statute must overcome presumption (Michigan) · Go Syfert
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statute must overcome presumption in Michigan

13 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 2001–2016 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (1)

CaseFollowedCited
Tig Premier Insur Co v. Dept of Treasurygreen
mich · 2001 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2007–2014
2 sentences

2007In TIG Ins Co, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 464 Mich 548, 557-558 ; 629 NW2d 402 (2001), our Supreme Court explained the leniency of the rational basis test: The legislation will pass “constitutional muster if the legislative judgment is supported by any set of facts, either known or which could reasonably be assumed, even if such facts may be debatable.” To prevail under this standard, a party challenging a statute must overcome the presumption that the statute is constitutional.

2007Co., Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury, 464 Mich. 548, 557-558 , 629 N.W.2d 402 (2001), our Supreme Court explained the leniency of the rational basis test: The legislation will pass "constitutional muster if the legislative judgment is supported by any set of facts, either known or which could reasonably be assumed, even if such facts may be debatable." To prevail under this standard, a *352 party challenging a statute must overcome the presumption that the statute is constitutional.

12

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

CaseCitedYears
Thoman v. City of Lansing green
mich · 1946
2 sentences

2016Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946)[, overruled on other grounds by East Grand Rapids Sch Dist v Kent Co Tax Allocation Bd, 415 Mich 381 ; 330 NW2d 7 (1982)].

2016Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946)[, overruled on other grounds by East Grand Rapids Sch Dist v Kent Co Tax Allocation Bd, 415 Mich 381 ; 330 NW2d 7 (1982)].

92001–2016
Cady v. City of Detroit green
mich · 1939
2 sentences

2014To sustain its burden, the party challenging the statute must overcome the presumption that a statute is constitutional, and the statute “will not be declared unconstitutional unless clearly so, or so beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cady v Detroit, 289 Mich 499, 505 ; 286 NW 805 (1939).

2014To sustain its burden, the party challenging the statute must overcome the presumption that a statute is constitutional, and the statute “will not be declared unconstitutional unless clearly so, or so beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cady v Detroit, 289 Mich 499, 505 ; 286 NW 805 (1939).

32014–2014
In Re Request for Advisory Opinion Regarding Constitutionality of 2005 Pa 71 green
mich · 2007
2 sentences

2014Furthermore, a “party challenging the facial constitutionality of a statute faces an extremely rigorous standard, and must show that no set of circumstances exists under which the [a]ct would be valid.” In re Request for Advisory Opinion Regarding Constitutionality of 2005 PA 71 , 479 Mich 1, 11 ; 740 NW2d 444 (2007) (citations and quotation marks omitted). 4 MCL 769.25a(3) contains a similar exception to the prospective application of MCL 769.25 in the event that this Court or the United States Supreme Court holds that Miller applies retroactively to juvenile first-degree-murder offenders con

2014Furthermore, a “party challenging the facial constitutionality of a statute faces an extremely rigorous standard, and must show that no set of circumstances exists under which the [a]ct would be valid.” In re Request for Advisory Opinion Regarding Constitutionality of 2005 PA 71 , 479 Mich 1, 11 ; 740 NW2d 444 (2007) (citations and quotation marks omitted). 4 MCL 769.25a(3) contains a similar exception to the prospective application of MCL 769.25 in the event that this Court or the United States Supreme Court holds that Miller applies retroactively to juvenile first-degree-murder offenders con

32014–2014
East Grand Rapids School District v. Kent County Tax Allocation Board green
mich · 1982
2 sentences

2016Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946)[, overruled on other grounds by East Grand Rapids Sch Dist v Kent Co Tax Allocation Bd, 415 Mich 381 ; 330 NW2d 7 (1982)].

2016Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946)[, overruled on other grounds by East Grand Rapids Sch Dist v Kent Co Tax Allocation Bd, 415 Mich 381 ; 330 NW2d 7 (1982)].

22016–2016
Fenner v. City of Muskegon green
mich · 1951
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Hammond v. Bloomfield Hills Building Inspector green
mich · 1951
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Moreland v. Armstrong green
mich · 1941
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
City of North Muskegon v. Miller green
mich · 1929
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Pringle v. Shevnock neutral
mich · 1944
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Pere Marquette Railway Co. v. Muskegon Township Board green
mich · 1941
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Bevan v. Brandon Township green
mich · 1991
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Spohn v. Employment Security Commission neutral
mich · 1955
1 sentence

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Anchor Steel & Conveyor Co. v. City of Dearborn green
mich · 1955
1 sentence

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Kropf v. City of Sterling Heights green
mich · 1974
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Detroit Edison Co. v. City of Wixom green
mich · 1969
2 sentences

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

2014Thoman v Lansing, 315 Mich 566, 576 ; 24 NW2d 213 (1946). [TIG Ins Co, 464 Mich at 557-558.] 44 City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52, 58 ; 227 NW 743 (1929). 45 Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 ; 215 NW2d 179 (1974). 46 Moreland v Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 35 ; 297 NW 60 (1941). 47 See City of North Muskegon, 249 Mich 52 ; Moreland, 297 Mich 32 ; Pere Marquette R Co v Muskegon Twp Bd, 298 Mich 31; 298 NW 393 ; Pringle v Shevnock, 309 Mich 179 ; 14 NW2d 827 (1944); Hammond v Bloomfield Hills Bldg Inspector, 331 Mich 551 ; 50 NW2d 155 (1951); Fenner v City of Muskegon, 331 Mich 732

12014–2014
Armco Steel Corp. v. Department of Treasury green
mich · 1984
2 sentences

2007Thus, to have the legislation stricken, the challenger would have to show that the legislation is based “solely on reasons totally unrelated to the pursuit of the State’s goals,” or, in other words, the challenger must “negative every conceivable basis which might support” the legislation. [Citations omitted; emphasis added.] Plaintiffs also acknowledge that whether the driver responsibility assessment is a fee or a tax, “ ‘there is no discernable difference between the equal protection and uniformity of taxation clauses,’ ” quoting Armco Steel Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 419 Mich 582, 592 ; 358

2007Thus, to have the legislation stricken, the challenger would have to show that the legislation is based “solely on reasons totally unrelated to the pursuit of the State’s goals,” or, in other words, the challenger must “negative every conceivable basis which might support” the legislation. [Citations omitted; emphasis added.] Plaintiffs also acknowledge that whether the driver responsibility assessment is a fee or a tax, “ ‘there is no discernable difference between the equal protection and uniformity of taxation clauses,’ ” quoting Armco Steel Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 419 Mich 582, 592 ; 358

12007–2007

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 500.3101 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 712A.2 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 712A.4 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.316 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520b (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 764.1f (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 767.39 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.1 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.25 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.25a (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 791.234 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IN 18 (2007–2025) MI 13 (2001–2016) MO 7 (2012–2023) IL 3 (2022–2025) AZ 2 (1973–1977) VA 2 (2005–2005) KY 2 (2025–2025) NY 2 (2003–2015)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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