Already have an account? Sign in instead.
You stay signed in for 30 days on this browser.
Continue with Google Continue with MicrosoftNo account yet? Create a free one.
We sent a six-digit code.
It expires in ten minutes, works once, and only in this browser. Five wrong tries void it. Send another code.
Your account is live and the Cloudflare checks are off for this browser.
76 New York opinions name it 5 courts 1985–2026 29 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Brooks v. Judlau Contracting, Inc.green2 sentences2020The contractual indemnification clause requires Marcato to indemnify 61 Broadway Owner for claims and damages arising out of, inter alia, Marcato's negligence or performance of the contract, to the full extent permitted by law, and is not void pursuant to General Obligations Law § 5-322.1 ( see Brooks v Judlau Contr., Inc. , 11 NY3d 204, 208-209 [2008]). 2020The contractual indemnification clause requires Marcato to indemnify 61 Broadway Owner for claims and damages arising out of, inter alia, Marcato's negligence or performance of the contract, to the full extent permitted by law, and is not void pursuant to General Obligations Law § 5-322.1 ( see Brooks v Judlau Contr., Inc. , 11 NY3d 204, 208-209 [2008]). | 4 | 4 |
Zuckerman v. City of New Yorkgreen2 sentences2014In opposition, Tomchinsky failed to raise a triable issue of fact as to whether the contractual indemnification clause should not be enforced (see Zuckerman v City of New York, 49 NY2d 557, 562 [1980]). 2014In opposition, Tomchinsky failed to raise a triable issue of fact as to whether the contractual indemnification clause should not be enforced (see Zuckerman v City of New York, 49 NY2d 557, 562 [1980]). | 3 | 3 |
Jamindar v. Uniondale Union Free School Districtgreen2 sentences2013Although a party is not entitled to summary judgment on a contractual indemnification claim where issues of fact remain whether the indemnitee was actively negligent (see Jamindar v Uniondale Union Free School Dist., 90 AD3d 612, 616 [2011]; Stranz v New York State Energy Research & Dev. 2013Although a party is not entitled to summary judgment on a contractual indemnification claim where issues of fact remain whether the indemnitee was actively negligent (see Jamindar v Uniondale Union Free School Dist., 90 AD3d 612, 616 [2011]; Stranz v New York State Energy Research & Dev. | 2 | 3 |
Rivera v. Columbia Hicks Assoc. LLCgreen2 sentences2024LLC , 203 AD3d 524, 525 [1st Dept 2022] [law of the case barred the indemnitors from dismissing a contractual indemnification claim after conditional summary judgment was granted to the indemnitee]; Glynwill Invs. v Shearson Lehman Hutton , 216 AD2d 78, 79 [1st Dept 1995] [law of the case precluded the court from granting summary judgment to the indemnitee because, in a prior action, another judge resolved the construction of a release as having limited effect]). [FN3] Even if the doctrine did not apply, the court should not have relied on the indemnity provision in the purchase because it is 2024LLC , 203 AD3d 524, 525 [1st Dept 2022] [law of the case barred the indemnitors from dismissing a contractual indemnification claim after conditional summary judgment was granted to the indemnitee]; Glynwill Invs. v Shearson Lehman Hutton , 216 AD2d 78, 79 [1st Dept 1995] [law of the case precluded the court from granting summary judgment to the indemnitee because, in a prior action, another judge resolved the construction of a release as having limited effect]). [FN3] Even if the doctrine did not apply, the court should not have relied on the indemnity provision in the purchase because it is | 2 | 2 |
