11 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1912–1998 0 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
People v. Loyergreen2 sentences1998See also People v Loyer, 169 Mich App 105, 126 ; 425 NW2d 714 (1988) (T. 1998See also People v Loyer, 169 Mich App 105, 126 ; 425 NW2d 714 (1988) (T. | 2 | 2 |
Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bankgreen2 sentences1966Co. v. Ellis, 165 US 150, 155 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666), classification ‘must always rest upon some difference which bears a rea *646 sonable and just relation to tbe act in respect to which the classification is proposed, and can never be made arbitrarily and without any such basis.’ As was said in Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 US 283, 293 ( 18 S Ct 594 , 42 L ed 1037): ‘The rule * * * [i.e., of the equality clause] is not a substitute for municipal law; it only prescribes that that law have the attribute of equality of operation, and equality of operation does not mean indi 1966Co. v. Ellis, 165 US 150, 155 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666), classification ‘must always rest upon some difference which bears a rea *646 sonable and just relation to tbe act in respect to which the classification is proposed, and can never be made arbitrarily and without any such basis.’ As was said in Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 US 283, 293 ( 18 S Ct 594 , 42 L ed 1037): ‘The rule * * * [i.e., of the equality clause] is not a substitute for municipal law; it only prescribes that that law have the attribute of equality of operation, and equality of operation does not mean indi | 2 | 2 |
Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé Railway Co. v. Ellisgreen2 sentences1966Co. v. Ellis, 165 US 150, 155 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666), classification ‘must always rest upon some difference which bears a rea *646 sonable and just relation to tbe act in respect to which the classification is proposed, and can never be made arbitrarily and without any such basis.’ As was said in Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 US 283, 293 ( 18 S Ct 594 , 42 L ed 1037): ‘The rule * * * [i.e., of the equality clause] is not a substitute for municipal law; it only prescribes that that law have the attribute of equality of operation, and equality of operation does not mean indi 1966Co. v. Ellis, 165 US 150, 155 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666), classification ‘must always rest upon some difference which bears a rea *646 sonable and just relation to tbe act in respect to which the classification is proposed, and can never be made arbitrarily and without any such basis.’ As was said in Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 US 283, 293 ( 18 S Ct 594 , 42 L ed 1037): ‘The rule * * * [i.e., of the equality clause] is not a substitute for municipal law; it only prescribes that that law have the attribute of equality of operation, and equality of operation does not mean indi | 2 | 2 |
Southern Railway Co. v. Greenegreen2 sentences1966Co. v. Greene (1910), 216 US 400 ( 30 S Ct 287 , 54 L ed 536), the United States Supreme Court stated the requirements of the equality clause this way, at p 412: “The equal protection of the laws means subjection to equal laws, applying alike to all in the same *645 situation. 1966Co. v. Greene (1910), 216 US 400 ( 30 S Ct 287 , 54 L ed 536), the United States Supreme Court stated the requirements of the equality clause this way, at p 412: “The equal protection of the laws means subjection to equal laws, applying alike to all in the same *645 situation. | 1 | 2 |
Metropolitan Casualty Ins. Co. v. Brownellgreen2 sentences1966Co. v. Ellis (1897), 165 US 150 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666); Metropolitan Casualty Insurance Co. v. Brownell (1935), 294 US 580 ( 55 S Ct 538 , 79 L ed 1070); Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co. v. Harrison (1937), 301 US 459 ( 57 S Ct 838 , 81 L ed 1223); Skinner v. Oklahoma, ex rel. 1966Co. v. Ellis (1897), 165 US 150 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666); Metropolitan Casualty Insurance Co. v. Brownell (1935), 294 US 580 ( 55 S Ct 538 , 79 L ed 1070); Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co. v. Harrison (1937), 301 US 459 ( 57 S Ct 838 , 81 L ed 1223); Skinner v. Oklahoma, ex rel. | 1 | 2 |
Baker v. Carrgreen2 sentences1966Of course the language of the amendment is not so explicit, but the Supreme Court reached its conclusion by applying the “well developed and familiar” (Baker v. Carr [1962], 369 US 186, 226 [ 82 S Ct 691 , 7 L ed 2d 663]) judicial standards of the equality clause to the process of apportioning legislative power in a representative government where every citizen enjoys the “constitutionally protected right to vote” for State legislators. 1966Of course the language of the amendment is not so explicit, but the Supreme Court reached its conclusion by applying the “well developed and familiar” (Baker v. Carr [1962], 369 US 186, 226 [ 82 S Ct 691 , 7 L ed 2d 663]) judicial standards of the equality clause to the process of apportioning legislative power in a representative government where every citizen enjoys the “constitutionally protected right to vote” for State legislators. | 1 | 2 |
