reasonable inference presumption in Pennsylvania

2026Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Drumheller, 808 A.2d 893, 904 (Pa. 2002) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 539 U.S. 919 (2003); see also Pa.R.E. 401, 402.

2026“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable[,] or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Drumheller, 808 A.2d at 904 .

2025“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Spiewak, 617 A.2d 696, 699 (Pa. 1992); see also Pa.R.E. 401.

2025See Commonwealth v. Spiewack, 617 A.2d 696, 699 (Pa. 1992) (“[e]vidence if relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact”).

2021“Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[,] and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Pa.R.E. 401; see also Tyson, 119 A.3d at 358 (stating that “[e]vidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.”).

2021“Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[,] and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Pa.R.E. 401; see also Tyson, 119 A.3d at 358 (stating that “[e]vidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.”).

2024A trial court should find evidence admissible if it is relevant, that is “if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 896 A.2d 523, 539 (Pa. 2006) (citation omitted).

2024It is relevant “‘if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.’” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 896 A.2d 523, 539 (Pa. 2006)); Pa.R.E. 402.

2023“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Stallworth, 781 A.2d 110, 117-118 (Pa. 2001) (internal citations omitted); see also Pa. R.E. 401.

2019Trial Court Opinion, 11/28/18, at 16 n.13. - 10 - J-S36027-19 tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Drumheller, 570 Pa. 117 , 808 A.2d 893, 904 (2002) (quoting Commonwealth v. Stallworth, 566 Pa. 349 , 781 A.2d 110 , 117–118 (2001)).

2020“Evidence is considered relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make the fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Commonwealth v. LaCava, 666 A.2d 221, 227 (Pa. 1995). 1 This [c]ourt viewed Counsel’s decision to wait until the Commonwealth’s very last witness to bring this evidence forward as more of an unfair trial tactic than an attempt to present the jury with an alternative suspect as the shooter in this case.

2017“Evidence is considered relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make the fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Commonwealth v. LaCava, 666 A.2d 221 , 227–28 (Pa. 1995).

2026“Evidence is relevant if ... it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[.]” Pa.R.E. 401(a); see also Commonwealth v. Minerd, 753 A.2d 225, 230 (Pa. 2000) (recognizing that relevant evidence “logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). -8- J-S45022-25 “Evidence, even if relevant, may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by the potential prejudice.”

2025“Evidence is relevant if … it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[.]” Pa.R.E. 401(a); see also Commonwealth v. Minerd, 753 A.2d 225, 230 (Pa. 2000) (recognizing that relevant evidence “logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).

2025“Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact of consequence more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Id., citing Pa.R.E. 401(a) and (b); see also Smith v. Morrison, 47 A.3d 131, 137 (Pa. Super. 2012) (stating, “[e]vidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable[,] or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact” (citation omitted)), appeal denied, 57 A.3d 71 (Pa. 2012).

2024“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable[,] or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Smith v. Morrison, 47 A.3d 131, 137 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted); Pa.R.E. 401.

2023N.T., 3/31/21, at 5-6.6 “Generally speaking, evidence is admissible if it is relevant, that is, if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Kinard, 95 A.3d 279, 284 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation and original quotation marks omitted); see also Pa.R.Evid. 402 (stating, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible”).

2019"Generally speaking, evidence is admissible if it is relevant, that is, 'if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.' " Commonwealth v. Kinard, 95 A.3d 279, 284 (Pa.Super. 2014) (en bane) (citation omitted).

2022Commonwealth v. Levanduski, 907 A.2d 3, 13-14 (Pa. Super. 2006) (en banc) (citation omitted).

2016Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Levanduski, 907 A.2d 3, 13 (Pa.Super.2006) (en banc), appeal denied, 919 A.2d 955 ([Pa.]2007) (quoting Commonwealth v. Drumheller, 808 A.2d 893, 904 ([Pa.]2002), certiorari denied, 539 U.S. 919 , 123 S.Ct. 2284 , 156 L.Ed.2d 137 (2003)). -8- J-S47027-16 “It is well established that evidence which tends to show that the crime for which an accused stands trial was comm

2024“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 750 (Pa.Super. 2014) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 95 A.3d 275 (Pa. 2014); see also Pa.R.E. 401. -6- J-S20035-24 The statutory basis for a justification of defense of others argument is set forth in Section 506 of the Crimes Code: Use of force for the protection of other persons. (a) Genera

2021“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports - 18 - J-S54032-20 a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 745 (Pa. Super. 2014); see also Pa.R.E. 401 (providing that evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[,] and [] the fact is of consequence in determining the action.”).

1994“Evidence is relevant if it logically or reasonably tends to prove or disprove.a material fact in issue, tends to make such a fact more or less probable, or affords the basis for or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Davis, 381 Pa.Super. 483, 491 , 554 A.2d 104, 108 (1989).

1994“Evidence is relevant if it logically or reasonably tends to prove or disprove.a material fact in issue, tends to make such a fact more or less probable, or affords the basis for or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Davis, 381 Pa.Super. 483, 491 , 554 A.2d 104, 108 (1989).

2019“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Loughnane, 128 A.3d 806 , 817–818 (Pa. Super. 2015).

2018“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Loughnane, 128 A.3d 806 , 817–818 (Pa. Super. 2015).

2026“Evidence that merely advances an inference of a material fact may be ____________________________________________ 1 See also Commonwealth v. Edwards, 903 A.2d 1139, 1156 (Pa. 2006) (“Evidence is relevant ‘if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact’”) (citation omitted)). 2 See also Thompson v. Boyle, 85 Pa. 477, 481 (1877) (“[I]t is a sufficient answer to an objection to testimony as irrelevant, that it tends in the slightest degree to sustain a

2024The Court defined relevant evidence as "...[e]vidence [which] ... logically tends to establish amaterial fact in the case, tends to make afact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of amaterial fact." Hawk, 709 A.2d at 376 . (internal citation omitted).