Glynwill Investments, N.V. v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.green2 sentences2024LLC , 203 AD3d 524, 525 [1st Dept 2022] [law of the case barred the indemnitors from dismissing a contractual indemnification claim after conditional summary judgment was granted to the indemnitee]; Glynwill Invs. v Shearson Lehman Hutton , 216 AD2d 78, 79 [1st Dept 1995] [law of the case precluded the court from granting summary judgment to the indemnitee because, in a prior action, another judge resolved the construction of a release as having limited effect]). [FN3] Even if the doctrine did not apply, the court should not have relied on the indemnity provision in the purchase because it is 2024LLC , 203 AD3d 524, 525 [1st Dept 2022] [law of the case barred the indemnitors from dismissing a contractual indemnification claim after conditional summary judgment was granted to the indemnitee]; Glynwill Invs. v Shearson Lehman Hutton , 216 AD2d 78, 79 [1st Dept 1995] [law of the case precluded the court from granting summary judgment to the indemnitee because, in a prior action, another judge resolved the construction of a release as having limited effect]). [FN3] Even if the doctrine did not apply, the court should not have relied on the indemnity provision in the purchase because it is | 2 | 2 |
Sommer v. Federal Signal Corp.green2 sentences2023The parties' contract relieves Freeman of its duty to indemnify TIA "for occurrences or accidents caused by any other party not under Freeman's direct control." While the record demonstrates that Freeman exerted a substantial amount of control over the exhibitors who are alleged to have caused plaintiff's accident, issues of fact remain as to whether that control amounts to "direct control" for purposes of the contractual indemnification clause in Freeman's contract with TIA ( see Sommer [*2]v Federal Signal Corp. , 79 NY2d 540, 555 [1992]). 2023The parties' contract relieves Freeman of its duty to indemnify TIA "for occurrences or accidents caused by any other party not under Freeman's direct control." While the record demonstrates that Freeman exerted a substantial amount of control over the exhibitors who are alleged to have caused plaintiff's accident, issues of fact remain as to whether that control amounts to "direct control" for purposes of the contractual indemnification clause in Freeman's contract with TIA ( see Sommer [*2]v Federal Signal Corp. , 79 NY2d 540, 555 [1992]). | 2 | 2 |
Higgins v. TST 375 Hudson, L.L.C.green2 sentences2021Nostrand Enterprises is unconditionally entitled to contractual indemnification to the extent not barred by the anti-subrogation rule ( Higgins v TST 375 Hudson, LLC , 179 AD3d 508, 511 [2020]; see DeJesus v Tyree Org. , 307 AD2d 897, 898-899 [1st Dept 2003]). 2021Nostrand Enterprises is unconditionally entitled to contractual indemnification to the extent not barred by the anti-subrogation rule ( Higgins v TST 375 Hudson, LLC , 179 AD3d 508, 511 [2020]; see DeJesus v Tyree Org. , 307 AD2d 897, 898-899 [1st Dept 2003]). | 2 | 2 |
DeJesus v. Tyree Organizationgreen2 sentences2021Nostrand Enterprises is unconditionally entitled to contractual indemnification to the extent not barred by the anti-subrogation rule ( Higgins v TST 375 Hudson, LLC , 179 AD3d 508, 511 [2020]; see DeJesus v Tyree Org. , 307 AD2d 897, 898-899 [1st Dept 2003]). 2021Nostrand Enterprises is unconditionally entitled to contractual indemnification to the extent not barred by the anti-subrogation rule ( Higgins v TST 375 Hudson, LLC , 179 AD3d 508, 511 [2020]; see DeJesus v Tyree Org. , 307 AD2d 897, 898-899 [1st Dept 2003]). | 2 | 2 |
Lipari v. AT Spring, LLCgreen2 sentences2020Defendants agreed to indemnify plaintiffs for damages and litigation costs connected to claims for physical injury, so long as they or their subcontractors were negligent ( see Lipari v AT Spring LLC , 92 AD3d 502, 504-505 [1st Dept 2012]). 2020Defendants agreed to indemnify plaintiffs for damages and litigation costs connected to claims for physical injury, so long as they or their subcontractors were negligent ( see Lipari v AT Spring LLC , 92 AD3d 502, 504-505 [1st Dept 2012]). | 2 | 2 |