Brouwer v. Kent County Clerkgreen2 sentences1967In Brouwer v. Kent County Clerk (1966), 377 Mich 616 , Chief Justice Kavanagh and Justices Adams and Smith joined with me in concluding that article 7, § 7 is invalid when tested by the requirements of the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the counterpart equality clauses of our State’s Constitution, art 1, §§ 1 and 2, because it would require every township to be represented on its board of supervisors by one member, and only one, regardless of the population of the township. 1967See parts IV, V, and VI of my opinion in Brouwer, supra, 377 Mich 616, 648-661 . | 1 | 1 |
Bell's Gap Railroad v. Pennsylvaniagreen2 sentences1966Co. v. Pennsylvania. 134 US 232, 237 ( 10 S Ct 533 , 33 L ed 892).” From the foregoing mature references, we may take the law to be that the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires the States to render substantial equality between citizens except where there exist differences justifying the classification of citizens, in which event there must be equality within the classes, and that the differences which may justify classification must be such as bear reasonable relation to permissible State objectives sought to be achieved by classification and not such as are merely arbitrary a 1966Co. v. Pennsylvania. 134 US 232, 237 ( 10 S Ct 533 , 33 L ed 892).” From the foregoing mature references, we may take the law to be that the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires the States to render substantial equality between citizens except where there exist differences justifying the classification of citizens, in which event there must be equality within the classes, and that the differences which may justify classification must be such as bear reasonable relation to permissible State objectives sought to be achieved by classification and not such as are merely arbitrary a | 1 | 1 |
In Re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964green2 sentences1966See In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469 ; In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262 ; and In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1965, 376 Mich 410, 458-469 . 1966See In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469 ; In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262 ; and In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1965, 376 Mich 410, 458-469 . | 1 | 1 |
Blythe v. Hinckleygreen2 sentences1964The equality clause, is, indeed, “as much a part of the laws of every State as its own local laws and Constitution” (Blythe v. Hinckley, 173 US 501, 508 [ 19 S Ct 497 , 43 L ed 783]; 180 US 333, 338 [ 21 S Ct 390 , 45 L ed 557]). 5 Even without our counterpart equality clauses the National equality clause would require controlling-consideration in the construction and application of the Constitution of 1963. 1964The equality clause, is, indeed, “as much a part of the laws of every State as its own local laws and Constitution” (Blythe v. Hinckley, 173 US 501, 508 [ 19 S Ct 497 , 43 L ed 783]; 180 US 333, 338 [ 21 S Ct 390 , 45 L ed 557]). 5 Even without our counterpart equality clauses the National equality clause would require controlling-consideration in the construction and application of the Constitution of 1963. | 1 | 1 |
Blythe v. Hinckleygreen2 sentences1964The equality clause, is, indeed, “as much a part of the laws of every State as its own local laws and Constitution” (Blythe v. Hinckley, 173 US 501, 508 [ 19 S Ct 497 , 43 L ed 783]; 180 US 333, 338 [ 21 S Ct 390 , 45 L ed 557]). 5 Even without our counterpart equality clauses the National equality clause would require controlling-consideration in the construction and application of the Constitution of 1963. 1964The equality clause, is, indeed, “as much a part of the laws of every State as its own local laws and Constitution” (Blythe v. Hinckley, 173 US 501, 508 [ 19 S Ct 497 , 43 L ed 783]; 180 US 333, 338 [ 21 S Ct 390 , 45 L ed 557]). 5 Even without our counterpart equality clauses the National equality clause would require controlling-consideration in the construction and application of the Constitution of 1963. | 1 | 1 |
Barbier v. Connollygreen2 sentences1960Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion of this Court in Barbier v. Connolly, 113 US 27, 32 ( 5 S Ct 357 , 28 L ed 923), of the equality clause, said — ‘Class legislation, discriminating against some and favoring others, is prohibited, but legislation which, in carrying out a public purpose, is limited in its application, if within the sphere of its operation it affects alike all persons similarly situated, is not within the amendment.’ In Hayes v. Missouri, 120 US 68 ( 7 S Ct 350 , 30 L ed 578), the court speaking through the same justice Said the Fourteenth Amendment ‘does not prohibit leg 1960Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion of this Court in Barbier v. Connolly, 113 US 27, 32 ( 5 S Ct 357 , 28 L ed 923), of the equality clause, said — ‘Class legislation, discriminating against some and favoring others, is prohibited, but legislation which, in carrying out a public purpose, is limited in its application, if within the sphere of its operation it affects alike all persons similarly situated, is not within the amendment.’ In Hayes v. Missouri, 120 US 68 ( 7 S Ct 350 , 30 L ed 578), the court speaking through the same justice Said the Fourteenth Amendment ‘does not prohibit leg | 1 | 1 |
