (Fed. Cir. 2005).publishedSee In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- In Re Oppedahl & Larson LLP, 373 F.3d 1171 (Fed. Cir. 2004).publishedSee In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- In re Savin Corp., 69 F. App'x 997 (Fed. Cir. 2003).unpublishedSee In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2001).
- Classic Liquor Importers, Ltd. v. Spirits Int'l B.V., 201 F. Supp. 3d 428 (S.D.N.Y. 2016).published(Laudatory marks that describe the alleged merit of the goods are descriptive because they simply describe the characteristics or quality of the goods in a condensed form.)
- In Re Joanne Slokevage, 441 F.3d 957 (Fed. Cir. 2006).published(Placement of a term on the fanciful-suggestive-descriptive-generic continuum is a *960 question of fact)
At page 1342 Determining descriptiveness of marks based on context14 citing casesEven if some prior registrations had some characteristics similar to Nett Designs’ application, the PTO’s allowance of such prior registrations does not bind the Board or this court.
- Misty Everson & Christine Maynard, No. 97104306 (Mar. 31, 2026).published(Even if some prior registrations had some 42 Id. at 6-7. 22 Serial No. 97104306 characteristics similar to [Applicant’s] application, the [USPTO’s] allowance of such prior registrations does not bind the Board or this…)
- In Re Brunetti, No. 23-1539 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 26, 2025).published (Even if some prior registrations had some characteristics similar to [the application], the PTO’s allowance of such prior registrations does not bind the Board or this court.)
- In Re R.S. Lipman Brewing Co., LLC, No. 23-2131 (Fed. Cir. Apr. 14, 2025).unpublished(The Board must decide each case on its own merits.)
- Moke Am. LLC v. Am. Custom Golf Cars, Inc., 671 F. Supp. 3d 670 (E.D. Va. 2023).published(Even if some prior registrations had some characteristics similar to Nett Designs’ application, the [US]PTO's allowance of such prior registrations does not bind the [TTAB] or this court.)
- TextNow Inc., No. 98231457 (June 23, 2026).publishedFinally, as the Federal Circuit instructs, “[t]he Board must decide each case on its own merits” and “the PTO’s allowance of . . . prior registrations does not bind the Board or this court.” In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1342 (F…
- In Re: North Carolina Lottery, 866 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2017).published As . the PTO argues, the:- T.TAB “must consider a mark in .its commercial context to determine the public’s - perception.” Appellee’s Br. 9-10 (citing In re Nett Designs, 236 F.3d 1339, 1342 (Fed.
- In Re: Cordua Restaurants, Inc., 823 F.3d 594 (Fed. Cir. 2016).published(Even if some prior registrations had some characteristics similar to Nett Designs’ application, the PTO’s allowance of such prior registrations does not bind the Board or this court.)
- In Re: The Newbridge Cutlery Co., 776 F.3d 854 (Fed. Cir. 2015).publishedOn the other hand, the fact that the PTO has registered “newbridge” in contexts where the goods did not originate *864 from Newbridge is not particularly probative since the PTO may have found no goods/place association in those contexts a…
- Dalton v. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 425 F. App'x 886 (Fed. Cir. 2011).unpublished Even if there are third-party registrations using similar words, the Board “must decide each case on its own merits.” In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1342 (Fed.
- In Re the Boulevard Ent., Inc, 334 F.3d 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2003).publishedIn re Nett Designs, 236 F.3d 1339, 1342 (Fed.Cir.2001).
Show 3 more citing cases
- In Re a. Zeta S.R.L., No. 22-1178 (Fed. Cir. June 10, 2022).unpublished(finding little persuasive value Case: 22-1178 Document: 24 Page: 5 Filed: 06/10/2022 IN RE: A. ZETA S.R.L. 5 in similar registrations, which do not bind Board or this Court, since each mark must be reviewed on basis of…)
- The Corps Grp. v. Afterburner, Inc., 779 S.E.2d 383 (Ga. Ct. App. 2015).published(The Ultimate Bike Rack” was held to be a laudatory descriptive phrase.)
