Caldwell violation in Tennessee

12 Tennessee opinions name it 2 courts 1989–2010 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Tennessee courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Westgreen tenn · 1989 · cited in 5 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1994–2010 2 sentences 1994See, e.g., State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 398-399 (Tenn. 1989) ( Caldwell error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn. 1989); Teague v. State, 772 S.W.2d 915, 926 (Tenn. Crim. 1994See, e.g., State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 398-399 (Tenn.1989) (Caldwell error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn.1989); Teague v. State, 772 S.W.2d 915, 926 (Tenn.Crim.App.1988).	5	5
Dugger v. Adamsgreen scotus · 1989 · cited in 5 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1997–2010 2 sentences 2010Therefore, “ ‘[t]o establish a Caldwell violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by local law.’ ” Id. (quoting Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407 , 109 S.Ct. 1211 , 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989)). 2010Therefore, “ ‘[t]o establish a Caldwell violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by local law.’ ” Id. (quoting Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407 , 109 S.Ct. 1211 , 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989)).	2	5
Larry Eugene Mann v. Richard L. Dugger, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, Respondentgreen ca11 · 1988 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1989–2010 2 sentences 2010West, 767 S.W.2d at 399 (quoting Mann v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1446, 1456 (11th Cir.1988)). 2010West, 767 S.W.2d at 399 (quoting Mann v. Dugger, 844 F.2d 1446, 1456 (11th Cir.1988)).	2	2
State v. Taylorgreen tenn · 1989 · cited in 2 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1993–1994 2 sentences 1994See, e.g., State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 398-399 (Tenn. 1989) ( Caldwell error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn. 1989); Teague v. State, 772 S.W.2d 915, 926 (Tenn. Crim. 1994See, e.g., State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 398-399 (Tenn.1989) (Caldwell error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn.1989); Teague v. State, 772 S.W.2d 915, 926 (Tenn.Crim.App.1988).	2	2
Caldwell v. Mississippigreen scotus · 1985 · cited in 4 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1994–2010 2 sentences 1997The refusal to allow Mr. Nelson to testify under the circumstances in this case constitutes reversible trial error. 42 IMPROPER ARGUMENT Caldwell Violation The defendant claims that the prosecutor's closing argument in the sentencing phase of the trial violated the constitutional principles set forth in Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320 , 105 S. Ct. 2633 (1985). 1997The refusal to allow Mr. Nelson to testify under the circumstances in this case constitutes reversible trial error. 42 IMPROPER ARGUMENT Caldwell Violation The defendant claims that the prosecutor's closing argument in the sentencing phase of the trial violated the constitutional principles set forth in Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320 , 105 S. Ct. 2633 (1985).	1	4
Sawyer v. Smithgreen scotus · 1990 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010Thus, “[t]o establish a Caldwell violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by local law.” Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407 , 109 S. Ct. 1211, 1215 (1989); see also Sawyer v. Smith, 497 U.S. 227, 233 , 110 S. Ct. 2822, 2826-2827 (1990). 2010Thus, “[t]o establish a Caldwell violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by local law.” Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407 , 109 S. Ct. 1211, 1215 (1989); see also Sawyer v. Smith, 497 U.S. 227, 233 , 110 S. Ct. 2822, 2826-2827 (1990).	1	1
Romano v. Oklahomagreen scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	1
State v. Nicholsgreen tenn · 1994 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	1
State v. Bigbeered tenn · 1994 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	1
State v. Duncangreen tenn · 1985 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	1
State v. Strouthgreen tenn · 1981 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	1
Norman v. Taylorgreen scotus · 1995 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	1
Teague v. Stategreen tenncrimapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994See, e.g., State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 398-399 (Tenn. 1989) ( Caldwell error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn. 1989); Teague v. State, 772 S.W.2d 915, 926 (Tenn. Crim. 1994See, e.g., State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 398-399 (Tenn.1989) (Caldwell error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn.1989); Teague v. State, 772 S.W.2d 915, 926 (Tenn.Crim.App.1988).	1	1
Johnson v. Stategreen tenn · 1990 · cited in 1 Tennessee opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993 2 sentences 1993See Johnson v. State, 797 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn.1990); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn.1989). 1993See Johnson v. State, 797 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn. 1990); State v. Taylor, 771 S.W.2d 387, 396 (Tenn. 1989).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Tennessee. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (7)

Case	Cited	Years
White v. United States green scotus · 1990 2 sentences 1997State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 399 (Tenn.1989), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1010 , 110 S.Ct. 3254 , 111 L.Ed.2d 764 (1990). 1997State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 399 (Tenn.1989), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1010 , 110 S.Ct. 3254 , 111 L.Ed.2d 764 (1990).	2	1997–1997
Frank v. United States green scotus · 1990 2 sentences 1997State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 399 (Tenn.1989), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1010 , 110 S.Ct. 3254 , 111 L.Ed.2d 764 (1990). 1997State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 399 (Tenn.1989), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1010 , 110 S.Ct. 3254 , 111 L.Ed.2d 764 (1990).	2	1997–1997
Soule v. Raines green scotus · 1982 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	2010–2010
Strouth v. Tennessee green scotus · 1982 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	2010–2010
Jones v. United States green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8 2010The statement clearly does not violate Caldwell. 80 See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 805 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67-68 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 , 106 S.Ct. 1240 , 89 L.Ed.2d 348 (1986); State v. Strouth, 620 S.W.2d 467, 471 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 983 , 102 S.Ct. 1491 , 71 L.Ed.2d 692 (1982); see also State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 909 , 130 L.Ed.2d 791 (1995)(supreme court addressed merits of this very issue even though appellant failed to contemporaneously object to the statements). 8	1	2010–2010
Darden v. Wainwright green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 2010Therefore, “ ‘[t]o establish a Caldwell violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by local law.’ ” Id. (quoting Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407 , 109 S.Ct. 1211 , 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989)). 2010Therefore, “ ‘[t]o establish a Caldwell violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by local law.’ ” Id. (quoting Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407 , 109 S.Ct. 1211 , 103 L.Ed.2d 435 (1989)).	1	2010–2010
Lonnie Joe Dutton v. John N. Brown and the Attorney General of the State of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Criminal Defense Lawyers Association, Amicus Curiae green ca10 · 1987 2 sentences 1990They expressed their agreement with the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals decision in Dutton v. Brown, 812 F.2d 593 , which involved federal habeas corpus jurisdiction. 1990They expressed their agreement with the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals decision in Dutton v. Brown, 812 F.2d 593 , which involved federal habeas corpus jurisdiction.	1	1990–1990

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204 (10) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-206 (9) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202 (4) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-301 (3) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-205 (3) TN § Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-14-207 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

FL 32 (1987–2025) CA 25 (1989–2020) OH 14 (1989–2025) IL 13 (1992–2024) TN 12 (1989–2010) PA 9 (1986–2025) IN 9 (1990–2019) MS 8 (2001–2010) MO 6 (1991–2015) TX 6 (2008–2024) GA 6 (1997–2023) NC 3 (1994–1995) KY 3 (1978–2010) MN 3 (2005–2016) AR 3 (2006–2019) KS 3 (2001–2017) ID 2 (2013–2013) AZ 2 (2008–2012) DE 2 (2001–2005) OK 2 (1994–1997) NJ 2 (2002–2004) AL 2 (1987–2015) VA 2 (1986–1991)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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