absolute statutory privilege (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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absolute statutory privilege in Pennsylvania

14 Pennsylvania opinions name it 5 courts 1919–2022 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
Commonwealth v. Eckgreen
pasuperct · 1992 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1995–2022
2 sentences

2022“Information which is protected by an absolute statutory privilege is not subject to disclosure.” Commonwealth v, Eck, 605 A.2d 1248, 1252 (Pa. Super. 1992).

1995“Information which is protected by an absolute statutory privilege is not subject to disclosure and denial of access to a criminal defendant is required.” Commonwealth v. Eck, 413 Pa.Super. 538, 544 , 605 A.2d 1248, 1252 (1992).

45
Commonwealth v. Kylegreen
pa · 1987 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1992–1999
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

24
Commonwealth v. Wilsongreen
pa · 1992 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1994–1995
2 sentences

1994Our Supreme Court addressed a very similar claim in Commonwealth v. Wilson, 529 Pa. 268 , 602 A.2d 1290 (1992), where defendant claimed that his confrontation rights should entitle him to subpoena his victim’s rape trauma counselor, despite the latter’s absolute statutory privilege of confidentiality.

1994Our Supreme Court addressed a very similar claim in Commonwealth v. Wilson, 529 Pa. 268 , 602 A.2d 1290 (1992), where defendant claimed that his confrontation rights should entitle him to subpoena his victim’s rape trauma counselor, despite the latter’s absolute statutory privilege of confidentiality.

12
Commonwealth v. Mooregreen
pa · 1991 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Moore, 526 Pa. at 158-59 , 584 A.2d at 939-40 (concluding that disclosure to Commonwealth of victim’s record of sexually transmitted disease did not advance the purpose of Disease Prevention and Control Law of 1955, 35 P.S. § 521.15, because victim’s diseased condition was already known); V.B.T. v. Family Servs. of W.

2000See Moore, 526 Pa. at 158-59 , 584 A.2d at 939-40 (concluding that disclosure to Commonwealth of victim’s record of sexually transmitted disease did not advance the purpose of Disease Prevention and Control Law of 1955, 35 P.S. § 521.15, because victim’s diseased condition was already known); V.B.T. v. Family Servs. of W.

11
Commonwealth v. Stewartgreen
pa · 1997 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Nevertheless, “evidentiary privileges are not favored. ‘[Exceptions to the demand for every man’s evidence are not lightly created nor expansively construed, for they are in derogation of the search for truth.’ ” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 547 Pa. 277, 282 , 690 A.2d 195, 197 (1997), quoting Hutchison v. Luddy, 414 Pa.Super. 138 , 606 A.2d 905, 908 (1992) (other citations omitted). ¶ 16 As the Attorney General concedes, “In the instant case, unlike Ritchie and Kyle , no statutory privilege applies.” (Appellant’s brief at 19.) Additionally, no Rule of Criminal Procedure applies as was the case in

1999Nevertheless, “evidentiary privileges are not favored. ‘[Exceptions to the demand for every man’s evidence are not lightly created nor expansively construed, for they are in derogation of the search for truth.’ ” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 547 Pa. 277, 282 , 690 A.2d 195, 197 (1997), quoting Hutchison v. Luddy, 414 Pa.Super. 138 , 606 A.2d 905, 908 (1992) (other citations omitted). ¶ 16 As the Attorney General concedes, “In the instant case, unlike Ritchie and Kyle , no statutory privilege applies.” (Appellant’s brief at 19.) Additionally, no Rule of Criminal Procedure applies as was the case in

11
Commonwealth v. Askewgreen
pasuperct · 1995 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

11
Hutchison v. Luddygreen
pasuperct · 1992 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Nevertheless, “evidentiary privileges are not favored. ‘[Exceptions to the demand for every man’s evidence are not lightly created nor expansively construed, for they are in derogation of the search for truth.’ ” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 547 Pa. 277, 282 , 690 A.2d 195, 197 (1997), quoting Hutchison v. Luddy, 414 Pa.Super. 138 , 606 A.2d 905, 908 (1992) (other citations omitted). ¶ 16 As the Attorney General concedes, “In the instant case, unlike Ritchie and Kyle , no statutory privilege applies.” (Appellant’s brief at 19.) Additionally, no Rule of Criminal Procedure applies as was the case in

1999Nevertheless, “evidentiary privileges are not favored. ‘[Exceptions to the demand for every man’s evidence are not lightly created nor expansively construed, for they are in derogation of the search for truth.’ ” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 547 Pa. 277, 282 , 690 A.2d 195, 197 (1997), quoting Hutchison v. Luddy, 414 Pa.Super. 138 , 606 A.2d 905, 908 (1992) (other citations omitted). ¶ 16 As the Attorney General concedes, “In the instant case, unlike Ritchie and Kyle , no statutory privilege applies.” (Appellant’s brief at 19.) Additionally, no Rule of Criminal Procedure applies as was the case in

11
Commonwealth v. Gibbsgreen
pasuperct · 1994 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

11
Commonwealth v. Smithgreen
pasuperct · 1992 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995See e.g., Commonwealth v. Eck, 413 Pa. Super. 538, 544 , 605 A.2d 1248, 1252 (1992) (“Information which is protected by an absolute statutory privilege is not subject to disclosure and denial of access ... is required.”); Commonwealth v. Smith, 414 Pa. Super. 208, 213 , 606 A.2d 939, 941-42 (1992) (defendant’s constitutional rights to confrontation and compulsory process were not violated by the court’s denial of access to witness’ psychiatric records subject to absolute privilege under statute).