- In Re: Driven Innovations, Inc., 674 F. App'x 996 (Fed. Cir. 2017).unpublishedSee, e.g., In re Nett Designs, Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 1342 (Fed.
Other citing cases
- In re Watts, 8 F. App'x 967 (Fed. Cir. 2001).unpublished
- Best Chairs Inc. v. Factory Direct Wholesale, LLC, 121 F. Supp. 3d 828 (S.D. Ind. 2015).published
The Trademark Trial and Appeals Board sustained an examiner’s disclaimer requirement in Nett Designs, Inc.’s application for the mark LOAD LLAMA THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK and design. In re Nett Designs, Inc., Ser. No. 74/677, 635, slip op. (TTAB June 3, 1999), recons, denied Ser. No. 74/677,635 (TTAB Aug. 6, 1999). Because substantial evidence supports the Board’s determination that the phrase THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK is descriptive, this court affirms.
I.
Nett Designs applied to register LOAD LLAMA THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK and design (shown below) for “carrying racks for mounting on bicycles, accessories for bicycle racks, namely attachments for expanding the carrying capacity of a carrying rack for mounting on bicycles, and bungee cords sold together as a unit with such carrying racks.”
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An examiner required Nett Designs to disclaim the phrase THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK as descriptive of Nett Designs’ goods. During prosecution, Nett Designs submitted a number of third-party registrations that included the term ULTIMATE, arguing that those registrations were evidence that the term ULTIMATE was not descriptive. The examiner maintained that the phrase was descriptive and rejected the application when Nett Designs refused to disclaim the phrase.
Nett Designs appealed to the Board. The Board considered several dictionary definitions of the term ULTIMATE, and the applicant’s use of the mark in its submitted specimen. In re Nett Designs, Inc., Ser. No. 74/677, 635, slip op. at 2-4, 7-8 (TTAB June 3, 1999). The Board considered the prior third-party registrations[*1341] submitted by Nett Designs to the examiner, but decided that' those registrations were not persuasive. Id. at 8-9. The Board concluded that the phrase THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK described Nett Designs’ goods in a laudatory manner. Id. In requesting reconsideration, Nett Designs attempted to enter into evidence a list of 158 registered marks that included the term ULTIMATE, but the Board refused to consider the list and denied Nett Designs’ request for reconsideration. In re Nett Designs, Inc., Ser. No. 74/677,635, slip op. at 3 (TTAB Aug. 6, 1999).
II.
This court upholds the Board’s factual findings if supported by substantial evidence. On Line Careline, Inc. v. America Online, Inc., 229 F.3d 1080, 1085, 56 USPQ2d 1471 (Fed.Cir.2000). This court exercises plenary review of the Board’s legal conclusions. Giant Food, Inc. v. Nation’s Foodservice, Inc., 710 F.2d 1565, 1569, 218 USPQ 390, 394 (Fed.Cir.1983). Placement of a term on the fanciful-suggestive-descriptive-generic continuum is a question of fact. In re Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 828 F.2d 1567, 1570, 4 USPQ2d 1141, 1143 (Fed.Cir.1987). Accordingly, this court must affirm the Board’s finding that the phrase THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK is descriptive if substantial evidence supports that finding.
A merely descriptive mark qualifies for registration only if the applicant shows that it has acquired secondary meaning. Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 769, 112 S.Ct. 2758, 120 L.Ed.2d 615 (1992). During examination, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) “may require the applicant to disclaim an unregisterable component of a mark otherwise registrable.” 15 U.S.C. § 1056(a) (1994). Thus, the examiner’s disclaimer requirement is proper if the phrase THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK is merely descriptive and thus not registerable.
