three pronged test (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
← Pennsylvania issues

three pronged test in Pennsylvania

19 Pennsylvania opinions name it 4 courts 1976–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

CaseFollowedCited
Commonwealth v. Piercegreen
pa · 1987 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2018
2 sentences

2018Defendant must prove: (1) that the underlying legal claim has arguable merit, (2) counsel had no reasonable basis for his or her action, and (3) that there is a "reasonable probability that but for the act or omission in question, the outcome of the proceeding would have been t':., different." Commonwealth v. Rega, 933 A.2d 997 (Pa. 2007); Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A.2d 501, 540-41 (Pa. 2005); Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 974 (Pa. 1987).

2015Villanueva recognizes that in order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel he must satisfy a three- pronged test.1 Id. at 13 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984) and Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa. 1987)).

12
Madrid v. ALPINE MOUNTAIN CORP.green
pasuperct · 2011 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016Madrid, 24 A.3d at 381 ; Pa.R.C.P. 3051.

2015Madrid v. Alpine Mountain Corp., 24 A.3d 380, 381 (Pa. Super.2011) (citation omitted); Pa.R.C.P. 3051.

12
Commonwealth v. Hawkinsgreen
pa · 2006 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Id. at 721, 729 ; see also Sileo, 32 A.3d at 758 (stating “all three aspects of the ineffectiveness test [must] be satisfied before a new trial can be awarded on the ground that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request an alibi instruction”).

11
Commonwealth v. Sileogreen
pasuperct · 2011 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Id. at 721, 729 ; see also Sileo, 32 A.3d at 758 (stating “all three aspects of the ineffectiveness test [must] be satisfied before a new trial can be awarded on the ground that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request an alibi instruction”).

11
Commonwealth v. Chmielgreen
pa · 2005 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Defendant must prove: (1) that the underlying legal claim has arguable merit, (2) counsel had no reasonable basis for his or her action, and (3) that there is a "reasonable probability that but for the act or omission in question, the outcome of the proceeding would have been t':., different." Commonwealth v. Rega, 933 A.2d 997 (Pa. 2007); Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A.2d 501, 540-41 (Pa. 2005); Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 974 (Pa. 1987).

11
Commonwealth v. Lassitergreen
pa · 1998 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017The court cited Commonwealth v. Lassiter, 722 A.2d 657, 660 (Pa. 1998) (Opinion Announcing Judgment of the Court), and the established three- pronged test for ineffectiveness of counsel, i.e., that the underlying claim is of arguable merit; that counsel had no reasonable basis for the action or inaction; and that the defendant has been prejudiced by the ineffectiveness of counsel.

11
Gregg v. VJ Auto Parts, Inc.green
pa · 2007 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Gregg, 943 A.2d at 226-27 (“We agree with the Tragarz court's approach and adopt it here.”).

11
Commonwealth v. Larkgreen
pa · 1988 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has created a three pronged test for determining if joinder of offenses is proper, which is as follows: “whether the evidence of each of the offenses would be admissible in a separate trial for the other, whether such evidence is capable of separation by the jury so as to avoid danger of confusion; and, if the answers to these inquiries are in the affirmative, whether the defendant will be unduly prejudiced by the consolidation of offenses.” Lark, 518 Pa. at 302 , 543 A.2d at 497 (1988).

2014The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has created a three pronged test for determining if joinder of offenses is proper, which is as follows: “whether the evidence of each of the offenses would be admissible in a separate trial for the other, whether such evidence is capable of separation by the jury so as to avoid danger of confusion; and, if the answers to these inquiries are in the affirmative, whether the defendant will be unduly prejudiced by the consolidation of offenses.” Lark, 518 Pa. at 302 , 543 A.2d at 497 (1988).

11
Phillippi v. Knottergreen
pasuperct · 2000 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See id. at 760 .

11
Commonwealth v. Durstgreen
pa · 1989 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991Before trial counsel may be deemed ineffective, appellant must meet the three pronged test, as set forth in our Supreme Court's decision of Commonwealth v. Durst, 522 Pa. 2, 4-5 , 559 A.2d 504, 505 (1989): The threshold inquiry in such claims is whether the issue/argument/tactic which counsel has foregone and which forms the basis for the assertion of ineffectiveness is of arguable merit; for counsel cannot be considered ineffective for failing to assert a meritless claim.

1991Before trial counsel may be deemed ineffective, appellant must meet the three pronged test, as set forth in our Supreme Court's decision of Commonwealth v. Durst, 522 Pa. 2, 4-5 , 559 A.2d 504, 505 (1989): The threshold inquiry in such claims is whether the issue/argument/tactic which counsel has foregone and which forms the basis for the assertion of ineffectiveness is of arguable merit; for counsel cannot be considered ineffective for failing to assert a meritless claim.

11
Bork v. Millsgreen
pa · 1974 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983Bork v. Mills, 458 Pa. 228, 232 , 329 A.2d 247, 249 (1974); see also, Kenny v. Alexson Equipment *383 Co., supra. The record discloses that except for the single entry into Pennsylvania, Trimble Canada has had absolutely no contacts, ties or relations within this Commonwealth.

1983Bork v. Mills, 458 Pa. 228, 232 , 329 A.2d 247, 249 (1974); see also, Kenny v. Alexson Equipment *383 Co., supra. The record discloses that except for the single entry into Pennsylvania, Trimble Canada has had absolutely no contacts, ties or relations within this Commonwealth.

