included offense instruction in Hawaii

23 Hawaii opinions name it 2 courts 1995–2022 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Hawaii courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (20)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Haaniogreen haw · 2001 · cited in 8 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014 2 sentences 2014We reasoned that a defendant should not be permitted to waive an included offense instruction for “strategic reasons.” Id. at 414 , 16 P.3d at 255 . 2014We reasoned that a defendant should not be permitted to waive an included offense instruction for “strategic reasons.” Id. at 414 , 16 P.3d at 255 .	5	8
State v. Kinnanegreen haw · 1995 · cited in 4 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1996–2009 2 sentences 2009See State v. Kinnane, 79 Hawai`i 46, 50, 897 P.2d 973, 977 (1995) (emphasis in original; footnote omitted) ("Where there is such a rational basis in the evidence, . . . it may be plain error for a trial court to fail to give an included offense instruction."); see also State v. Richie, 88 Hawai`i 19, 33, 960 P.2d 1227, 1241 (1998) (noting that sufficiency of the evidence refers to substantial evidence supporting the jury's verdict). 2007WTiere there is such a rational basis in the evidence, however, we have held that it may be plain error for a trial court to fail to give an included offense instruction even when neither the prosecution nor the defendant have requested it[.] State v. Kinnane, 79 Hawai'i 46, 49-50 , 897 P.2d 973, 976-77 (1995) (citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).	4	4
State v. KAPAUgreen haw · 1994 · cited in 7 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1996–2003 2 sentences 2003To the extent that [State v.]Kupau [, 76 Hawai'i 387 , 879 P.2d 492 (1994),] held that the failure to give an included offense instruction was plain error even when the defendant was convicted of the charged offense, see [id.] at 396, 879 P.2d at 501 , it conflicts with the rationale of Holbron , which we reaffirm here and, in that aspect, [Kupau] can no longer be regarded as controlling. 6 Haanio, 94 Hawai'i at 415 -Í6, 16 P.3d at 256-57 (original footnote omitted; some brackets in the original). 2003To the extent that [State v.]Kupau [, 76 Hawai'i 387 , 879 P.2d 492 (1994),] held that the failure to give an included offense instruction was plain error even when the defendant was convicted of the charged offense, see [id.] at 396, 879 P.2d at 501 , it conflicts with the rationale of Holbron , which we reaffirm here and, in that aspect, [Kupau] can no longer be regarded as controlling. 6 Haanio, 94 Hawai'i at 415 -Í6, 16 P.3d at 256-57 (original footnote omitted; some brackets in the original).	3	7
State v. Kupaugreen haw · 1994 · cited in 6 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1996–2003 2 sentences 2003To the extent that [State v.]Kupau [, 76 Hawai'i 387 , 879 P.2d 492 (1994),] held that the failure to give an included offense instruction was plain error even when the defendant was convicted of the charged offense, see [id.] at 396, 879 P.2d at 501 , it conflicts with the rationale of Holbron , which we reaffirm here and, in that aspect, [Kupau] can no longer be regarded as controlling. 6 Haanio, 94 Hawai'i at 415 -Í6, 16 P.3d at 256-57 (original footnote omitted; some brackets in the original). 2003Moreover, the Haanio court expressly disapproved of the plain error holding in Kupau, Haanio, 94 Hawai'i at 416 , 16 P.3d at 257 (“To the extent that Kupau held that the failure to give an included offense instruction was plain error even when the defendant was convicted of the charged offense, see [Kupau] 76 Hawai'i at 396 , 879 P.2d at 501 , it conflicts with the rationale of Holbron , which we reaffirm here and, in that aspect, [Kupau] can no longer be regarded as controlling.”), even though the Kupau trial court did not instruct the jury on any included offense.	1	6
State v. Holbrongreen haw · 1995 · cited in 2 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996 2 sentences 1996Cf. State v. Holbron, 80 Hawai'i 27, 45 , 904 P.2d 912, 930 (holding, inter alia, that circuit court erred in giving jury instruction regarding a nonexistent offense that it mistakenly believed was included in charged offense), reconsideration denied, 80 Hawai'i 187 , 907 P.2d 773 (1995). 1996Cf. State v. Holbron, 80 Hawai'i 27, 45 , 904 P.2d 912, 930 (holding, inter alia, that circuit court erred in giving jury instruction regarding a nonexistent offense that it mistakenly believed was included in charged offense), reconsideration denied, 80 Hawai'i 187 , 907 P.2d 773 (1995).	1	2