Yick Wo v. Hopkinsgreen2 sentences1960"Mr. Justice Matthews, in Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 US 356, 369 ( 6 S Ct 1064 , 30 L ed 220), speaking for the court of both the due process and the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, said: "`These provisions are universal in their application, to all persons within the territorial jurisdiction, without regard to any differences of race, of color, or of nationality; and the equal protection of the laws is a pledge of the protection of equal laws.'" The court went on to say (pp 337, 338): "Classification must be reasonable. 1960“Mr. Justice Matthews, in Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 US 356, 369 ( 6 S Ct 1064 , 30 L ed 220), speaking for the court of both the due process and the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, said: “ ‘These provisions are universal in their application, to all persons within the territorial jurisdiction, without regard to any differences of race, of color, or of nationality; and the equal protection of the laws is a pledge of the protection of equal laws.’ ” The court went on to say (pp 337, 338): “Classification must be reasonable. | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Ake v. Oklahoma
green
2 sentences1998The equality principle as more recently explicated by the Supreme Court puts forth a three-factor test with the common theme of meaningful access to justice and an adequate opportunity to present claims, Ake v Oklahoma, 470 US 68 ; 105 S Ct 1087 ; 84 L Ed 2d 53 (1985), in other words, a classic balancing approach. 1998The equality principle as more recently explicated by the Supreme Court puts forth a three-factor test with the common theme of meaningful access to justice and an adequate opportunity to present claims, Ake v Oklahoma, 470 US 68 ; 105 S Ct 1087 ; 84 L Ed 2d 53 (1985), in other words, a classic balancing approach. | 2 | 1998–1998 |
Scholle v. Secretary of State
green
2 sentences1966Kavanagh, writing in dissent in the first Scholle Case (Scholle v. Secretary of State [1960], 360 Mich 1, 3 ) referred to and quoted at length from many Federal and State court cases applying the equality clause’s judicial standards to a variety of invidious discrimination claims. 1962Mr. Justice Kavanagh’s opinion on original hearing, 360 Mich 1 , beginning at p 26, refers to many Federal and State court cases applying such standards to a variety of invidious discrimination claims. | 2 | 1962–1966 |
Scholle v. Hare
green
2 sentences1964While this Court 2 years ago, in Scholle v. Secretary of State, 367 Mich 176 , on remand by the United States supreme court (1962), 369 US 429 ( 82 S Ct 910 , 8 L ed 2d 1), for reconsideration in the'light of Baker v. Carr (1962), 369 US 186 ( 82 S Ct 691 , 7 L ed 2d 663), by majority decretal accord declared this State’s then current senatorial districts in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s equality clause, there was substantial difference of opinion among the Court’s decretal majority regarding the nature and extent of that equality clause’s requirements in the context of legislative r 1964While this Court 2 years ago, in Scholle v. Secretary of State, 367 Mich 176 , on remand by the United States supreme court (1962), 369 US 429 ( 82 S Ct 910 , 8 L ed 2d 1), for reconsideration in the'light of Baker v. Carr (1962), 369 US 186 ( 82 S Ct 691 , 7 L ed 2d 663), by majority decretal accord declared this State’s then current senatorial districts in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s equality clause, there was substantial difference of opinion among the Court’s decretal majority regarding the nature and extent of that equality clause’s requirements in the context of legislative r | 2 | 1962–1964 |
Hirabayashi v. United States
green
2 sentences1985Hirabayashi v United States, 320 US 81, 100 ; 63 S Ct 1375 ; 87 L Ed 1774 (1943). 1985Hirabayashi v United States, 320 US 81, 100 ; 63 S Ct 1375 ; 87 L Ed 1774 (1943). | 1 | 1985–1985 |
Douglas v. California
green