Dwyer v. Central Park Studios, Inc.green2 sentences2014Contrary to Tomchinsky’s contention, since the alteration agreement was not entered into in connection with, or collateral to, a lease, General Obligations Law § 5-321 is inapplicable (cf. Dwyer v Central Park Studios, Inc., 98 AD3d 882, 884 [2012]; Hadzihasanovic v 155 E. 72nd St. 2014Contrary to Tomchinsky’s contention, since the alteration agreement was not entered into in connection with, or collateral to, a lease, General Obligations Law § 5-321 is inapplicable (cf. Dwyer v Central Park Studios, Inc., 98 AD3d 882, 884 [2012]; Hadzihasanovic v 155 E. 72nd St. | 2 | 2 |
Stranz v. New York State Energy Research & Development Authoritygreen2 sentences2013Auth. [NYSERDA], 87 AD3d 1279, 1283 [2011]), as addressed in our analysis with respect to plaintiff’s Labor Law § 200 and common-law negligence causes of action, Sicoli established that it was not negligent as a matter of law (see Nicholas v EPO-Harvey Apts., Ltd. 2013Auth. [NYSERDA], 87 AD3d 1279, 1283 [2011]), as addressed in our analysis with respect to plaintiff’s Labor Law § 200 and common-law negligence causes of action, Sicoli established that it was not negligent as a matter of law (see Nicholas v EPO-Harvey Apts., Ltd. | 2 | 2 |
Temmel v. 1515 Broadway Associates, L.P.green2 sentences2013Dismissal of the contractual indemnification claim against Sherry Hill was proper, since there was no indemnification agreement in existence at the time of the accident, and nothing indicates that the terms and conditions on the back of the purchase order, which contains the indemnification clause, were to have a retroactive effect (see Regno v City of New York, 88 AD3d 610 [1st Dept 2011]; Temmel v 1515 Broadway Assoc., L.P., 18 AD3d 364, 365-366 [1st Dept 2005]). 2013Dismissal of the contractual indemnification claim against Sherry Hill was proper, since there was no indemnification agreement in existence at the time of the accident, and nothing indicates that the terms and conditions on the back of the purchase order, which contains the indemnification clause, were to have a retroactive effect (see Regno v City of New York, 88 AD3d 610 [1st Dept 2011]; Temmel v 1515 Broadway Assoc., L.P., 18 AD3d 364, 365-366 [1st Dept 2005]). | 2 | 2 |
Regno v. City of New Yorkgreen2 sentences2013Dismissal of the contractual indemnification claim against Sherry Hill was proper, since there was no indemnification agreement in existence at the time of the accident, and nothing indicates that the terms and conditions on the back of the purchase order, which contains the indemnification clause, were to have a retroactive effect (see Regno v City of New York, 88 AD3d 610 [1st Dept 2011]; Temmel v 1515 Broadway Assoc., L.P., 18 AD3d 364, 365-366 [1st Dept 2005]). 2013Dismissal of the contractual indemnification claim against Sherry Hill was proper, since there was no indemnification agreement in existence at the time of the accident, and nothing indicates that the terms and conditions on the back of the purchase order, which contains the indemnification clause, were to have a retroactive effect (see Regno v City of New York, 88 AD3d 610 [1st Dept 2011]; Temmel v 1515 Broadway Assoc., L.P., 18 AD3d 364, 365-366 [1st Dept 2005]). | 1 | 3 |
Olivieri v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.green2 sentences2025Con Edison may be entitled to pursue a contractual indemnification claim against Danella based on the terms of their agreement, even in the absence of any finding of negligence or liability against Con Edison (see Olivieri v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., 208 AD3d 1001 [4th Dept 2022][recognizing enforceability of indemnification provisions that are not conditioned on a finding of fault]). 2025Con Edison may be entitled to pursue a contractual indemnification claim against Danella based on the terms of their agreement, even in the absence of any finding of negligence or liability against Con Edison (see Olivieri v. Barnes & Noble, Inc., 208 AD3d 1001, 1418 [4th Dept 2022][recognizing enforceability of indemnification provisions that are not conditioned on a finding of fault]). | 1 | 2 |
