Barrows rule (Michigan) · Go Syfert
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Barrows rule in Michigan

7 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1970–1977 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Seifertgreen
michctapp · 1969 · cited in 4 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1970–1973
2 sentences

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre-Barrows plea was not set aside.

14
People v. Bartlettgreen
michctapp · 1990 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1970–1973
2 sentences

1973People v Bartlett, 17 Mich App 205 (1969); People v Seifert, 17 Mich App 187 (1969)”.

1971In People v. Seifert (1969), 17 Mich App 187 , a pre-Barrows case, the facts of the defendant’s commission of the offense were fully set forth on the record at the time of sentencing. 6 In People v. Bartlett (1969), 17 Mich App 205, 214, 215 , the judge accepted a plea of guilty to the offense of unarmed robbery.

13
People v. Taylorgreen
mich · 1972 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1976–1977
2 sentences

1977This is a precaution against involuntary or induced false pleas of guilty, and against subsequent false claims of innocence.” Barrows has been reaffirmed by this Court in a number of opinions, some deciding long delayed appeals. 4 *665 In People v Taylor, supra, this Court applied the Barrows requirement in setting aside a 1960 guilty plea.

1977In People v Rufus Williams, supra, the plurality opinion 8 eschewed reliance on the preliminary examination transcript in reviewing a pre-Barrows plea. 9 In People v Taylor, supra, p 225, fn 10, this Court said that "[i]t is not sufficient that such facts appear on the record of the preliminary examination.

12
People v. Rufus Williamsgreen
mich · 1971 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977A prosecutor’s statement of the factual basis during the plea-taking colloquoy and defendant’s acquiescence were held sufficient to support a pre Barrows plea in People v Rufus Williams, 386 Mich 277 ; 192 NW2d 466 (1971).

1977A prosecutor’s statement of the factual basis during the plea-taking colloquoy and defendant’s acquiescence were held sufficient to support a pre Barrows plea in People v Rufus Williams, 386 Mich 277 ; 192 NW2d 466 (1971).

11
People v. Zaleskigreen
mich · 1965 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
1 sentence

1977See People v Zaleski, 375 Mich 71, 81 (1965), and People v Rufus Williams, 386 Mich 277, 284-285 (1971).” However, neither Zaleski nor Williams resolved the question.

11
People v. Shawgreen
michctapp · 1970 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1973–1973
1 sentence

1973This is a precaution against involuntary or induced false pleas of guilty, and against subsequent false claims of innocence.” Barrows received amplification in the case of People v Shaw, 28 Mich App 456, 457 (1970), where it is stated: "The Barrows requirement has been held to require a substantial factual basis for the plea.

11
Edwards v. Peoplegreen
mich · 1878 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
2 sentences

1971See Edwards v. People (1878), 39 Mich 760 ; MCLA § 768.35 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1058); People v. Rufus Williams (1970), 23 Mich App 459, 465 , fns 7 and 8 and accompanying text. [9] Whether a particular new or rejuvenated standard should be applied to old cases is a matter of judgment.

1971See Edwards v. People (1878), 39 Mich 760 ; MCLA § 768.35 (Stat Ann 1954 Eev § 28.1058); People v. Rufus Williams (1970), 23 Mich App 459, 465 , fns 7 and 8 and accompanying text.

11
People v. Sealesgreen
michctapp · 1970 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
1 sentence

1971See People v. Seales (1970), 26 Mich App 364 ; People v. Donald T.

11
People v. Losingergreen
mich · 1951 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1970–1970
11
People v. Donald T. Mooregreen
michctapp · 1970 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1970–1970
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (3)

CaseNegativeCited
People v. Combsneutral
michctapp · 1968 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

11
People v. Lokatysyellow
michctapp · 1970 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

11
People v. Shellgreen
michctapp · 1970 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

11

Also cited on this issue (25)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Haack green
mich · 1976
2 sentences

1977In People v Haack, 396 Mich 367, 371-373 ; 240 NW2d 704 (1976), where the plea was accepted before the 1973 revision, this Court said: "While former rule 785 and the statute did not explicitly require a determination that there was a factual basis, such a requirement was established by judicial construction of the rule and statute in People vBarrows.”We concluded: "In reviewing convictions on pleas of guilty accepted before the 1973 revision of rule 785, this Court followed the Barrows rule requiring a factual basis supporting the conclusion that a crime was committed and that defendant partic

1977In People v Haack, 396 Mich 367, 371-373 ; 240 NW2d 704 (1976), where the plea was accepted before the 1973 revision, this Court said: "While former rule 785 and the statute did not explicitly require a determination that there was a factual basis, such a requirement was established by judicial construction of the rule and statute in People vBarrows.”We concluded: "In reviewing convictions on pleas of guilty accepted before the 1973 revision of rule 785, this Court followed the Barrows rule requiring a factual basis supporting the conclusion that a crime was committed and that defendant partic

11977–1977
People v. Stearns green
mich · 1968
2 sentences

1977In People v Stearns; 380 Mich 704 ; 158 NW2d 409 (1968), a 1961 conviction was affirmed on evidence that the defendant made statements establishing a factual basis during the presentence investigation.