11
Commonwealth v. Williamsgreen
pa · 1974 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11
Commonwealth v. Smithgreen
pa · 1983 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11
Commonwealth v. Millergreen
pasuperct · 1981 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11
Commonwealth v. Smithgreen
pa · 1980 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11
Commonwealth v. Haddengreen
pasuperct · 1979 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11
In-Flight Devices Corporation v. Van Dusen Air, Incorporated, Etc.green
ca6 · 1972 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (15)

CaseCitedYears
International Shoe Co. v. Washington green
scotus · 1945
2 sentences

1986See: Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, supra, 471 U.S. at —, 105 S.Ct. at 2185 , 85 L.Ed.2d at 545 ; International Shoe Co. v. Washington, supra, 326 U.S. at 319 , 66 S.Ct. at 159 , 90 L.Ed. at 103 . 2 .

1986See: Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, supra, 471 U.S. at —, 105 S.Ct. at 2185 , 85 L.Ed.2d at 545 ; International Shoe Co. v. Washington, supra, 326 U.S. at 319 , 66 S.Ct. at 159 , 90 L.Ed. at 103 . 2 .

21986–1986
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1986See: Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, supra, 471 U.S. at —, 105 S.Ct. at 2185 , 85 L.Ed.2d at 545 ; International Shoe Co. v. Washington, supra, 326 U.S. at 319 , 66 S.Ct. at 159 , 90 L.Ed. at 103 . 2 .

1986See: Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, supra, 471 U.S. at —, 105 S.Ct. at 2185 , 85 L.Ed.2d at 545 ; International Shoe Co. v. Washington, supra, 326 U.S. at 319 , 66 S.Ct. at 159 , 90 L.Ed. at 103 . 2 .

21986–1986
Bartolomeo v. Marshall green
pasuperct · 2013
1 sentence

2022Bartolomeo, 69 A.3d at 613 (citing, inter alia, Pa.R.Civ.P. 3051).

12022–2022
Rae v. PA FUNERAL DIRECTORS ASS'N green
pa · 2009
1 sentence

2019Ass’n, 977 A.2d 1121 , 1125-26 (Pa. 2009).

12019–2019
Commonwealth v. Rega green
pa · 2007
1 sentence

2018Defendant must prove: (1) that the underlying legal claim has arguable merit, (2) counsel had no reasonable basis for his or her action, and (3) that there is a "reasonable probability that but for the act or omission in question, the outcome of the proceeding would have been t':., different." Commonwealth v. Rega, 933 A.2d 997 (Pa. 2007); Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A.2d 501, 540-41 (Pa. 2005); Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 974 (Pa. 1987).

12018–2018
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
1 sentence

2015Villanueva recognizes that in order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel he must satisfy a three- pronged test.1 Id. at 13 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984) and Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa. 1987)).

12015–2015
Commonwealth v. Walls green
pasuperct · 2010
1 sentence

2015Villanueva recognizes that in order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel he must satisfy a three- pronged test.1 Id. at 13 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984) and Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa. 1987)).

12015–2015
Commonwealth v. Pursell green
pa · 1985
2 sentences

1991Commonwealth v. Pursell, 508 Pa. 212 , 495 A.2d 183 (1985).

1991Commonwealth v. Pursell, 508 Pa. 212 , 495 A.2d 183 (1985).

11991–1991
Allstate Ins. Co. v. STINGER (Et Al.) green
pa · 1960
1 sentence

1989Allstate Insurance Co. v. Stinger, 400 Pa. 533 , 163 A.2d 74 (1960).

11989–1989
Commonwealth v. Abbott green
pa · 1983
2 sentences

1984Id., 319 Pa.Superior Ct. at 489, 466 A.2d at 649 .

1984Id., 319 Pa.Superior Ct. at 489, 466 A.2d at 649 .

11984–1984
Commonwealth v. Cliff green
pa · 1979
2 sentences

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11983–1983
Haughey v. New York State Board of Law Examiners green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11983–1983
Davis v. Brown green
scotus · 1979
1 sentence

1983“The delay must be unnecessary; evidence that is prejudicial must be obtained; and the incriminating evidence must be reasonably related to the delay.” Commonwealth v. Leroy Smith, 487 Pa. 626, 630 , 410 A.2d 787, 789-790 (1980), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 455 Pa. 569, 572 , 319 A.2d 419, 420 (1974); Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 587 , 397 A.2d 1173, 1179 , cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964 , 99 S.Ct. 2412 , 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Keith Smith, 317 Pa.Super. 118, 125 , 463 A.2d 1113, 1116 (1983); Commonwealth v. Miller, 293 Pa.Super. 281, 286 , 438 A.2d 995, 997 (1981

11983–1983
Parise v. AAA Warehouse Corporation green
pawd · 1974
11976–1976
Jack Paul Kourkene v. American Bbr, Inc., a Corporation green
ca9 · 1963
1 sentence

1976Co. v. Mohasco Indus., Inc., supra; see also Inflight Devices Corp. v. Van Dusen Air, Inc., 466 F.2d 220 (6th Cir. 1972); Kourkene v. American BBR, Inc., 313 F.2d 769 (9th Cir. 1963).” See also, Parise v. AAA Warehouse Corporation, supra; Benn v. Linden Crane Co., supra; Action Industries, Inc. v. Wiedeman, supra. We find that the three pronged test articulated in Proctor & Schwartz, supra, is met in the instant case.

11976–1976

Where else courts name it

PA 19 (1976–2025) WV 14 (1998–2025) FL 9 (1981–2019) OH 8 (1999–2022) MI 8 (2014–2023) TX 6 (1994–2015) CT 6 (1990–2021) CO 5 (1974–1993) NC 5 (2003–2022) CA 5 (1986–2024) NJ 5 (1976–1992) MS 4 (1997–2002) LA 4 (1986–2007) WA 4 (2017–2020) TN 4 (1981–2020) NY 2 (1979–2016) KS 2 (2008–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check