Cichon v. Brista Estates Associatesgreen2 sentences2008Accordingly, summary judgment on the contractual indemnification claim is premature (see DiPerna v American Broadcasting Cos., 200 AD2d 267, 270 [1994]; Cichon v Brista Estates Assoc., 193 AD2d 926, 927-928 [1993]). 1996In addition, to recover under the contractual indemnification clause, the City is required to demonstrate that Builders & Contractors was negligent and that its negligence proximately caused plaintiff’s injuries (Cichon v Brista Estates Assocs., 193 AD2d 926 ). | 1 | 2 |
DiPerna v. American Broadcasting Companiesgreen2 sentences2008Accordingly, summary judgment on the contractual indemnification claim is premature (see DiPerna v American Broadcasting Cos., 200 AD2d 267, 270 [1994]; Cichon v Brista Estates Assoc., 193 AD2d 926, 927-928 [1993]). 1998The determination of the trial court in the underlying action that CCC’s application seeking indemnification from Anthony Concrete was moot (see, DiPerna v American Broadcasting Cos., 200 AD2d 267 ) was not a determination on the merits that would collaterally estop either CCC or plaintiff as subrogee (see, Matter of City of Oneida v Chassin, 229 AD2d 855, 857 ). | 1 | 2 |
Brown v. Two Exchange Plaza Partnersgreen2 sentences2005Plaza Partners, 76 NY2d 172, 178-181 [1990]), or had the authority to supervise, direct, or control the manner of the work that caused the injury (see Naranjo v Star Corrugated Box Co., Inc., 11 AD3d 436, 438 [2004]; Lazzaro v MJM Indus., 288 AD2d 440, 441 [2001]). 2004Plaza Partners, 76 NY2d 172 [1990]), or had the authority to supervise, direct, or control the work that caused the injury (see Lazzaro v MJM Indus., 288 AD2d 440 [2001]). | 1 | 2 |
Lazzaro v. MJM Industries, Inc.green2 sentences2005Plaza Partners, 76 NY2d 172, 178-181 [1990]), or had the authority to supervise, direct, or control the manner of the work that caused the injury (see Naranjo v Star Corrugated Box Co., Inc., 11 AD3d 436, 438 [2004]; Lazzaro v MJM Indus., 288 AD2d 440, 441 [2001]). 2004Plaza Partners, 76 NY2d 172 [1990]), or had the authority to supervise, direct, or control the work that caused the injury (see Lazzaro v MJM Indus., 288 AD2d 440 [2001]). | 1 | 2 |
Kastil v. Carrogreen2 sentences2026Although the parties entered into a separate agreement in 2015 for Everest to obtain an initial permit and furnish, install, and remove scaffolds for the subject construction project, during which plaintiff was allegedly injured, Hite's full lump sum payment to Everest in connection with that agreement could not support the 2016 agreement, since "past consideration is no consideration" at common law ( Kastil v Carro , 145 AD2d 388, 389 [1st Dept 1988], lv dismissed 74 NY2d 650 [1989] [internal quotation marks omitted]). 2026Although the parties entered into a separate agreement in 2015 for Everest to obtain an initial permit and furnish, install, and remove scaffolds for the subject construction project, during which plaintiff was allegedly injured, Hite's full lump sum payment to Everest in connection with that agreement could not support the 2016 agreement, since "past consideration is no consideration" at common law (<i>Kastil v Carro</i>, 145 AD2d 388 , 389 [1st Dept 1988], <i>lv dismissed</i> 74 NY2d 650 [1989] [internal quotation marks omitted]). | 1 | 1 |
Cackett v. Gladden Props., LLCgreen1 sentence2026The language also provided that Universal would indemnify the general contractor and owners for loss due to an act or omission of Universal's workers, or where Universal's personnel or equipment were in "the vicinity" of the accident by reason of their performance of the work (<i>see</i> <i>Cackett v Gladden Props., LLC</i>, 183 AD3d 419, 422 [1st Dept 2020]). | 1 | 1 |
| Francescon v. Gucci America, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Contreras v. Mall 1-Bay Plaza, LLCgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Scharf v. Edgcomb Corp.green | 1 | 1 |
| Rodriguez v. Dormitory Authoritygreen | 1 | 1 |
| In re Attorneys in Violation of Judiciary Law § 468-agreen | 1 | 1 |
| Pena v. Chateau Woodmere Corp.green | 1 | 1 |
| LaPoint v. AmerisourceBergen Corp.green | 1 | 1 |