2 sentences1967Proceedings hereunder shall he stenographically recorded and a transcript thereof promptly made and filed with the clerk of the trial court as a part of the record of the case.” Almost a year and a half before our Court belatedly adopted subrule 785.4, the United States Supreme Court, in Douglas v. California (1963), 372 US 353 ( 83 S Ct 814 , 9 L ed 2d 811), had ruled that when a State accorded a right of appeal to defendants convicted of crimes, as Michigan does now, it was obliged by the requirements of the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution to pro 1967Proceedings hereunder shall he stenographically recorded and a transcript thereof promptly made and filed with the clerk of the trial court as a part of the record of the case.” Almost a year and a half before our Court belatedly adopted subrule 785.4, the United States Supreme Court, in Douglas v. California (1963), 372 US 353 ( 83 S Ct 814 , 9 L ed 2d 811), had ruled that when a State accorded a right of appeal to defendants convicted of crimes, as Michigan does now, it was obliged by the requirements of the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution to pro | 1 | 1967–1967 |
Ex Parte Virginia
green
1 sentence1966Ex Parte Virginia (1880), 100 US 339 (25 L ed 676); Louis K. | 1 | 1966–1966 |
Louisville Gas & Electric Co. v. Coleman
green
2 sentences1966Co. v. Ellis, 165 US 150, 155 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666), classification ‘must always rest upon some difference which bears a rea *646 sonable and just relation to tbe act in respect to which the classification is proposed, and can never be made arbitrarily and without any such basis.’ As was said in Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 US 283, 293 ( 18 S Ct 594 , 42 L ed 1037): ‘The rule * * * [i.e., of the equality clause] is not a substitute for municipal law; it only prescribes that that law have the attribute of equality of operation, and equality of operation does not mean indi 1966Co. v. Ellis, 165 US 150, 155 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666), classification ‘must always rest upon some difference which bears a rea *646 sonable and just relation to tbe act in respect to which the classification is proposed, and can never be made arbitrarily and without any such basis.’ As was said in Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 US 283, 293 ( 18 S Ct 594 , 42 L ed 1037): ‘The rule * * * [i.e., of the equality clause] is not a substitute for municipal law; it only prescribes that that law have the attribute of equality of operation, and equality of operation does not mean indi | 1 | 1966–1966 |
Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance v. Harrison
green
2 sentences1966Co. v. Ellis (1897), 165 US 150 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666); Metropolitan Casualty Insurance Co. v. Brownell (1935), 294 US 580 ( 55 S Ct 538 , 79 L ed 1070); Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co. v. Harrison (1937), 301 US 459 ( 57 S Ct 838 , 81 L ed 1223); Skinner v. Oklahoma, ex rel. 1966Co. v. Ellis (1897), 165 US 150 ( 17 S Ct 255 , 41 L ed 666); Metropolitan Casualty Insurance Co. v. Brownell (1935), 294 US 580 ( 55 S Ct 538 , 79 L ed 1070); Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co. v. Harrison (1937), 301 US 459 ( 57 S Ct 838 , 81 L ed 1223); Skinner v. Oklahoma, ex rel. | 1 | 1966–1966 |
Attorney General v. Cogshall
neutral
1 sentence1966The Gogshall statement that “the Constitution nowhere requires the election by cities of a supervisor” also should be read in light of the fact that in Gogshall the municipality continued to be represented on the board of supervisors by elected officials: “In the present case the duties of the supervisors have been in part transferred to an existing board, the members of which have been elected by the electors of the city, and in part to aldermen, who have likewise been elected.” 107 Mich 181,188 . | 1 | 1966–1966 |
Reynolds v. Sims
green
2 sentences1966I On June 23,1964, barely one week after announcement by the United States Supreme Court of its decisions in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533 ( 84 S Ct 1362 , 12 L ed 2d 506), and five related cases, 1 plaintiffs, registered voters in the city of Grand Rapids, Kent county filed a complaint in the circuit court challenging the apportionment of representation on the Kent county board of supervisors, the county’s legislative body. 1966I On June 23,1964, barely one week after announcement by the United States Supreme Court of its decisions in Reynolds v. Sims, 377 US 533 ( 84 S Ct 1362 , 12 L ed 2d 506), and five related cases, 1 plaintiffs, registered voters in the city of Grand Rapids, Kent county filed a complaint in the circuit court challenging the apportionment of representation on the Kent county board of supervisors, the county’s legislative body. | 1 | 1966–1966 |
In Re Apportionment of State Legislature
green
2 sentences1966See In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469 ; In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262 ; and In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1965, 376 Mich 410, 458-469 . 1966See In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469 ; In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262 ; and In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1965, 376 Mich 410, 458-469 . | 1 | 1966–1966 |
In re Apportionment of State Legislature-1964
green
