green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 2×
6.5 score
G Cite
cited 2× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 1984 ·
…police forces are a para-military force
⚠ not in text
Treatment trajectory · 1978 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1978
2002
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 18 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Robert E. Jurgensen v. Fairfax County, Virginia Carroll D. Buracker, Chief Kelly Coffelt, Major, and Fairfax County Police Department, Robert E. Jurgensen v. Fairfax County, Virginia Carroll D. Buracker, Chief Kelly Coffelt, Major, and Fairfax County Police Department, Robert E. Jurgensen v. Fairfax County, Virginia Carroll D. Buracker, Chief Kelly Coffelt, Major, and Fairfax County Police Department
police forces are a para-military force
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Jurgensen v. Fairfax County
police forces are a para-military force
discussed
Cited as authority (rule)
United States v. Plescia
E.g., United States v. Vazquez, 605 F.2d 1269, 1276 (2nd Cir.1979) cert. denied, 444 U.S. 981 , 100 S.Ct. 484 , 62 L.Ed.2d 408 *1078 (1979); United States v. Scafidi, 564 F.2d 633, 641 (2nd Cir.1977) cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2231 , 56 L.Ed.2d 400, 401 (1978); United States v. Fury, 554 F.2d 522, 533 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 433 U.S. 910 , 97 S.Ct. 2978 , 53 L.Ed.2d 1095 (1977); United States v. Gigante, 538 F.2d 502, 507-08 (2nd Cir.1976).
discussed
Cited "see"
Spetalieri v. Kavanaugh
“The public safety employer’s determinations of both the potential for disruption as a result of the speech, as well as the employer’s response to the actual or perceived disruption, are entitled to ‘considerable judicial deference.’ ” Tyler v. City of Mountain Home Arkansas, 72 F.3d 568, 570 (8th Cir.1995) (quoting Shands v. City of Kennett, 993 F.2d 1337 , 1345 (8th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1072 , 114 S.Ct. 880 , 127 L.Ed.2d 75 (1994)); see Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311 , 315 (3d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978); Gordon v…
discussed
Cited "see"
Harper v. Crockett
Many of the cases in which regulations have been found to be overbroad were specifically directed at speech: See Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311 (3d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978) (regulation prohibiting police officers from commenting unfavorably on official actions of officers or the department); Muller v. Conlisk, 429 F.2d 901 (7th Cir.1970) (regulation prohibiting “any activity, conversation, deliberation or discussion which is derogatory to the Police Department or any member or policy of the Department”); Haurilak v. Kelley, 425 F.Su…
discussed
Cited "see"
Lanes v. O'BRIEN
See Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311 (3d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978) (regulation of police department prohibiting public disparagement of department policies facially invalid as being violative of First Amendment).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Morgan
(2×)
See United States v. Scafidi, 564 F.2d 633, 641 (2d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2231 , 56 L.Ed.2d 400 (1978).
discussed
Cited "see"
Abernathy v. City of Cartersville, Ga.
See, Hughes v. Whitmer, 714 F.2d 1407, 1409 (8th Cir.1983) (quoting, Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311, 315-16 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978)) cert. denied sub nom.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Persico
Where the interception is of the same premises, substantially the same persons, and for the same purpose, there is only one period of electronic surveillance “regardless of the number or length of judicial orders that have been issued to authorize that surveillance.” Vazquez, 605 F.2d at 1276 ; accord United States v. Scafidi, 564 F.2d 633, 641 (2d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2231 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978); Fury, 554 F.2d at 533 .
discussed
Cited "see"
General Stell Warehouse, Inc. v. First State Bank of Shallowater (In Re Stone)
(2×)
See Kimbell Foods, Inc. v. Republic National Bank, 557 F.2d 491 (5th Cir.1977), cert. granted 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2230 , 56 L.Ed.2d 400 (1978), affirmed 440 U.S. 715 , 99 S.Ct. 1448 , 59 L.Ed.2d 711 (1979).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Williams
(2×)
See United States v. Scafidi, 564 F.2d 633, 638 (2d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2231 , 56 L.Ed.2d 400 (1978). 17 Defendants therefore can argue only that their conversations were unlawfully intercepted because the interceptions were made possible by Tickel’s earlier unlawful conduct which they do not have standing to challenge under Title III or the Constitution.
discussed
Cited "see"
In Re Hinds
(2×)
See Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311 (3 Cir.), cert. den., 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1977); Landry v. Daley, 280 F.Supp. 938, 951-52 (N.D.Ill.1968), appeal dismissed, 393 U.S. 220 , 89 S.Ct. 455 , 21 L.Ed.2d 392 (1968), rev’d on other grounds, sub nom.
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Jesus Losada and Rosalinda Losada
See generally United States v. Scafidi, 564 F.2d 633, 642 (2 Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 (1978); United States v. Ong, 541 F.2d 331, 336-38 (2 Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1075 (1977).
cited
Cited "see"
Shuman v. City of Philadelphia
See Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311 (3d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Barker v. State Insurance Fund
(2×)
See also, Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311 (3d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978). [11] Title 74 O.S.1991 § 3402 provides in pertinent part: "As used in this act: 1.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Gary Nerlinger and Robert Varipapa
(2×)
See, e.g., United States v. Scafidi, 564 F.2d 633 , 642 (2d Cir.1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 912, 98 S.Ct. 2231 , 2252, 56 L.Ed.2d 400, 413 (1978); United States v. Pepe, 747 F.2d 632 , 652 n. 24 (11th Cir.1984); United States v. Phillips, 664 F.2d 971, 1016 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1136 , 102 S.Ct. 2965 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1354 (1982).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
State v. Baldwin
See, e.g., United States v. Scafidi, 564 F.2d 633 (2nd Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S. Ct. 2231 , 56 L.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Robert Janusaitis v. Middlebury Volunteer Fire Department
See, e. g., Gasparinetti v. Kerr, 568 F.2d 311 (3d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 903 , 98 S.Ct. 2232 , 56 L.Ed.2d 401 (1978) (regulation prohibiting police officers from commenting unfavorably on official actions of officers or the department); Muller v. Conlisk, 429 F.2d 901 (7th Cir. 1970) (regulation prohibiting “ ‘any activity, conversation, deliberation, or discussion which is derogatory to the [Chicago Police] Department or any member or policy of the Department’ ”); Haurilak v. Kelley, 425 F.Supp. 626 (D.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
United States
v.
Kimbell Foods, Inc.
v.
Kimbell Foods, Inc.
No. 77-1359.
Supreme Court of the United States.
May 15, 1978.
436 U.S. 903
1978 U.S. LEXIS 1767
Cited by 28 opinions | Published
Citer courts: Fourth Circuit (2)
C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari granted.