| Oduro v. Bronxdale Outer, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| De Souza v. Empire Transit Mix, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Spielmann v. 170 Broadway NYC LPgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Mayorga v. 75 Plaza LLCgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Picaso v. 345 East 73 Owners Corp.green | 1 | 1 |
| Blumenthal v. Kingsfordgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Chatham Towers, Inc. v. Castle Restoration & Construction, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Jacksongreen | 1 | 1 |
| LaFleur v. MLB Industries, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Mendez v. Bank of Am., N.A.green | 1 | 1 |
| McCarthy v. Turner Construction, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Raquet v. Braungreen | 1 | 1 |
| Stonehill Capital Management LLC v. Bank of the Westgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Genovese v. Gambino
green
2 sentences2024Since the building defendants have not opposed on their claim for specific performance, they are deemed to have abandoned that claim (see Genovese, 309 AD2d at 833 ). 2024Since the building defendants have not opposed on their claim for specific performance, they are deemed to have abandoned that claim (see Genovese, 309 AD2d at 833 ). | 3 | 2024–2024 |
Shea v. Bloomberg, L.P.
green
2 sentences2021Upon a party's prima facie showing of entitlement to contractual indemnification, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion, who must raise a triable issue of fact as to the enforceability of the contractual indemnification clause ( see Mejia v Cohn , 188 AD3d at 1038 ; Shea v Bloomberg, L.P. , 124 AD3d at 623 ; Reisman v Bay Shore Union Free School Dist. , 74 AD3d at 774 ). 2020In opposition, SJE failed to raise a triable issue of fact as to the enforceability of the contractual indemnification clause in favor of 281 Broadway ( see Shea v Bloomberg, L.P. , 124 AD3d at 623 ). | 3 | 2020–2021 |
Alvarez v. Colgate Scaffolding & Equipment Corp.
green
2 sentences2025Many of these same factual issues likewise require denial of the portion of the Owner Defendants and Rock Group's motions addressed to the Owner Defendants' common-law indemnification claims ( cf. Alvarez , 68 AD3d at 684-685 ). 2025Many of these same factual issues likewise require denial of the portion of the Owner Defendants and Rock Group's motions addressed to the Owner Defendants' common-law indemnification claims ( cf. Alvarez , 68 AD3d at 684-685 ). | 2 | 2025–2025 |
EDDY, WILLIAM M. v. ANTANAVIGE, DAVID
green
2 sentences2025Regarding the contractual indemnification claim, this court finds that the Owner Defendants are intended third-party beneficiaries of Rock Group and RB NY's blanket "Hold Harmless" agreement (Blanket Agreement), which provides, as is relevant here, that RB NY must indemnify "owner(s)" their "representative" and "agents" for claims "arising in whole or in part and in any manner frominjury and/or death of person . . . resulting from theacts, omissions, breach or default of [RB NY], its officers, directors, agents,employees and subcontractors ( see Garica v Black Sea Properties, LLC , 227 AD3d 14 2025Regarding the contractual indemnification claim, this court finds that the Owner Defendants are intended third-party beneficiaries of Rock Group and RB NY's blanket "Hold Harmless" agreement (Blanket Agreement), which provides, as is relevant here, that RB NY must indemnify "owner(s)" their "representative" and "agents" for claims "arising in whole or in part and in any manner frominjury and/or death of person . . . resulting from theacts, omissions, breach or default of [RB NY], its officers, directors, agents,employees and subcontractors ( see Garica v Black Sea Properties, LLC , 227 AD3d 14 | 2 | 2025–2025 |
Mejia v. Cohn
green
