pro se defense (South Carolina) · Go Syfert
← South Carolina issues

pro se defense in South Carolina

25 South Carolina opinions name it 2 courts 1990–2026 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by South Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Prince v. Stategreen
sc · 1990 · cited in 7 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2002–2021
2 sentences

2021McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942))); Prince v. State, 301 S.C. 422, 423-24 , 392 S.E.2d 462, 463 (1990) ("To establish a valid waiver of counsel, Faretta requires the accused be: (1) advised of his right to counsel; and (2) adequately warned of the dangers of self-representation."); State v. Cash, 309 S.C. 40, 42 , 419 S.E.2d 811, 813 (Ct. App. 1992) ("Although a specific inquiry by the [trial court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial [court's] advice but the accused's understanding." (italics omitted)); State v. Bryant, 3

2021McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942))); Prince v. State, 301 S.C. 422, 423-24 , 392 S.E.2d 462, 463 (1990) ("To establish a valid waiver of counsel, Faretta requires the accused be: (1) advised of his right to counsel; and (2) adequately warned of the dangers of self-representation."); State v. Cash, 309 S.C. 40, 42 , 419 S.E.2d 811, 813 (Ct. App. 1992) ("Although a specific inquiry by the [trial court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial [court's] advice but the accused's understanding." (italics omitted)); State v. Bryant, 3

57
State v. Bryantgreen
scctapp · 2009 · cited in 4 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2017–2025
2 sentences

2025See Thompson, 355 S.C. at 262-63 , 584 S.E.2d at 135 ("While a specific inquiry by the trial judge expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial judge's advice but rather the defendant's understanding."); Bryant, 383 S.C. at 417 , 680 S.E.2d at 14 (finding Bryant was adequately apprised of the dangers and disadvantages of appearing pro se from the evidence of her signature of the probation notice, her two prior appearances before the probation court, and having been represented by counsel for her other probation violations).

2025See Thompson, 355 S.C. at 262-63 , 584 S.E.2d at 135 ("While a specific inquiry by the trial judge expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial judge's advice but rather the defendant's understanding."); Bryant, 383 S.C. at 417 , 680 S.E.2d at 14 (finding Bryant was adequately apprised of the dangers and disadvantages of appearing pro se from the evidence of her signature of the probation notice, her two prior appearances before the probation court, and having been represented by counsel for her other probation violations).

44
State v. Cashgreen
scctapp · 1992 · cited in 4 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2011–2021
2 sentences

2021McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942))); Prince v. State, 301 S.C. 422, 423-24 , 392 S.E.2d 462, 463 (1990) ("To establish a valid waiver of counsel, Faretta requires the accused be: (1) advised of his right to counsel; and (2) adequately warned of the dangers of self-representation."); State v. Cash, 309 S.C. 40, 42 , 419 S.E.2d 811, 813 (Ct. App. 1992) ("Although a specific inquiry by the [trial court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial [court's] advice but the accused's understanding." (italics omitted)); State v. Bryant, 3

2021McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942))); Prince v. State, 301 S.C. 422, 423-24 , 392 S.E.2d 462, 463 (1990) ("To establish a valid waiver of counsel, Faretta requires the accused be: (1) advised of his right to counsel; and (2) adequately warned of the dangers of self-representation."); State v. Cash, 309 S.C. 40, 42 , 419 S.E.2d 811, 813 (Ct. App. 1992) ("Although a specific inquiry by the [trial court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial [court's] advice but the accused's understanding." (italics omitted)); State v. Bryant, 3

44
Wroten v. Stategreen
sc · 1990 · cited in 9 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1990–2026
2 sentences

2026See Wroten v. State, 301 S.C. 293, 294 , 391 S.E.2d 575, 576 (1990) ("While a specific inquiry by the trial judge expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test [of the waiver analysis] is not the trial judge's advice but rather the defendant's understanding."); id. ("If the record demonstrates the defendant's decision to represent himself was made with an understanding of the risks of self-representation, the requirements of a voluntary waiver will be satisfied.").

2026See Wroten v. State, 301 S.C. 293, 294 , 391 S.E.2d 575, 576 (1990) ("While a specific inquiry by the trial judge expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test [of the waiver analysis] is not the trial judge's advice but rather the defendant's understanding."); id. ("If the record demonstrates the defendant's decision to represent himself was made with an understanding of the risks of self-representation, the requirements of a voluntary waiver will be satisfied.").