2020Our supreme court further defined relevant evidence as “evidence that ‘logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable[,] or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact[.]’” Commonwealth v. Jordan, 65 A.3d 318, 324 (Pa. 2013), quoting Commonwealth v. Williams, 896 A.2d 523, 539 (Pa. 2006).

2018See Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5). -4- J-S73026-17 Generally, evidence is admissible if it is relevant, i.e. if it “logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact[.]” Commonwealth v. Jordan, 65 A.3d 318, 324 (Pa. 2013).

2020“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Resse, 31 A.3d 708, 716 (Pa.Super. 2011) (en banc)).

2017Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Reese, 31 A.3d 708, 716 (Pa.Super. 2011).

2017Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact ait issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Klein v. Aronchick, 85 A.3d 487 (Pa. Super. 2014), The court my exclude relevant evidence if-its probative value is outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice.

2015Information is relevant “if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Klein v. Aronchick, 85 A.3d 487,498 (Pa. Super. 2014).

2026“Evidence is relevant if ... it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[.]” Pa.R.E. 401(a); see also Commonwealth v. Minerd, 753 A.2d 225, 230 (Pa. 2000) (recognizing that relevant evidence “logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). -8- J-S45022-25 “Evidence, even if relevant, may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by the potential prejudice.”

2016“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Loughnane, 128 A.3d 806, 818 (Pa.Super. 2015) (quoting Commonwealth v. Fransen, 42 A.3d 1100, 1106 (Pa.Super. 2012)).

2026“Evidence is relevant if ... it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence[.]” Pa.R.E. 401(a); see also Commonwealth v. Minerd, 753 A.2d 225, 230 (Pa. 2000) (recognizing that relevant evidence “logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). -8- J-S45022-25 “Evidence, even if relevant, may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by the potential prejudice.”

2016“The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice[.]” Pa.R.E. 403; see also Commonwealth v. Kouma, 53 A.3d 760, 770 (Pa. Super. 2012) (stating that even when evidence meets the relevance requirements, “such evidence may still be excluded where its probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.”).

2024Evidence is relevant if it “logically or reasonably tends to prove or disprove a material fact in issue, tends to make such a fact more or less probable, or. . .supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Freidl, 834 A.2d at 641 (citation omitted).

2018Evidence is admissible if it “logically or reasonably tends to prove or disprove a material fact in issue, tends to make such a fact more or less probable, or . . . supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Id. “[T]he admissibility of evidence is a matter solely within the discretion of the trial court[,]” and “[t]his Court will reverse an evidentiary ruling only where a clear abuse of discretion occurs.” Commonwealth v. Woeber, 174 A.3d 1096 , 1100 (Pa. Super. 2017).

2019“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact, makes a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Joseph v. North Whitehall Township Board of Supervisors, 16 A.3d 1209, 1218-19 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (quoting Commonwealth v. Laich, 777 A.2d 1057, 1061 (Pa. 2001)). 9 irrelevant because a variance application involves a legal inquiry quite different from that in a conditional use application.

2002"Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, if it tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or if it supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact." Id. (citation omitted).

2022“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Id. (citation omitted).

2020Further, “[t]he threshold inquiry with the admission of evidence is whether the evidence is relevant.” Commonwealth v. Stokes, 78 A.3d 644, 654 (Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied, 625 Pa. 636 , 89 A.3d 661 (2014). -7- J-S07024-20 “Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Id.

2023"Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or suppmts a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact." Id.

2005“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Spiewak, 533 Pa. 1 , 617 A.2d 696, 699 (1992)).

2022“Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Bullock, 948 A.2d 818, 827 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations omitted).

2019Evidence is relevant if it logically tends to establish a material fact in -4- J-A14018-19 the case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Bullock, 948 A.2d 818, 827 (Pa. Super. 2008); see also Pa.R.E. 401, 402.

2020“Evidence is relevant if it tends to establish a material fact, makes a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Kennedy, 959 A.2d 916, 923 (Pa. 2008).

2020However, although the trial court did not have the opportunity to address this issue, we will briefly address its merits. 5 “Evidence is relevant if it tends to establish a material fact, makes a fact at issue more or less probable, or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Kennedy, 959 A.2d 916, 923 (Pa. 2008), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1258 (2009) (citation omitted). -7- J-S36031-20 213 A.3d 263, 267-68 (Pa. Super. 2019), appeal denied, 226 A.3d 568 (Pa. 2020) (citations omitted).

2015Commonwealth v. Drumheller, 846 A.2d 747 (Pa. 2002).

2015Evidence is “prejudicial” only when it is “so prejudicial that it may inflame the jury to make a decision based upon something other than the legal propositions relevant to the case.” Commonwealth v. Colon, 846 A.2d 747, 753 (Pa.Super.2004) (citation omitted).

2001See also Commonwealth v. Wall, 413 Pa.Super. 599 , 606 A.2d 449, 458 (Pa.Super.1992) (“[ejvidence is relevant if it ‘logically tends to prove, or disprove a material fact in issue, tends to make such a fact more or less probable, or affords the basis for or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.’ ”).

2001See also Commonwealth v. Wall, 413 Pa.Super. 599 , 606 A.2d 449, 458 (Pa.Super.1992) (“[ejvidence is relevant if it ‘logically tends to prove, or disprove a material fact in issue, tends to make such a fact more or less probable, or affords the basis for or supports a reasonable inference or presumption regarding the existence of a material fact.’ ”).