1977In People v Stearns; 380 Mich 704 ; 158 NW2d 409 (1968), a 1961 conviction was affirmed on evidence that the defendant made statements establishing a factual basis during the presentence investigation.

11977–1977
People v. Carlisle green
mich · 1972
2 sentences

1976This is a precaution against involuntary or induced false pleas of guilty, and against subsequent false claims of innocence.” 5 *373 In reviewing convictions on pleas of guilty accepted before the 1973 revision of rule 785, this Court followed the Barrows rule requiring a factual basis supporting the conclusion that a crime was committed and that defendant participated in its commission. 6 In People v Taylor, 387 Mich 209, 224 ; 195 *374 NW2d 856 (1972), a plea-based conviction was reversed for the judge’s failure "to conduct such an examination as to show that what the defendant actually did

1976This is a precaution against involuntary or induced false pleas of guilty, and against subsequent false claims of innocence.” 5 *373 In reviewing convictions on pleas of guilty accepted before the 1973 revision of rule 785, this Court followed the Barrows rule requiring a factual basis supporting the conclusion that a crime was committed and that defendant participated in its commission. 6 In People v Taylor, 387 Mich 209, 224 ; 195 *374 NW2d 856 (1972), a plea-based conviction was reversed for the judge’s failure "to conduct such an examination as to show that what the defendant actually did

11976–1976
People v. Watson green
michctapp · 1970
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 . [5] But see People v. Shell, supra , People v. Lokatys, supra fn 4 , decided in 1970, and People v. Combs, supra fn 2 , decided in 1968, reversing 1958 (pre- Barrows ) guilty-plea-based convictions. [6] See, also, People v. Watson (1970), 22 Mich App 703 ; People v. Dickerso

11971–1971
People v. Anderson neutral
michctapp · 1970
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

11971–1971
People v. Herbert Sanders green
michctapp · 1970
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

11971–1971
People v. Webb green
michctapp · 1970
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

11971–1971
People v. Wade neutral
michctapp · 1970
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

11971–1971
People v. Johnson green
michctapp · 1970
2 sentences

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

1971Cases recognizing the Barrows rule to be in force where the conviction was affirmed include People v. Anderson (1970), 28 Mich App 604 ; People v. Herbert Sanders (1970), 28 Mich App 274 ; People v. Webb (1970), 27 Mich App 339 ; People v. Sylvester Johnson (1970), 25 Mich App 258 ; People v. Wade (1970), 24 Mich App 518 .

11971–1971
People v. Rufus Williams green
michctapp · 1970
2 sentences

1971See Edwards v. People (1878), 39 Mich 760 ; MCLA § 768.35 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1058); People v. Rufus Williams (1970), 23 Mich App 459, 465 , fns 7 and 8 and accompanying text. [9] Whether a particular new or rejuvenated standard should be applied to old cases is a matter of judgment.

1971See Edwards v. People (1878), 39 Mich 760 ; MCLA § 768.35 (Stat Ann 1954 Eev § 28.1058); People v. Rufus Williams (1970), 23 Mich App 459, 465 , fns 7 and 8 and accompanying text.

11971–1971
People v. Dobine green
mich · 1963
11970–1970
People v. Harris green
mich · 1934
11970–1970
People v. Sanford green
mich · 1925
1 sentence

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

11970–1970
In Re Reno green
mich · 1948
1 sentence

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

11970–1970
People v. Tate green
mich · 1946
11970–1970
People v. Gleason neutral
mich · 1886
11970–1970
People v. Jones green
mich · 1872
11970–1970
People v. Williams neutral
mich · 1892
1 sentence

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

11970–1970
People v. Robbins green
michctapp · 1967
11970–1970
People v. Catterson green
michctapp · 1967
1 sentence

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

11970–1970
People v. Winegar green
mich · 1968
1 sentence

1970From footnote 7 on p 244 of the majority opinion, it appears that Dunn, Stearns and Winegar, supra, are in serious question if they are interpreted to do away with what has been called in Michigan the Barrows requirement.

11970–1970
People v. Sharp green
michctapp · 1967
1 sentence

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

11970–1970
People v. Carlisle green
michctapp · 1970
1 sentence

1970See People v. Moore, supra; People v. Carlisle, supra (V.

11970–1970
People v. Doran green
michctapp · 1967
1 sentence

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

11970–1970
People v. Harris neutral
mich · 1906
1 sentence

1970See, also, People v. Seifert (1959), 17 Mich App 187 , where a pre- Barrows plea was not set aside. [9] MCLA § 750.336 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.568). [10] MCLA § 750.116 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.311). [11] A guilty plea waives a failure to conduct a preliminary examination ( People v. Losinger [1951], 331 Mich 490 ; In re Reno [1948], 321 Mich 497 ; People v. Sanford [1925], 233 Mich 112 ; People v. Harris [1906], 144 Mich 12 ; People v. Williams [1892], 93 Mich 623 ; People v. Jones [1871], 24 Mich 215 ; Washburn v. People [1862], 10 Mich App 372 ) and any defect in the examination ( People v.

11970–1970

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 768.35 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

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