39
Gardner v. Stategreen
sc · 2002 · cited in 3 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2003–2019
2 sentences

2019In the absence of a specific inquiry by the trial [court] addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense as required by the second Faretta prong, this [c]ourt will look to the record to determine whether [the applicant] had sufficient background or was apprised of his rights by some other source."); Gardner v. State, 351 S.C. 407, 412-13 , 570 S.E.2d 184, 186-87 (2002) (listing factors a court may consider when determining the sufficiency of a defendant's background); id. at 1 Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975). 412, 570 S.E.2d at 186 ("In a PCR action, if the record fails to de

2019In the absence of a specific inquiry by the trial [court] addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense as required by the second Faretta prong, this [c]ourt will look to the record to determine whether [the applicant] had sufficient background or was apprised of his rights by some other source."); Gardner v. State, 351 S.C. 407, 412-13 , 570 S.E.2d 184, 186-87 (2002) (listing factors a court may consider when determining the sufficiency of a defendant's background); id. at 1 Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975). 412, 570 S.E.2d at 186 ("In a PCR action, if the record fails to de

33
Hagy v. Pruittgreen
sc · 2000 · cited in 3 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See **631 Hagy , 339 S.C. at 431 -32 , 529 S.E.2d at 718 (holding allegations that fraudulent actions which induced a mother to sign a consent to adoption thereby waiving her right to notice and appearance in the adoption proceeding sufficiently alleged extrinsic fraud); Greer v. McFadden , 295 S.C. 14 , 17, 366 S.E.2d 263 , 265 (Ct. App. 1988) (holding even if a pro se claim is not framed with expert precision, where the point is clear, the issue should be addressed); cf .

2018See **631 Hagy , 339 S.C. at 431 -32 , 529 S.E.2d at 718 (holding allegations that fraudulent actions which induced a mother to sign a consent to adoption thereby waiving her right to notice and appearance in the adoption proceeding sufficiently alleged extrinsic fraud); Greer v. McFadden , 295 S.C. 14 , 17, 366 S.E.2d 263 , 265 (Ct. App. 1988) (holding even if a pro se claim is not framed with expert precision, where the point is clear, the issue should be addressed); cf .

33
Faretta v. Californiagreen
scotus · 1975 · cited in 4 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2003–2021
2 sentences

2021McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942))); Prince v. State, 301 S.C. 422, 423-24 , 392 S.E.2d 462, 463 (1990) ("To establish a valid waiver of counsel, Faretta requires the accused be: (1) advised of his right to counsel; and (2) adequately warned of the dangers of self-representation."); State v. Cash, 309 S.C. 40, 42 , 419 S.E.2d 811, 813 (Ct. App. 1992) ("Although a specific inquiry by the [trial court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial [court's] advice but the accused's understanding." (italics omitted)); State v. Bryant, 3

2019In the absence of a specific inquiry by the trial [court] addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense as required by the second Faretta prong, this [c]ourt will look to the record to determine whether [the applicant] had sufficient background or was apprised of his rights by some other source."); Gardner v. State, 351 S.C. 407, 412-13 , 570 S.E.2d 184, 186-87 (2002) (listing factors a court may consider when determining the sufficiency of a defendant's background); id. at 1 Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975). 412, 570 S.E.2d at 186 ("In a PCR action, if the record fails to de

24
Greer v. McFaddengreen
scctapp · 1988 · cited in 3 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See **631 Hagy , 339 S.C. at 431 -32 , 529 S.E.2d at 718 (holding allegations that fraudulent actions which induced a mother to sign a consent to adoption thereby waiving her right to notice and appearance in the adoption proceeding sufficiently alleged extrinsic fraud); Greer v. McFadden , 295 S.C. 14 , 17, 366 S.E.2d 263 , 265 (Ct. App. 1988) (holding even if a pro se claim is not framed with expert precision, where the point is clear, the issue should be addressed); cf .

2018See **631 Hagy , 339 S.C. at 431 -32 , 529 S.E.2d at 718 (holding allegations that fraudulent actions which induced a mother to sign a consent to adoption thereby waiving her right to notice and appearance in the adoption proceeding sufficiently alleged extrinsic fraud); Greer v. McFadden , 295 S.C. 14 , 17, 366 S.E.2d 263 , 265 (Ct. App. 1988) (holding even if a pro se claim is not framed with expert precision, where the point is clear, the issue should be addressed); cf .

