Solem test (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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Solem test in Pennsylvania

11 Pennsylvania opinions name it 4 courts 2010–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (4)

CaseFollowedCited
Commonwealth v. Bakergreen
pa · 2013 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2016–2024
2 sentences

2024Applying the Solem test in Baker, our Supreme Court concluded that the offense in question was “much graver than the simple possession of so-called ‘dirty pictures’ where there is no direct victim.” 78 A.3d at 1051 .

2024Applying the Solem test in Baker, our Supreme Court concluded that the offense in question was “much graver than the simple possession of so-called ‘dirty pictures’ where there is no direct victim.” 78 A.3d at 1051 .

23
Commonwealth v. Henkelgreen
pasuperct · 2007 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020Instantly, Appellant has not met his burden and has “give[n] us no reason to revisit this precedent[.]” Commonwealth v. Henkel, 938 A.2d 433, 447 (Pa. Super. 2007) (rejecting identical claim based upon Middleton).

2020Instantly, Appellant has not met his burden and has “give[n] us no reason to revisit this precedent[.]” Commonwealth v. Henkel, 938 A.2d 433, 447 (Pa. Super. 2007) (rejecting identical claim based upon Middleton).

22
Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, M., Apltgreen
pa · 2014 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017It is this principle that “restrains us from an extended analysis of proportionality save in rare cases.” Id. (citing Solem, 463 U.S. at 290 n.16, 103 S.Ct. 3001 ); see also Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 626 Pa. 512 , 98 A.3d 1268, 1283 (2014) (recognizing, before conducting a Solem analysis, that “acts passed by the General Assembly are strongly presumed to be constitutional” and “that the legislature has the exclusive power to pronounce which acts are crimes, to define crimes, and to fix the punishment for all crimes”) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

2017It is this principle that “restrains us from an extended analysis of proportionality save in rare cases.” Id. (citing Solem, 463 U.S. at 290 n.16, 103 S.Ct. 3001 ); see also Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 626 Pa. 512 , 98 A.3d 1268, 1283 (2014) (recognizing, before conducting a Solem analysis, that “acts passed by the General Assembly are strongly presumed to be constitutional” and “that the legislature has the exclusive power to pronounce which acts are crimes, to define crimes, and to fix the punishment for all crimes”) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

22
Commonwealth v. Colon-Plazagreen
pasuperct · 2016 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017“A court must begin by comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of the sentence.” In the “rare case” in which this threshold comparison leads to an inference of gross disproportionality, the reviewing court “should then compare the defendant’s sentence with the sentences received by other offenders in the same jurisdiction and with the sentences imposed for the same crime in other jurisdictions.” “If this comparative analysis ‘validate^] an initial judgment that [the] sentence is grossly disproportionate,’ the sentence is cruel and unusual.” Commonwealth v. Colon-Plaza, 136 A.3d 5

2017“A court must begin by comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of the sentence.” In the “rare case” in which this threshold comparison leads to an inference of gross disproportionality, the reviewing court “should then compare the defendant’s sentence with the sentences received by other offenders in the same jurisdiction and with the sentences imposed for the same crime in other jurisdictions.” “If this comparative analysis ‘validate^] an initial judgment that [the] sentence is grossly disproportionate,’ the sentence is cruel and unusual.” Commonwealth v. Colon-Plaza, 136 A.3d 5

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (7)

CaseCitedYears
Commonwealth v. 1997 Chevrolet & Contents Seized From Young green
pa · 2017
2 sentences

2024The Court also stated the following with regard to the penalty harshness aspect of the test, referring to Commonwealth v. 1997 Chevrolet & Contents Seized from Young, 160 A.3d 153 (Pa. 2017), a civil forfeiture case: 3 “This prohibition applies to both the federal government and, via the United States Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of due process, to state governments.” Shoul v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 173 A.3d 669 , 682 n.12 (Pa. 2017) (citing cases).

