belated claim (New York) · Go Syfert
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belated claim in New York

38 New York opinions name it 6 courts 1928–2025 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

CaseFollowedCited
Feaster-Lewis v. Rotenberggreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Furthermore, since the expert's conclusions were based entirely [*2]upon plaintiff's tailored affidavit, the expert's affirmation also failed to raise a triable issue of fact ( Feaster-Lewis v Rotenberg , 93 AD3d 421, 422 [1st Dept 2012], lv denied 19 NY3d 803 [2012]).THIS CONSTITUTES THE DECISION AND ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION, FIRST DEPARTMENT.

2021Furthermore, since the expert's conclusions were based entirely [*2]upon plaintiff's tailored affidavit, the expert's affirmation also failed to raise a triable issue of fact ( Feaster-Lewis v Rotenberg , 93 AD3d 421, 422 [1st Dept 2012], lv denied 19 NY3d 803 [2012]).

22
Telfeyan v. City of New Yorkgreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Thus, plaintiff's affidavit containing a belated claim that the consent that she signed did not contain the description of possible risks and complications at the time she signed it, and that portion must have been added later, created only a feigned issue of fact insufficient to defeat defendants' motion ( see Pinto v Selinger Ice Cream Corp. , 47 AD3d 496 [1st Dept 2008]; Telfeyan v City of New York , 40 AD3d 372, 373 [1st Dept 2007]).

2021Thus, plaintiff's affidavit containing a belated claim that the consent that she signed did not contain the description of possible risks and complications at the time she signed it, and that portion must have been added later, created only a feigned issue of fact insufficient to defeat defendants' motion ( see Pinto v Selinger Ice Cream Corp. , 47 AD3d 496 [1st Dept 2008]; Telfeyan v City of New York , 40 AD3d 372, 373 [1st Dept 2007]).

22
Koufakis v. Siglaggreen
nyappdiv · 2011 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

22
Cahill v. Regangreen
ny · 1959 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

22
La Sala v. Cornellgreen
nyappdiv · 2002 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

22
In re the Claim of Agarwalgreen
nyappdiv · 2013 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Notwithstanding Maximum Litigation’s excuse for the belated hearing request, “the statutory time period in which to request a hearing is to be strictly construed, and the statute contains no provision permitting an extension of time in which an employer can request a hearing” (Matter of White [Lurie — Commissioner of Labor], 49 AD3d 932, 933 [2008] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; accord Matter of Agarwal [Bilingual Seit & Preschool, Inc. — Commissioner of Labor], 108 AD3d 807 , 808 [2013]).

2013Notwithstanding Maximum Litigation’s excuse for the belated hearing request, “the statutory time period in which to request a hearing is to be strictly construed, and the statute contains no provision permitting an extension of time in which an employer can request a hearing” (Matter of White [Lurie — Commissioner of Labor], 49 AD3d 932, 933 [2008] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; accord Matter of Agarwal [Bilingual Seit & Preschool, Inc. — Commissioner of Labor], 108 AD3d 807 , 808 [2013]).

22
Zaire v. Artusgreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Notwithstanding Maximum Litigation’s excuse for the belated hearing request, “the statutory time period in which to request a hearing is to be strictly construed, and the statute contains no provision permitting an extension of time in which an employer can request a hearing” (Matter of White [Lurie — Commissioner of Labor], 49 AD3d 932, 933 [2008] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; accord Matter of Agarwal [Bilingual Seit & Preschool, Inc. — Commissioner of Labor], 108 AD3d 807 , 808 [2013]).

2013Notwithstanding Maximum Litigation’s excuse for the belated hearing request, “the statutory time period in which to request a hearing is to be strictly construed, and the statute contains no provision permitting an extension of time in which an employer can request a hearing” (Matter of White [Lurie — Commissioner of Labor], 49 AD3d 932, 933 [2008] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; accord Matter of Agarwal [Bilingual Seit & Preschool, Inc. — Commissioner of Labor], 108 AD3d 807 , 808 [2013]).

22
People v. Calabriagreen
ny · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025The belated instruction offered [*5]during deliberations — which narrowly answered the jury's question and thus left unaddressed how the jury should utilize what remained of defendant's adoptive admission — did little to eliminate the harm caused ( see People v Calabria , 94 NY2d 519, 523 [2000]).

2025The belated instruction offered [*5]during deliberations — which narrowly answered the jury's question and thus left unaddressed how the jury should utilize what remained of defendant's adoptive admission — did little to eliminate the harm caused ( see People v Calabria , 94 NY2d 519, 523 [2000]).