2 sentences1966See In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469 ; In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262 ; and In re Apportionment of State Legislature 1965, 376 Mich 410, 458-469 . 1966See In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 372 Mich 418, 461-469 ; In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1964, 373 Mich 247, 257-262 ; and In re Apportionment of State Legislature—1965, 376 Mich 410, 458-469 . | 1 | 1966–1966 |
Scholle v. Secretary of State
green
2 sentences1964While this Court 2 years ago, in Scholle v. Secretary of State, 367 Mich 176 , on remand by the United States supreme court (1962), 369 US 429 ( 82 S Ct 910 , 8 L ed 2d 1), for reconsideration in the'light of Baker v. Carr (1962), 369 US 186 ( 82 S Ct 691 , 7 L ed 2d 663), by majority decretal accord declared this State’s then current senatorial districts in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s equality clause, there was substantial difference of opinion among the Court’s decretal majority regarding the nature and extent of that equality clause’s requirements in the context of legislative r 1964While this Court 2 years ago, in Scholle v. Secretary of State, 367 Mich 176 , on remand by the United States supreme court (1962), 369 US 429 ( 82 S Ct 910 , 8 L ed 2d 1), for reconsideration in the light of Baker v. Carr (1962), 369 US 186 ( 82 S Ct 691 , 7 L ed 2d 663), by majority decretal accord declared this State's then current senatorial districts in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's equality clause, there was substantial difference of opinion among the Court's decretal majority regarding the nature and extent of that equality *464 clause's requirements in the context of legislat | 1 | 1964–1964 |
Bush v. Martin
green
2 sentences1964I find as much prospective persuasive value in the majority opinion in Bush v. Martin, (DC SD Tex), 224 F Supp 499 , as Mr. Justice Souris does in the dissent of Judge Roth in Marshall v. Hare. 1 Both were decisions of 3-judge Federal district courts. 1964I find as much prospective persuasive value in the majority opinion in Bush v. Martin, (DC SD Tex), 224 F Supp 499 , as Mr. Justice SOURIS does in the dissent of Judge Roth in Marshall v. Hare. [1] Both were decisions of 3-judge Federal district courts. | 1 | 1964–1964 |
Hayes v. Missouri
green
2 sentences1960Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion of this Court in Barbier v. Connolly, 113 US 27, 32 ( 5 S Ct 357 , 28 L ed 923), of the equality clause, said — ‘Class legislation, discriminating against some and favoring others, is prohibited, but legislation which, in carrying out a public purpose, is limited in its application, if within the sphere of its operation it affects alike all persons similarly situated, is not within the amendment.’ In Hayes v. Missouri, 120 US 68 ( 7 S Ct 350 , 30 L ed 578), the court speaking through the same justice Said the Fourteenth Amendment ‘does not prohibit leg 1960Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion of this Court in Barbier v. Connolly, 113 US 27, 32 ( 5 S Ct 357 , 28 L ed 923), of the equality clause, said — ‘Class legislation, discriminating against some and favoring others, is prohibited, but legislation which, in carrying out a public purpose, is limited in its application, if within the sphere of its operation it affects alike all persons similarly situated, is not within the amendment.’ In Hayes v. Missouri, 120 US 68 ( 7 S Ct 350 , 30 L ed 578), the court speaking through the same justice Said the Fourteenth Amendment ‘does not prohibit leg | 1 | 1960–1960 |
Cannon v. United States
green
2 sentences1960"Mr. Justice Matthews, in Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 US 356, 369 ( 6 S Ct 1064 , 30 L ed 220), speaking for the court of both the due process and the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, said: "`These provisions are universal in their application, to all persons within the territorial jurisdiction, without regard to any differences of race, of color, or of nationality; and the equal protection of the laws is a pledge of the protection of equal laws.'" The court went on to say (pp 337, 338): "Classification must be reasonable. 1960“Mr. Justice Matthews, in Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 US 356, 369 ( 6 S Ct 1064 , 30 L ed 220), speaking for the court of both the due process and the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, said: “ ‘These provisions are universal in their application, to all persons within the territorial jurisdiction, without regard to any differences of race, of color, or of nationality; and the equal protection of the laws is a pledge of the protection of equal laws.’ ” The court went on to say (pp 337, 338): “Classification must be reasonable. | 1 | 1960–1960 |
Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co. v. Westby
neutral
2 sentences1912Co. v. Westby, 178 Fed. 619 , 102 C. 1912Co. v. Westby, 178 Fed. 619 , 102 C. | 1 | 1912–1912 |
| Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Co. v. Foland green | 1 | 1912–1912 |
| Murphey v. Murphey neutral | 1 | 1912–1912 |
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.