2024The Court also stated the following with regard to the penalty harshness aspect of the test, referring to Commonwealth v. 1997 Chevrolet & Contents Seized from Young, 160 A.3d 153 (Pa. 2017), a civil forfeiture case: 3 “This prohibition applies to both the federal government and, via the United States Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of due process, to state governments.” Shoul v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 173 A.3d 669 , 682 n.12 (Pa. 2017) (citing cases).

22017–2024
Commonwealth v. Middleton green
pa · 1983
2 sentences

2020We applied the Solem factors to determine whether the sentence was unconstitutionally disproportionate, ultimately concluding that it “does not derogate from the propriety of a sentence of life imprisonment for the offense of second[-]degree murder.” Middleton, 467 A.2d at 847 .

2020We applied the Solem factors to determine whether the sentence was unconstitutionally disproportionate, ultimately concluding that it “does not derogate from the propriety of a sentence of life imprisonment for the offense of second[-]degree murder.” Middleton, 467 A.2d at 847 .

22020–2020
Solem v. Helm red
scotus · 1983
2 sentences

2017It is this principle that “restrains us from an extended analysis of proportionality save in rare cases.” Id. (citing Solem, 463 U.S. at 290 n.16, 103 S.Ct. 3001 ); see also Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 626 Pa. 512 , 98 A.3d 1268, 1283 (2014) (recognizing, before conducting a Solem analysis, that “acts passed by the General Assembly are strongly presumed to be constitutional” and “that the legislature has the exclusive power to pronounce which acts are crimes, to define crimes, and to fix the punishment for all crimes”) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

2017It is this principle that “restrains us from an extended analysis of proportionality save in rare cases.” Id. (citing Solem, 463 U.S. at 290 n.16, 103 S.Ct. 3001 ); see also Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 626 Pa. 512 , 98 A.3d 1268, 1283 (2014) (recognizing, before conducting a Solem analysis, that “acts passed by the General Assembly are strongly presumed to be constitutional” and “that the legislature has the exclusive power to pronounce which acts are crimes, to define crimes, and to fix the punishment for all crimes”) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

22017–2017
Graham v. Florida green
scotus · 2010
2 sentences

2016“A court must begin by comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of the sentence.” Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 60-61 , 130 S.Ct. 2011, 2022 , 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (2010).

2016“A court must begin by comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of the sentence.” Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 60-61 , 130 S.Ct. 2011, 2022 , 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (2010).

22013–2016
Shoul v. Commonwealth, Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing green
pa · 2017
2 sentences

2024The Court confirmed that Section 1611(e) is punitive in nature and that the Solem test is applicable. 173 A.3d at 684-86 .

2024The Court confirmed that Section 1611(e) is punitive in nature and that the Solem test is applicable. 173 A.3d at 684-86 .

12024–2024
Commonwealth v. Baker green
pasuperct · 2011
2 sentences

2012Hence, we concluded that the appellant in Baker had “failed [to] show that his sentences violate the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment[.]” Id.

2012Hence, we concluded that the appellant in Baker had “failed [to] show that his sentences violate the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment[.]” Id.

12012–2012
United States v. Michael Walker green
ca3 · 2007
2 sentences

2010Specifically, the Eighth Amendment “forbids only extreme sentences that are ‘grossly disproportionate’ to the crime.” Walker, 473 F.3d at 81 .

2010Specifically, the Eighth Amendment “forbids only extreme sentences that are ‘grossly disproportionate’ to the crime.” Walker, 473 F.3d at 81 .

12010–2010

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9718.2 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 372 (1995–2025) MS 59 (1987–2026) PA 11 (2010–2024) AZ 11 (1985–2003) AL 8 (1984–2023) WY 8 (1986–2025) IA 8 (1999–2016) CO 6 (1992–2019) MN 6 (2001–2018) UT 5 (1992–2015) SC 4 (2000–2013) OR 4 (2000–2009) OK 4 (2023–2024) KY 2 (1991–2003) NM 2 (1998–2013) VT 2 (1997–2014) ID 2 (1992–1995) FL 2 (1993–2002) SD 2 (2004–2014) IL 2 (1990–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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