23
State v. Thompsongreen
scctapp · 2003 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2019–2025
2 sentences

2025See Thompson, 355 S.C. at 262-63 , 584 S.E.2d at 135 ("While a specific inquiry by the trial judge expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial judge's advice but rather the defendant's understanding."); Bryant, 383 S.C. at 417 , 680 S.E.2d at 14 (finding Bryant was adequately apprised of the dangers and disadvantages of appearing pro se from the evidence of her signature of the probation notice, her two prior appearances before the probation court, and having been represented by counsel for her other probation violations).

2025See Thompson, 355 S.C. at 262-63 , 584 S.E.2d at 135 ("While a specific inquiry by the trial judge expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial judge's advice but rather the defendant's understanding."); Bryant, 383 S.C. at 417 , 680 S.E.2d at 14 (finding Bryant was adequately apprised of the dangers and disadvantages of appearing pro se from the evidence of her signature of the probation notice, her two prior appearances before the probation court, and having been represented by counsel for her other probation violations).

22
Adams v. United States Ex Rel. McCanngreen
scotus · 1943 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2017–2021
2 sentences

2021McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942))); Prince v. State, 301 S.C. 422, 423-24 , 392 S.E.2d 462, 463 (1990) ("To establish a valid waiver of counsel, Faretta requires the accused be: (1) advised of his right to counsel; and (2) adequately warned of the dangers of self-representation."); State v. Cash, 309 S.C. 40, 42 , 419 S.E.2d 811, 813 (Ct. App. 1992) ("Although a specific inquiry by the [trial court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial [court's] advice but the accused's understanding." (italics omitted)); State v. Bryant, 3

2017McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942)); Prince v. State, 301 S.C. 422, 423-24 , 392 S.E.2d 462, 463 (1990) ("To establish a valid waiver of counsel, Faretta requires the accused be: (1) advised of his right to counsel, and (2) adequately warned of the dangers of self-representation."); State v. Cash, 309 S.C. 40, 42 , 419 S.E.2d 811, 813 (Ct. App. 1992) ("Although a specific inquiry by the [trial court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial [court's] advice but the accused's understanding." (italics omitted)); State v. Bryant, 38

22
Watts v. Stategreen
sc · 2001 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2003–2019
2 sentences

2019"While a specific inquiry by the [circuit court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the [circuit court]'s advice but rather the defendant's understanding." Watts, 347 S.C. at 402 , 556 S.E.2d at 370 (quoting Wroten v. State, 301 S.C. 293, 294 , 391 S.E.2d 575, 576 (1990)).

2019"While a specific inquiry by the [circuit court] expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the [circuit court]'s advice but rather the defendant's understanding." Watts, 347 S.C. at 402 , 556 S.E.2d at 370 (quoting Wroten v. State, 301 S.C. 293, 294 , 391 S.E.2d 575, 576 (1990)).

12
Smith v. Robbinsgreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019As to Issue 2: Tisdale v. State, 357 S.C. 474, 476 , 594 S.E.2d 166, 167 (2004) ("A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of appellate counsel."); Bennett v. State, 383 S.C. 303, 309 , 680 S.E.2d 273, 276 (2009) ("Generally, in analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, this [c]ourt applies the Strickland[2] test just as it would when analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel."); id. ("Thus, . . . we ask 1) whether appellate counsel's performance was deficient, and 2) whether [the defendant] was prejudiced by appellate counsel's deficient perfo

11
David A. Gray v. James Greergreen
ca7 · 1986 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019As to Issue 2: Tisdale v. State, 357 S.C. 474, 476 , 594 S.E.2d 166, 167 (2004) ("A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of appellate counsel."); Bennett v. State, 383 S.C. 303, 309 , 680 S.E.2d 273, 276 (2009) ("Generally, in analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, this [c]ourt applies the Strickland[2] test just as it would when analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel."); id. ("Thus, . . . we ask 1) whether appellate counsel's performance was deficient, and 2) whether [the defendant] was prejudiced by appellate counsel's deficient perfo

11
Bennett v. Stategreen
sc · 2009 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019As to Issue 2: Tisdale v. State, 357 S.C. 474, 476 , 594 S.E.2d 166, 167 (2004) ("A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of appellate counsel."); Bennett v. State, 383 S.C. 303, 309 , 680 S.E.2d 273, 276 (2009) ("Generally, in analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, this [c]ourt applies the Strickland[2] test just as it would when analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel."); id. ("Thus, . . . we ask 1) whether appellate counsel's performance was deficient, and 2) whether [the defendant] was prejudiced by appellate counsel's deficient perfo