State v. Reyesgreen hawapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 1 sentence 2022App. at 658 , 706 P.2d at 1330.	1	1
State v. Richiegreen haw · 1998 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009 1 sentence 2009See State v. Kinnane, 79 Hawai`i 46, 50, 897 P.2d 973, 977 (1995) (emphasis in original; footnote omitted) ("Where there is such a rational basis in the evidence, . . . it may be plain error for a trial court to fail to give an included offense instruction."); see also State v. Richie, 88 Hawai`i 19, 33, 960 P.2d 1227, 1241 (1998) (noting that sufficiency of the evidence refers to substantial evidence supporting the jury's verdict).	1	1
S. Utsunomiya Enterprises, Inc. v. Moomuku Country Clubgreen haw · 1994 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 2 sentences 2001To the extent that Kupau held that the failure to give an included offense instruction was plain error even when the defendant was convicted of the charged offense, see 76 Hawai'i at 396, 879 P.2d at 501, it conflicts with the rationale of Holbron , which we reaffirm here and, in that aspect, can no longer be regarded as controlling. 2001Kupau did not explicate "the nature of the evidence presented during trial," but, in a footnote, the trial courts were instructed that they were "justified" in giving an included offense instruction if "the weight of the evidence" supported it, notwithstanding that there was also sufficient evidence to support a verdict of guilt as to the charged offense. 76 Hawaii at 396 & n.14, 879 P.2d at 501 & n.14.	1	1
State v. Ibuosgreen haw · 1993 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000Right to trial by jury (State v. Young, 73 Haw. 217, 220-21 , 830 P.2d 512, 514 (1992); and State v. Ibuos, 75 Haw. 118, 121 , 857 P.2d 576, 578 (1993)). 4. 2000Right to trial by jury (State v. Young, 73 Haw. 217, 220-21 , 830 P.2d 512, 514 (1992); and State v. Ibuos, 75 Haw. 118, 121 , 857 P.2d 576, 578 (1993)). 4.	1	1
State v. Younggreen haw · 1992 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000Right to trial by jury (State v. Young, 73 Haw. 217, 220-21 , 830 P.2d 512, 514 (1992); and State v. Ibuos, 75 Haw. 118, 121 , 857 P.2d 576, 578 (1993)). 4. 2000Right to trial by jury (State v. Young, 73 Haw. 217, 220-21 , 830 P.2d 512, 514 (1992); and State v. Ibuos, 75 Haw. 118, 121 , 857 P.2d 576, 578 (1993)). 4.	1	1
State v. Kupaugreen hawapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000RELEVANT PRECEDENT In State v. Ferreira, 8 Haw.App. 1, 4-5 , 791 P.2d 407, 409 (1990), this court concluded that “[i]n cases involving one or more included offenses, [the] statutes mandate the giving of included offense instructions over both the prosecution’s and defendant’s objection.” In State v. Kupau, 10 Haw.App. 503 , 879 P.2d 559 , aff'd, 76 Hawai'i 387 , 879 P.2d 492 (1994), the State did not request, Kupau did not object to, and the court did not give an included offense instruction. 2000RELEVANT PRECEDENT In State v. Ferreira, 8 Haw.App. 1, 4-5 , 791 P.2d 407, 409 (1990), this court concluded that “[i]n cases involving one or more included offenses, [the] statutes mandate the giving of included offense instructions over both the prosecution’s and defendant’s objection.” In State v. Kupau, 10 Haw.App. 503 , 879 P.2d 559 , aff'd, 76 Hawai'i 387 , 879 P.2d 492 (1994), the State did not request, Kupau did not object to, and the court did not give an included offense instruction.	1	1
State v. Loagreen haw · 1996 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000Indeed, the giving of such an erroneous instruction constitutes plain error as a matter of law when "there is a reasonable possibility that [the instruction] might have contributed to conviction,” because the error "seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of [the] judicial proceedings." State v. Loa, 83 Hawai'i 335, 358 , 926 P.2d 1258, 1281 (1996) (citations omitted). 4 . 2000Indeed, the giving of such an erroneous instruction constitutes plain error as a matter of law when "there is a reasonable possibility that [the instruction] might have contributed to conviction,” because the error "seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of [the] judicial proceedings." State v. Loa, 83 Hawai'i 335, 358 , 926 P.2d 1258, 1281 (1996) (citations omitted). 4 .	1	1