A mark is merely descriptive if it immediately conveys qualities or characteristics of the goods. In re Gyulay, 820 F.2d 1216, 1217, 3 USPQ2d 1009, 1009 (Fed.Cir.1987). However, if a mark requires imagination, thought, and perception to arrive at the qualities or characteristics of the goods, then the mark is suggestive. Id. A suggestive mark qualifies for registration without secondary meaning. Id. The perception of the relevant purchasing public sets the standard for determining descriptiveness. In re Bed & Breakfast Registry, 791 F.2d 157, 160, 229 USPQ 818, 819 (Fed.Cir.1986). Any competent source suffices to show the relevant purchasing public’s understanding of a contested term or phrase. Id. Laudatory marks that describe the alleged merit of the goods are descriptive because they simply describe the characteristics or quality of the goods in a condensed form. In re The Boston Beer Co., 198 F.3d 1370, 1373, 53 USPQ2d 1056, 1058 (Fed.Cir.1999).
In the complex world of etymology, connotation, syntax, and meaning, a term may possess elements of suggestiveness and descriptiveness at the same time. No clean boundaries separate these legal categories. Rather, a term may slide along the continuum between suggestiveness and descriptiveness depending on usage, context, and other factors that affect the relevant public’s perception of the term. See Zatarains, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc., 698 F.2d 786 (5th Cir.1983) (“These categories, like the tones in a spectrum, tend to blur at the edges and merge together. The labels are more advisory than definitional, more like guidelines than pigeonholes.”). The term ULTIMATE has some elements of suggestiveness because it does not define any particular characteristic and requires the exercise of some imagination in order to reach a conclusion about the nature of the recited goods. On the other hand, ULTIMATE also has some elements of descriptiveness because it has a laudatory or puffing connotation. The Board, however, has the duty to place this term in its[*1342] proper context within the mark and to determine the public’s perception.
The Board noted that dictionary definitions of ULTIMATE include “[r]epresent-ing or exhibiting the greatest possible development or sophistication: the ultimate bicycle,” In re Nett Designs, Inc., Ser. No. 74/677,635, slip op. at 7-8 (TTAB June 3, 1999) (quoting The American Heritage Dictionai'y of the English Language (3d ed.1992)), and “greatest or highest possible,” id. at 8 (quoting Webster’s New World College Dictionary (3d ed.1997)). The advertising brochure, which Nett Designs submitted as a specimen of use for its application, advances such meanings by stating, “The ‘Load Llama The Ultimate Bike Rack’ allows users of bicycles to enjoy the ride without constant apprehension that carried-along objects may fall off the carrier,” and “this is the rack, a basket without the bulk.” Such statements advance the consumer perception that Nett Designs’ bike racks represent or exhibit the greatest possible development or sophistication. Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that consumers will immediately regard THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK as a laudatory descriptive phrase that touts the superiority of Nett Designs’ bike racks.
The record in this case contains many prior registrations of marks including the term ULTIMATE. These prior registrations do not conclusively rebut the Board’s finding that ULTIMATE is descriptive in the context of this mark. As discussed above, the term ULTIMATE may tilt toward suggestiveness or descriptiveness depending on context and any other factor affecting public perception. The Board must decide each case on its own merits. In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 774 F.2d 1116, 1127, 227 USPQ 417, 424 (Fed.Cir.1985). Even if some prior registrations had some characteristics similar to Nett Designs’ application, the PTO’s allowance of such prior registrations does not bind the Board or this court.
Needless to say, this court encourages the PTO to achieve a uniform standard for assessing registrability of marks. Nonetheless, the Board (and this court in its limited review) must assess each mark on the record of public perception submitted with the application. Accordingly, this court finds little persuasive value in the registrations that Nett Designs submitted to the examiner or in the list of registered marks Nett Designs attempted to submit to the Board. This court thus does not reach Nett Designs’ assertion that the Board erred by refusing to consider the list of registered marks submitted to the Board with Nett Designs’ request for reconsideration.
Because substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that the phrase THE ULTIMATE BIKE RACK is descriptive of Nett Designs’ goods in a laudatory manner, this court affirms.
COSTS
Each party shall bear its own costs.
AFFIRMED.