2 sentences2025"Upon a party's prima facie showing of entitlement to contractual indemnification, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion, who must raise a triable issue of fact as to the enforceability of the contractual indemnification clause" ( Mejia v Cohn , 188 AD3d 1035, 1038 ). 2025"Upon a party's prima facie showing of entitlement to contractual indemnification, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion, who must raise a triable issue of fact as to the enforceability of the contractual indemnification clause" ( Mejia v Cohn , 188 AD3d 1035, 1038 ). | 2 | 2021–2025 |
Urbina v. 26 Court Street Associates, LLC
green
2 sentences2025Accordingly, Rock Group has failed to demonstrate its prima facie entitlement to dismissal of the Owner Defendants' contractual indemnification claim ( see McDonnell , 165 AD3d at 1097; Urbina , 46 AD3d at 271-274 ; see also Guevara-Ayala v Trump Palace/Parc LLC , 205 AD3d 450 , 452 [1st Dept 2022]). 2025Accordingly, Rock Group has failed to demonstrate its prima facie entitlement to dismissal of the Owner Defendants' contractual indemnification claim ( see McDonnell , 165 AD3d at 1097; Urbina , 46 AD3d at 271-274 ; see also Guevara-Ayala v Trump Palace/Parc LLC , 205 AD3d 450 , 452 [1st Dept 2022]). | 2 | 2025–2025 |
Reisman v. Bay Shore Union Free School District
green
2 sentences2021Upon a party's prima facie showing of entitlement to contractual indemnification, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion, who must raise a triable issue of fact as to the enforceability of the contractual indemnification clause ( see Mejia v Cohn , 188 AD3d at 1038 ; Shea v Bloomberg, L.P. , 124 AD3d at 623 ; Reisman v Bay Shore Union Free School Dist. , 74 AD3d at 774 ). 2020Upon a party's prima facie showing of entitlement to contractual indemnification, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion, who must raise a triable issue of fact as to the enforceability of the contractual indemnification clause ( see Shea v Bloomberg, L.P. , 124 AD3d at 623 ; Reisman v Bay Shore Union Free School Dist. , 74 AD3d at 774 ). | 2 | 2020–2021 |
ITRI BRICK CORP v. Aetna Cas.
green
2 sentences2018Co. , 89 NY2d 786, 789-790 ). 2000Co., 89 NY2d 786, 794-795 ; Brown v Two Exch. | 2 | 2000–2018 |
Walsh v. Morse Diesel, Inc.
green
2 sentences1996Walsh v Morse Diesel ( 143 AD2d 653 ), relied upon by Supreme Court in granting summary judgment to the City, is distinguishable for its broad indemnification clause (supra, at 655). 1990Supreme Court properly concluded that the balance of the indemnification agreement was still valid to the extent that it required Binghamton to indemnify Gives for damages caused by and resulting from the negligence of parties other than Gives (see, Walsh v Morse Diesel, 143 AD2d 653 ; Magrath v Migliore Constr. | 2 | 1990–1996 |
Port Parties, Ltd. v. Merchandise Mart Properties, Inc.
neutral
1 sentence2025Therefore, the contractual indemnification claim is dismissed (see also Oduro v Bronxdale Outer, Inc., 130 AD3d 432, 433 [1st Dept 2015]; Port Parties, Ltd. v Merchandise Mart Props., Inc., 102 AD3d 539 , 541 [1st Dept 2013]). | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| William P. Pahl Equipment Corp. v. Kassis green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| Fleming & Associates, CPA, PC v. Murray & Josephson, CPAs, LLC green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| Manns v. Norstar Building Corp. green | 1 | 2021–2021 |
| George v. Marshalls of MA, Inc. green | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| Lanza v. Wagner green | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| Dreyfus v. MPCC Corp. green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| United States Ex Rel. Swafford v. Borgess Medical Center green | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| Lang v. Hanover Insurance green | 1 | 2012–2012 |
| Correia v. Professional Data Management, Inc. green | 1 | 2008–2008 |
| Watral & Sons, Inc. v. OC Riverhead 58, LLC green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| Davis v. All State Associates green | 1 | 2006–2006 |
| Kenner v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc. green | 1 | 2006–2006 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.