11
People v. Hanselgreen
nyappdiv · 2021 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025The People's case was less than overwhelming, hinging as it did on the competing narratives of defendant and the victim's boyfriend, and County Court's errors thus cannot be deemed to have been harmless ( see People v Crimmins , 36 NY2d 230, 241 [1975]; People v Hansel , 200 AD3d 1327, 1331-1332 [3d Dept 2021], lv denied 38 NY3d 927 [2022]).

2025The People's case was less than overwhelming, hinging as it did on the competing narratives of defendant and the victim's boyfriend, and County Court's errors thus cannot be deemed to have been harmless ( see People v Crimmins , 36 NY2d 230, 241 [1975]; People v Hansel , 200 AD3d 1327, 1331-1332 [3d Dept 2021], lv denied 38 NY3d 927 [2022]).

11
Gorman v. New York State Department of Motor Vehiclesgreen
nyappdiv · 2006 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Additionally, because petitioner failed to argue on administrative appeal that the belated hearing notice deprived the ALJ of jurisdiction to hear the matter, he "failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to that contention" ( Matter of Gorman v New York State Dept. of Motor Vehs. , 34 AD3d 1361, 1361 [4th Dept 2006]).

2025Contrary to petitioner's contention, a suspension of his license for 180 days is not "so disproportionate to the offense as to be shocking to one's sense of fairness" ( id. [internal quotation marks omitted]).

11
People v. Crimminsgreen
ny · 1975 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025The People's case was less than overwhelming, hinging as it did on the competing narratives of defendant and the victim's boyfriend, and County Court's errors thus cannot be deemed to have been harmless ( see People v Crimmins , 36 NY2d 230, 241 [1975]; People v Hansel , 200 AD3d 1327, 1331-1332 [3d Dept 2021], lv denied 38 NY3d 927 [2022]).

2025The People's case was less than overwhelming, hinging as it did on the competing narratives of defendant and the victim's boyfriend, and County Court's errors thus cannot be deemed to have been harmless ( see People v Crimmins , 36 NY2d 230, 241 [1975]; People v Hansel , 200 AD3d 1327, 1331-1332 [3d Dept 2021], lv denied 38 NY3d 927 [2022]).

11
People v. Seebergreen
ny · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011In addition, there was no evidence to support the defendant’s belated claim that he pleaded guilty under duress as a result of prosecutorial conduct (see People v Seeber, 4 NY3d at 780-781).

11
People v. Gerbergreen
nyappdiv · 1992 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011The defendant’s right to subpoena witnesses to appear at a trial was waived as a matter of necessity upon the taking of his plea of guilty (see People v Gerber, 182 AD2d 252, 259-260 [1992]) and his claim regarding prosecutorial conduct was forfeited as a consequence of his plea (id. at 260).

11
People v. Bessahagreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010The defendant’s contention that he was deprived of the effec tive assistance of counsel rests mainly on matter dehors the record and, thus, cannot be reviewed on direct appeal (see People v Bessaha, 54 AD3d 381, 382 [2008]; People v Monroe, 52 AD3d 623 [2008]).

11
People v. Davisgreen
nyappdiv · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010In addition, there was no evidence to support the defendant’s belated claim of innocence or to indicate that he was induced to plead guilty as a result of fraud or mistake (see People v Smith, 54 AD3d 879 [2008]; People v Zakrzewski, 7 AD3d 881 [2004]; People v Davis, 250 AD2d 939, 940 [1998]).

11
MTR. OF FERLITO v. Judges of County Ct.green
ny · 1972 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004We find this belated claim of possible partiality insufficient to establish the manifest necessity required to declare a mistrial (see Matter of Ferlito v Judges of County Ct., Suffolk County, 31 NY2d 416, 419-420 [1972]).

11
Newman v. Brennangreen
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004As a mistrial was not necessary, any retrial of petitioner is barred by the prohibition against double jeopardy and, therefore, the simplified traffic information must be dismissed (see Matter of Newman v Brennan, 2 AD3d 447, 448 [2003]).

11
People v. Arcagreen
nyappdiv · 1980 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
People v. Teixeiragreen
nyappdiv · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
People v. Smithgreen
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
People v. Shivasgreen
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
People v. Frederickgreen
ny · 1978 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Spahn v. Griffithgreen
nyappdiv · 1984 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
People v. Friolagreen
ny · 1962 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11
United States Ex Rel. Feeley v. Ragengreen
ca7 · 1948 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1959–1959
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (52)

CaseCitedYears
Pinto v. Selinger Ice Cream Corp. green
nyappdiv · 2008
2 sentences

2021Thus, plaintiff's affidavit containing a belated claim that the consent that she signed did not contain the description of possible risks and complications at the time she signed it, and that portion must have been added later, created only a feigned issue of fact insufficient to defeat defendants' motion ( see Pinto v Selinger Ice Cream Corp. , 47 AD3d 496 [1st Dept 2008]; Telfeyan v City of New York , 40 AD3d 372, 373 [1st Dept 2007]).