State v. Ferreiragreen hawapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000RELEVANT PRECEDENT In State v. Ferreira, 8 Haw.App. 1, 4-5 , 791 P.2d 407, 409 (1990), this court concluded that “[i]n cases involving one or more included offenses, [the] statutes mandate the giving of included offense instructions over both the prosecution’s and defendant’s objection.” In State v. Kupau, 10 Haw.App. 503 , 879 P.2d 559 , aff'd, 76 Hawai'i 387 , 879 P.2d 492 (1994), the State did not request, Kupau did not object to, and the court did not give an included offense instruction. 2000RELEVANT PRECEDENT In State v. Ferreira, 8 Haw.App. 1, 4-5 , 791 P.2d 407, 409 (1990), this court concluded that “[i]n cases involving one or more included offenses, [the] statutes mandate the giving of included offense instructions over both the prosecution’s and defendant’s objection.” In State v. Kupau, 10 Haw.App. 503 , 879 P.2d 559 , aff'd, 76 Hawai'i 387 , 879 P.2d 492 (1994), the State did not request, Kupau did not object to, and the court did not give an included offense instruction.	1	1
State v. Timoteogreen haw · 1997 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000See State v. Timoteo, 87 Hawai'i 108, 117 , 952 P.2d 865, 874 (1997) (stating that “under HRS § 701-109(5) (1985), a trial court is not obligated to charge the jury with respect to an included offense unless there is a rational basis in the evidence for a verdict acquitting the defendant of the offense charged and convicting him of the included offense”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Kinnane, 79 Hawai'i at 50 , 897 P.2d at 977 (stating that “[w]here there is such a rational basis in the evidence ... [the supreme court has] held that it may be plain error for a trial 2000See State v. Timoteo, 87 Hawai'i 108, 117 , 952 P.2d 865, 874 (1997) (stating that “under HRS § 701-109(5) (1985), a trial court is not obligated to charge the jury with respect to an included offense unless there is a rational basis in the evidence for a verdict acquitting the defendant of the offense charged and convicting him of the included offense”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Kinnane, 79 Hawai'i at 50 , 897 P.2d at 977 (stating that “[w]here there is such a rational basis in the evidence ... [the supreme court has] held that it may be plain error for a trial	1	1
United States v. Louis A. Arkygreen ca5 · 1991 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1
Sanders v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1
Davis v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1
State v. Foxgreen haw · 1988 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996	1	1
State v. Pukahigreen haw · 1989 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995	1	1
State v. Collinsgreen kan · 1995 · cited in 1 Hawaii opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Hawaii. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (31)

Case	Cited	Years
North Carolina v. Pearce red scotus · 1969 2 sentences 2008Plainly, exposing Jess to an extended sentence despite the supposed deficiency of the complaint against him cannot be deemed harmless error. [27] The prosecution's second argument asserts that "requiring the charging instrument to include the allegation . . . that an imposition of an extended term is necessary for the protection of the public `would contaminate the [grand] jury's required focus on the factual circumstances surrounding the offense and potentially require the introduction of inadmissible bad act [sic] or overly prejudicial evidence to require the [grand jury] to make such [a pro 2008Plainly, exposing Jess to an extended sentence despite the supposed deficiency of the complaint against him cannot be deemed harmless error. [27] The prosecution's second argument asserts that "requiring the charging instrument to include the allegation . . . that an imposition of an extended term is necessary for the protection of the public `would contaminate the [grand] jury's required focus on the factual circumstances surrounding the offense and potentially require the introduction of inadmissible bad act [sic] or overly prejudicial evidence to require the [grand jury] to make such [a pro	1	2008–2008