2019As to Issue 2: Tisdale v. State, 357 S.C. 474, 476 , 594 S.E.2d 166, 167 (2004) ("A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of appellate counsel."); Bennett v. State, 383 S.C. 303, 309 , 680 S.E.2d 273, 276 (2009) ("Generally, in analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, this [c]ourt applies the Strickland[2] test just as it would when analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel."); id. ("Thus, . . . we ask 1) whether appellate counsel's performance was deficient, and 2) whether [the defendant] was prejudiced by appellate counsel's deficient perfo

11
Tisdale v. Stategreen
sc · 2004 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019As to Issue 2: Tisdale v. State, 357 S.C. 474, 476 , 594 S.E.2d 166, 167 (2004) ("A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of appellate counsel."); Bennett v. State, 383 S.C. 303, 309 , 680 S.E.2d 273, 276 (2009) ("Generally, in analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, this [c]ourt applies the Strickland[2] test just as it would when analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel."); id. ("Thus, . . . we ask 1) whether appellate counsel's performance was deficient, and 2) whether [the defendant] was prejudiced by appellate counsel's deficient perfo

2019As to Issue 2: Tisdale v. State, 357 S.C. 474, 476 , 594 S.E.2d 166, 167 (2004) ("A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of appellate counsel."); Bennett v. State, 383 S.C. 303, 309 , 680 S.E.2d 273, 276 (2009) ("Generally, in analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, this [c]ourt applies the Strickland[2] test just as it would when analyzing a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel."); id. ("Thus, . . . we ask 1) whether appellate counsel's performance was deficient, and 2) whether [the defendant] was prejudiced by appellate counsel's deficient perfo

11
State v. McLaurengreen
scctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011"In the absence of a specific inquiry by the [circuit court] addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense as required by the second Faretta prong, the appellate court will look to the record to determine whether [a defendant] had sufficient background or was apprised of his rights by some other source." Id. at 494, 563 S.E.2d at 349 ; cf. Faretta , 422 U.S. at 835 ("The record affirmatively shows that Faretta was literate, competent, and understanding, and that he was voluntarily exercising his informed free will.").

2011"In the absence of a specific inquiry by the [circuit court] addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense as required by the second Faretta prong, the appellate court will look to the record to determine whether [a defendant] had sufficient background or was apprised of his rights by some other source." Id. at 494, 563 S.E.2d at 349 ; cf. Faretta , 422 U.S. at 835 ("The record affirmatively shows that Faretta was literate, competent, and understanding, and that he was voluntarily exercising his informed free will.").

11
State v. Brewergreen
sc · 1997 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003Gardner v. State , 351 S.C. 407, 411 , 570 S.E.2d 184, 186 (2002) (citing Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806 (1975)). “It is the trial judge’s responsibility to determine whether there is a competent, intelligent waiver by the defendant.” Watts v. State , 347 S.C. 399, 402 , 556 S.E.2d 368, 370 (2001). “In the absence of a specific inquiry by the trial judge addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense as required by the second Faretta prong, this Court will look to the record to determine whether petitioner had sufficient background or was apprised of his rights by some other source.” P

2003Gardner v. State , 351 S.C. 407, 411 , 570 S.E.2d 184, 186 (2002) (citing Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806 (1975)). “It is the trial judge’s responsibility to determine whether there is a competent, intelligent waiver by the defendant.” Watts v. State , 347 S.C. 399, 402 , 556 S.E.2d 368, 370 (2001). “In the absence of a specific inquiry by the trial judge addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense as required by the second Faretta prong, this Court will look to the record to determine whether petitioner had sufficient background or was apprised of his rights by some other source.” P

11
Crowell v. Herringgreen
scctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Bridwell, 306 S.C. at 519 , 413 S.E.2d at 31 ; Prince v. State, 301 S.C. at 424, 392 S.E.2d at 463 .