2021Thus, plaintiff's affidavit containing a belated claim that the consent that she signed did not contain the description of possible risks and complications at the time she signed it, and that portion must have been added later, created only a feigned issue of fact insufficient to defeat defendants' motion ( see Pinto v Selinger Ice Cream Corp. , 47 AD3d 496 [1st Dept 2008]; Telfeyan v City of New York , 40 AD3d 372, 373 [1st Dept 2007]).

22021–2021
Rubycz-Boyar v. Mondragon green
nyappdiv · 2005
2 sentences

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

2014The objectants’ belated challenge to the use of estate funds to pay the appellants’ legal fees in the federal action fits squarely in the category of claims that they released in the settlement, which “could have [been] asserted in the above referenced lawsuits to date” or “could have been made by any of the parties in any proceeding in the Surrogate’s Court, Suffolk County” (cf. Koufakis v Siglag, 85 AD3d 872, 873 [2011]; Rubycz-Boyar v Mondragon, 15 AD3d 811 [2005]; Tavoulareas v Bell, 292 AD2d 256, 257 [2002]; compare Cahill v Regan, 5 NY2d 292, 299 [1959]).

22014–2014
Alleyne v. Townsley green
nyappdiv · 1985
2 sentences

2002The underlying facts in that action are unclear, but the short memorandum decision contains the statement that (at 269), “The belated challenge to the service of the notice of termination, more than Mh years after the fact, is both untimely and irrelevant in an ejectment action (Alleyne v Townsley, 110 AD2d 674 ).” To the extent that contrary cases have been cited by the defendants, the plaintiffs argue that a “split in authority” exists with cases arising in the Second Department.

1989The belated challenge to the service of the notice of termination, more than 4 1/2 years after the fact, is both untimely and irrelevant in an ejectment action (Alleyne v Townsley, 110 AD2d 674 ).

21989–2002
People v. Anonymous green
nyappdiv · 1987
2 sentences

1993(People v Cannon, 150 AD2d 383 [2d Dept 1989]; People v Stubbs, 92 AD2d 923 [2d Dept 1983]; People v Losicco, 137 AD2d 621 [2d Dept 1988]; People v Baldwin, 130 AD2d 497 , lv denied 70 NY2d 929 [1987]; see, People v Sobchik, 108 AD2d 764 [2d Dept 1985].) This is especially true where at the time of the plea defendant admitted to the criminal actions underlying his plea.

1990The defendant’s belated claim of innocence did not mandate the vacatur of his guilty plea (see, People v Baldwin, 130 AD2d 497 ).

21990–1993
People v. Moore green
nyappdiv · 2014
1 sentence

2021Accordingly, under the circumstances of the instant case, the court providently exercised its discretion in denying the defendant's peremptory challenge ( see People v Monroe , 118 AD3d at 916 ; People v Brown , 52 AD3d 248, 248 ; People v Leakes , 284 AD2d at 484 ; People v Smith , 278 AD2d 75, 76 ).

12021–2021
1050 Tenants Corp. v. Lapidus green
nyappdiv · 2008
1 sentence

2021Accordingly, under the circumstances of the instant case, the court providently exercised its discretion in denying the defendant's peremptory challenge ( see People v Monroe , 118 AD3d at 916 ; People v Brown , 52 AD3d 248, 248 ; People v Leakes , 284 AD2d at 484 ; People v Smith , 278 AD2d 75, 76 ).

12021–2021
People v. Smith green
nyappdiv · 2000
1 sentence

2021Accordingly, under the circumstances of the instant case, the court providently exercised its discretion in denying the defendant's peremptory challenge ( see People v Monroe , 118 AD3d at 916 ; People v Brown , 52 AD3d 248, 248 ; People v Leakes , 284 AD2d at 484 ; People v Smith , 278 AD2d 75, 76 ).

12021–2021
People v. Leakes green
nyappdiv · 2001
1 sentence

2021Accordingly, under the circumstances of the instant case, the court providently exercised its discretion in denying the defendant's peremptory challenge ( see People v Monroe , 118 AD3d at 916 ; People v Brown , 52 AD3d 248, 248 ; People v Leakes , 284 AD2d at 484 ; People v Smith , 278 AD2d 75, 76 ).

12021–2021
People v. Smith green
nyappdiv · 2008
1 sentence

2010In addition, there was no evidence to support the defendant’s belated claim of innocence or to indicate that he was induced to plead guilty as a result of fraud or mistake (see People v Smith, 54 AD3d 879 [2008]; People v Zakrzewski, 7 AD3d 881 [2004]; People v Davis, 250 AD2d 939, 940 [1998]).