1995See e.g., Commonwealth v. Eck, 413 Pa. Super. 538, 544 , 605 A.2d 1248, 1252 (1992) (“Information which is protected by an absolute statutory privilege is not subject to disclosure and denial of access ... is required.”); Commonwealth v. Smith, 414 Pa. Super. 208, 213 , 606 A.2d 939, 941-42 (1992) (defendant’s constitutional rights to confrontation and compulsory process were not violated by the court’s denial of access to witness’ psychiatric records subject to absolute privilege under statute).

11
Commonwealth v. Patoskygreen
pasuperct · 1995 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995See Commonwealth v. Patosky, 440 Pa. Super. 535, 541 , 656 A.2d 499, 502 (1995); Commonwealth v. Wilson/Aultman, 529 Pa. 268, 278 , 602 A.2d 1290, 1296 (1992); Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa. Super. 484, 505 , 533 A.2d 120, 131 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988).

1995See Commonwealth v. Patosky, 440 Pa. Super. 535, 541 , 656 A.2d 499, 502 (1995); Commonwealth v. Wilson/Aultman, 529 Pa. 268, 278 , 602 A.2d 1290, 1296 (1992); Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa. Super. 484, 505 , 533 A.2d 120, 131 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (10)

CaseCitedYears
Jones v. American Caramel Co. green
pa · 1909
2 sentences

1926“There can be no legal excuse for failure to obey an absolute statutory requirement: Jones v. American Caramel Co., 225 Pa. 644 ; Jaras v. Wright, 263 Pa. 486, 490 .

1923There can be no legal excuse for failure to obey an absolute statutory requirement: Jones v. American Caramel Co., 225 Pa. 644 ; Jaras v. Wright, 263 Pa. 486, 490 .

31919–1926
Jaras v. Wright neutral
pa · 1919
2 sentences

1926“There can be no legal excuse for failure to obey an absolute statutory requirement: Jones v. American Caramel Co., 225 Pa. 644 ; Jaras v. Wright, 263 Pa. 486, 490 .

1923There can be no legal excuse for failure to obey an absolute statutory requirement: Jones v. American Caramel Co., 225 Pa. 644 ; Jaras v. Wright, 263 Pa. 486, 490 .

31922–1926
Commonwealth v. Kennedy green
pasuperct · 1992
2 sentences

1995Kennedy, supra at 110-15 , 604 A.2d at 1044-46 .

1992This non-disclosure rule applies to “information acquired [by a psychiatrist or licensed psychologist] in the course of his professional services in behalf of [a] client____” 42 Pa.C.S. § 5944; Commonwealth v. Ken *545 nedy, 413 Pa.Super. 95 , 604 A.2d 1036 (1992) (en banc); Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), allocatur denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988).

21992–1995
Commonwealth v. French green
pa · 1992
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

11999–1999
Commonwealth v. Gartner green
pa · 1977
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

11999–1999
Commonwealth v. Carter green
pa · 1967
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

11999–1999
Commonwealth v. French green
pa · 1990
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

11999–1999
Commonwealth v. Ross green
pasuperct · 1993
2 sentences

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

1999(Id. at 19.) In support of this argument, the Attorney General cites Ritchie, supra; Commonwealth v. Gartner, 475 Pa. 512 , 381 A.2d 114 (1977); Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53 , 233 A.2d 284 (1967); Commonwealth v. Ross, 424 Pa.Super. 570 , 623 A.2d 827 (1993), appeal denied, 537 Pa. 639 , 644 A.2d 162 (1994); this court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436 , 578 A.2d 1292 (1990), affirmed, 531 Pa. 42 , 611 A.2d 175 (1992); and Commonwealth v. Kyle, 367 Pa.Super. 484 , 533 A.2d 120 (1987), appeal denied, 518 Pa. 617 , 541 A.2d 744 (1988). ¶ 15 “Ordinarily, ‘a criminal def

11999–1999
Walcofski v. Lehigh Valley Coal Co. neutral
pa · 1923
1 sentence

1947The same principle of law was applied by the Supreme Court in the case of Walcofski v. Lehigh Valley Coal Company, 278 Pa. 84 , where Mr. Justice Kephart says (p. 88) : “There can be no legal excuse for failure to obey an absolute statutory requirement. . . .

11947–1947
Commonwealth v. Liberty Products Co. green
pasuperct · 1924
1 sentence

1926There can, of course, be no question as to the legal rule stated by the court in the Walcofski case, to the effect that “there can be no legal excuse for failure to obey an absolute statutory requirement.” There are many cases in which one may be convicted of a crime for the doing of an act prohibited without proof of criminal intent on his part: Com. v. Liberty Products Co., 84 Pa. Superior Ct. 473 .

11926–1926

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5944 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 14 (1919–2022) CA 5 (1986–2023) NY 5 (1903–1995) NC 3 (1882–2002) MD 2 (2018–2018) WI 2 (1998–1998) CT 2 (1948–1993)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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