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in South Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (6)

CaseCitedYears
Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Richard Scott Rhinehart green
iowa · 2013
2 sentences

2018See Hagy, 339 S.C. at 431–32, 529 S.E.2d at 718 (holding allegations that fraudulent actions which induced a mother to sign a consent to adoption thereby waiving her right to notice and appearance in the adoption proceeding sufficiently alleged extrinsic fraud); Greer v. McFadden, 295 S.C. 14, 17 , 366 S.E.2d 263, 265 (Ct. App. 1988) (holding even if a pro se claim is not framed with expert precision, where the point is clear, the issue should be addressed); cf. Iowa Sup. Ct. Att'y Disciplinary Bd. v. Rhinehart, 827 N.W.2d 169 , 172–74 (2013) (finding an attorney's failure to disclose to the f

2018See Hagy, 339 S.C. at 431–32, 529 S.E.2d at 718 (holding allegations that fraudulent actions which induced a mother to sign a consent to adoption thereby waiving her right to notice and appearance in the adoption proceeding sufficiently alleged extrinsic fraud); Greer v. McFadden, 295 S.C. 14, 17 , 366 S.E.2d 263, 265 (Ct. App. 1988) (holding even if a pro se claim is not framed with expert precision, where the point is clear, the issue should be addressed); cf. Iowa Sup. Ct. Att'y Disciplinary Bd. v. Rhinehart, 827 N.W.2d 169 , 172–74 (2013) (finding an attorney's failure to disclose to the f

32018–2018
State Bar of Arizona v. Arizona Land Title & Trust Co. green
ariz · 1962
2 sentences

2003State Bar of Arizona v. Arizona Land Title & Trust Co., 90 Ariz. 76 , 366 P.2d 1 , reheard, 91 Ariz. 293 , 371 P.2d 1020 (1962). 6 .

2003State Bar of Arizona v. Arizona Land Title & Trust Co., 90 Ariz. 76 , 366 P.2d 1 , reheard, 91 Ariz. 293 , 371 P.2d 1020 (1962). 6 .

22002–2003
State Bar of Arizona v. Arizona Land Title & Trust Co. green
ariz · 1961
2 sentences

2003State Bar of Arizona v. Arizona Land Title & Trust Co., 90 Ariz. 76 , 366 P.2d 1 , reheard, 91 Ariz. 293 , 371 P.2d 1020 (1962). 6 .

2003State Bar of Arizona v. Arizona Land Title & Trust Co., 90 Ariz. 76 , 366 P.2d 1 , reheard, 91 Ariz. 293 , 371 P.2d 1020 (1962). 6 .

22002–2003
Bridwell v. State green
sc · 1991
2 sentences

2002Bridwell, 306 S.C. at 519 , 413 S.E.2d at 31 ; Prince v. State, 301 S.C. at 424, 392 S.E.2d at 463 .

2002Bridwell, 306 S.C. at 519 , 413 S.E.2d at 31 ; Prince v. State, 301 S.C. at 424, 392 S.E.2d at 463 .

21996–2002
Peter R. Fitzpatrick v. Louie L. Wainwright green
ca11 · 1986
1 sentence

2019If the record demonstrates the defendant's decision to represent himself was made with an understanding of the risks of self-representation, the requirements of a voluntary waiver will be satisfied." 301 S.C. 293 , 294, 391 S.E.2d 575 , 576 (1990) (citing Fitzpatrick v. Wainwright , 800 F.2d 1057 , 1065 (11th Cir. 1986) ).

12019–2019
Huckaby v. State green
sc · 1991
1 sentence

2006Id. “While a specific inquiry by the trial judge expressly addressing the disadvantages of a pro se defense is preferred, the ultimate test is not the trial judge’s advice but rather the defendant’s understanding.” Wroten v. State , 301 S.C. at 294 , 391 S.E.2d at 576 . “If the record demonstrates the defendant’s decision to represent himself was made with an understanding of the risks of self-representation, the requirements of a voluntary waiver will be satisfied.” Id. (citations omitted).

12006–2006

Statutes the citing opinions construe

SC § S.C. Code Ann. § 40-5-80 (3) SC § S.C. Code Ann. § 63-9-350 (3) SC § S.C. Code Ann. § 63-9-770 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 244 (1990–2026) FL 30 (1996–2022) SC 25 (1990–2026) NY 23 (1980–2021) WA 15 (1982–2025) TX 12 (1988–2016) AL 11 (1987–2018) PA 11 (1971–2024) MN 6 (1990–2018) IN 5 (2004–2024) CA 5 (1988–2016) MT 4 (1998–2014) VA 4 (1995–2024) CO 4 (2009–2019) GA 3 (2008–2023) NC 3 (1992–2004) MI 3 (1994–2015) MO 3 (1972–2016) LA 3 (1989–2008) MD 3 (1987–2010) AR 2 (2000–2001) WI 2 (1984–1992) OH 2 (1998–2020) IA 2 (2014–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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