12010–2010
People v. Zakrzewski green
nyappdiv · 2004
1 sentence

2010In addition, there was no evidence to support the defendant’s belated claim of innocence or to indicate that he was induced to plead guilty as a result of fraud or mistake (see People v Smith, 54 AD3d 879 [2008]; People v Zakrzewski, 7 AD3d 881 [2004]; People v Davis, 250 AD2d 939, 940 [1998]).

12010–2010
People v. Monroe green
nyappdiv · 2008
1 sentence

2010The defendant’s contention that he was deprived of the effec tive assistance of counsel rests mainly on matter dehors the record and, thus, cannot be reviewed on direct appeal (see People v Bessaha, 54 AD3d 381, 382 [2008]; People v Monroe, 52 AD3d 623 [2008]).

12010–2010
Bettino v. Bettino neutral
nyappdiv · 1985
1 sentence

2005Having accepted the benefits of the judgment by remarrying and acquiescing in it for a period of more than two years, the defendant effectively waived her right to make such a belated challenge (see Cook v Cook, 260 AD2d 160 [1999]; Bettino v Bettino, 112 AD2d 181 [1985]).

12005–2005
People v. Chance green
nyappdiv · 1999
1 sentence

2005Having accepted the benefits of the judgment by remarrying and acquiescing in it for a period of more than two years, the defendant effectively waived her right to make such a belated challenge (see Cook v Cook, 260 AD2d 160 [1999]; Bettino v Bettino, 112 AD2d 181 [1985]).

12005–2005
Gerolemou v. Soliz green
nyappterm · 2000
12002–2002
Cook v. City of New York green
nyappdiv · 1981
12001–2001
People v. Riviere green
nyappdiv · 1991
12000–2000
Lavelle v. Lavelle green
nyappdiv · 1992
11999–1999
Beutel v. Beutel green
ny · 1982
11999–1999
Lloyds Bank v. Kahn Lumber & Millwork Co. green
nyappdiv · 1995
11998–1998
State Funding Corp. v. Planning Board green
nyappdiv · 1989
11997–1997
Finneran v. City of New York green
nyappdiv · 1996
11997–1997
Snyder v. Massachusetts green
scotus · 1934
11996–1996
People v. Ciaccio green
ny · 1979
11996–1996
People v. Harris green
ny · 1991
11995–1995
People v. Martinez green
ny · 1993
11994–1994
People v. Stubbs neutral
nyappdiv · 1983
11993–1993
People v. Losicco neutral
nyappdiv · 1988
11993–1993
People v. Campbell neutral
nyappdiv · 1989
11993–1993
People v. Lykes green
ny · 1993
11993–1993
People v. Hughes neutral
nyappdiv · 1989
11992–1992
People v. Brown green
nyappdiv · 1990
11992–1992
People v. James green
nyappdiv · 1990
11992–1992
People v. Scocco neutral
nyappdiv · 1991
11992–1992
People v. Dixon green
ny · 1971
11992–1992
People v. Harris green
ny · 1983
11992–1992
Scott v. Transkrit Corp. neutral
nyappdiv · 1982
11991–1991
Bacogiannis v. Sayan neutral
nyappdiv · 1987
11991–1991
Martin v. City of Cohoes green
ny · 1975
11991–1991
County of Rockland v. Spring Valley Water Co. neutral
nyappdiv · 1987
11988–1988
Associated Press v. Bell green
ny · 1987
11988–1988

Where else courts name it

NY 38 (1928–2025) CA 36 (1927–2025) TN 17 (1982–2021) FL 14 (1969–2023) NJ 11 (1971–2022) OR 10 (1958–2026) PA 8 (1930–2024) TX 8 (1932–2012) ME 7 (1960–2021) NE 7 (1953–2000) MD 6 (1960–2022) IN 6 (1968–2018) OH 6 (1957–2017) WA 6 (1984–2021) IL 6 (1920–2024) DC 5 (1987–2023) NV 4 (1980–1996) LA 4 (1964–2022) MS 4 (1977–2015) CO 3 (1992–2004) MO 3 (1972–2005) OK 3 (1970–1993) MT 3 (1985–1997) SC 3 (1993–2013) KS 3 (1905–2000) GA 3 (2007–2022) AZ 3 (2016–2025) IA 3 (1939–2011) VT 3 (2007–2007) CT 2 (1999–2000) RI 2 (1990–2019) MI 2 (1975–1992) MA 2 (1997–2024) NC 2 (1995–2014) MN 2 (1956–1987) UT 2 (2020–2021) WI 2 (2004–2009) NM 2 (1994–1994) SD 2 (2019–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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