United States v. DiFrancesco green scotus · 1980 2 sentences 2008Plainly, exposing Jess to an extended sentence despite the supposed deficiency of the complaint against him cannot be deemed harmless error. [27] The prosecution's second argument asserts that "requiring the charging instrument to include the allegation . . . that an imposition of an extended term is necessary for the protection of the public `would contaminate the [grand] jury's required focus on the factual circumstances surrounding the offense and potentially require the introduction of inadmissible bad act [sic] or overly prejudicial evidence to require the [grand jury] to make such [a pro 2008Plainly, exposing Jess to an extended sentence despite the supposed deficiency of the complaint against him cannot be deemed harmless error. [27] The prosecution's second argument asserts that "requiring the charging instrument to include the allegation . . . that an imposition of an extended term is necessary for the protection of the public `would contaminate the [grand] jury's required focus on the factual circumstances surrounding the offense and potentially require the introduction of inadmissible bad act [sic] or overly prejudicial evidence to require the [grand jury] to make such [a pro	1	2008–2008
State v. Lambrechts green ri · 1991	1	1997–1997
State v. Johnson green minnctapp · 1988	1	1997–1997
State v. Atlas neutral mont · 1926 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
People v. Speller neutral illappct · 1977	1	1997–1997
United States v. Stephen Jerome Williams green ca4 · 1982	1	1997–1997
The Republic of the Philippines v. Ferdinand E. Marcos green ca9 · 1987	1	1997–1997
United States v. Jack B. Karlin green ca3 · 1986 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
Longhibler v. State green mo · 1992 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
State v. . Holder neutral nc · 1903 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
State v. Holder neutral nc · 1903	1	1997–1997
State v. Yount green texcrimapp · 1993	1	1997–1997
State v. Wiemer green nebctapp · 1995	1	1997–1997
Commonwealth v. Darush green pa · 1983 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
Reggie v. Zimmerman green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
Johnson v. United States green scotus · 1983	1	1997–1997
Owens v. Marks green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
Pitts v. Commissioner of Patents & Trademarks green scotus · 1987 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
Stelly v. Commissioner green scotus · 1987 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
People v. Kurzawa green michctapp · 1993 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
Spaziano v. Florida red scotus · 1984	1	1997–1997
State v. Brown green ohioctapp · 1988 2 sentences 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 , 1997See. e.g., United States v. Arky, 938 F.2d 579 (5th Cir.1991) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 908 , 112 S.Ct. 1268 , 117 L.Ed.2d 496 (1992); United States v. DeTar, 832 F.2d 1110 (9th Cir.1987) (requesting an included offense instruction); United States v. Karlin, 785 F.2d 90 (3d Cir.1986) (failing to raise), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 907 , 107 S.Ct. 1351 , 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987); United States v. Williams, 684 F.2d 296 (4th Cir.1982) (requesting an included offense instruction), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110 , 103 S.Ct. 739 , 74 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983); People v. Speller, 46 Ill.App.3d 208 ,	1	1997–1997
Enos v. Pacific Transfer & Warehouse, Inc. green haw · 1995	1	1996–1996
State v. Doi neutral hawapp · 1985	1	1995–1995
Gonzales v. State green texcrimapp · 1976	1	1995–1995
State v. Woicek green haw · 1981	1	1995–1995
State v. Freeman green haw · 1989	1	1995–1995
State v. Kupau green haw · 1980	1	1995–1995
State v. Rullman green hawapp · 1995	1	1995–1995
State v. Burdett green haw · 1988	1	1995–1995

Statutes the citing opinions construe

HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 701-109 (14) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 702-205 (7) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 702-206 (6) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 701-115 (5) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 702-204 (5) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 707-700 (5) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 707-702 (5) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 701-114 (4) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 702-207 (4) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 706-656 (4) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 707-710 (4) HI § Haw. Rev. Stat. § 707-720 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 37 (1981–2020) IN 35 (1974–2024) HI 23 (1995–2022) IA 8 (1923–2020) MT 6 (1998–2019) ID 4 (1968–2019) GU 3 (2022–2024) CA 2 (2018–2018) UT 2 (1983–1983) DC 2 (1981–1987) TX 2 (2005–2005) WA 2 (1990–2017) CT 2 (1985–1985)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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