6 District of Columbia opinions name it 1 courts 1982–2025 3 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by District of Columbia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Deandre J. Posey v. United Statesgreen2 sentences2025“Multiple factors may contribute to the totality of the circumstances, including the time of day, flight, the high crime nature of the location, furtive hand movements, an informant’s tip, a person’s reaction to questioning, a report of criminal activity or gunshots, and viewing of an object or bulge indicating a weapon.” Posey, 201 A.3d at 1201-02 (quotation and citation omitted); Armstrong v. United States, 164 A.3d 102, 110-11 (D.C. 2017) (explaining that factors relevant to the totality of the circumstances include spatial and temporal proximity to the crime, the number of people in the ar 2024“Multiple factors may contribute to the totality of the circumstances”; these “includ[e] the time of day, flight, the . . . nature of the location, furtive hand movements, an informant’s tip, a person’s reaction to questioning, a report of criminal activity or gunshots, and viewing of an object or bulge indicating a weapon.” Posey v. United States, 201 A.3d 1198, 1201-02 (D.C. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). | 2 | 3 |
Tony Armstrong & Floyd Joiner v. United Statesgreen1 sentence2025“Multiple factors may contribute to the totality of the circumstances, including the time of day, flight, the high crime nature of the location, furtive hand movements, an informant’s tip, a person’s reaction to questioning, a report of criminal activity or gunshots, and viewing of an object or bulge indicating a weapon.” Posey, 201 A.3d at 1201-02 (quotation and citation omitted); Armstrong v. United States, 164 A.3d 102, 110-11 (D.C. 2017) (explaining that factors relevant to the totality of the circumstances include spatial and temporal proximity to the crime, the number of people in the ar | 1 | 1 |
Robinson v. United Statesgreen1 sentence2022The reasonable, articulable suspicion standard obviously requires a lesser showing than probable cause and “is not onerous, but it is not toothless either.” Robinson, 76 A.3d at 336 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). | 1 | 1 |
Taylor v. Taylorgreen1 sentence1996See Taylor, supra, 508 A.2d at 971-74 . | 1 | 1 |
Christmas v. United Statesgreen1 sentence1982See Jones v. United States, D.C.App., 391 A.2d 1188, 1191 (1978) (no probable cause where one of two men sitting in car late at night in high crime area attempted to hide something under his seat when police approached); Arrington v. United States, D.C.App., 382 A.2d 14, 18 (1978) (no probable cause where “one who was found operating a motor vehicle while his license was suspended made ‘furtive movements’ and ... a brown paper bag partially protruded from beneath the seat”); Christmas v. United States, D.C.App., 314 A.2d 473, 475 (1974) (sight of medicine vial with prescription label does not | 1 | 1 |
Arrington v. United Statesgreen1 sentence1982See Jones v. United States, D.C.App., 391 A.2d 1188, 1191 (1978) (no probable cause where one of two men sitting in car late at night in high crime area attempted to hide something under his seat when police approached); Arrington v. United States, D.C.App., 382 A.2d 14, 18 (1978) (no probable cause where “one who was found operating a motor vehicle while his license was suspended made ‘furtive movements’ and ... a brown paper bag partially protruded from beneath the seat”); Christmas v. United States, D.C.App., 314 A.2d 473, 475 (1974) (sight of medicine vial with prescription label does not | 1 | 1 |
Jones v. United Statesgreen1 sentence1982See Jones v. United States, D.C.App., 391 A.2d 1188, 1191 (1978) (no probable cause where one of two men sitting in car late at night in high crime area attempted to hide something under his seat when police approached); Arrington v. United States, D.C.App., 382 A.2d 14, 18 (1978) (no probable cause where “one who was found operating a motor vehicle while his license was suspended made ‘furtive movements’ and ... a brown paper bag partially protruded from beneath the seat”); Christmas v. United States, D.C.App., 314 A.2d 473, 475 (1974) (sight of medicine vial with prescription label does not | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in District of Columbia. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Ornelas v. United States
green
2 sentences2024In short, “the mosaic which is analyzed for a reasonable-suspicion . . . inquiry is multi-faceted,” Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 698 , and the “fluid concept[]” of reasonable suspicion “take[s] 26 [its] substantive content from the particular contexts in which [it is] being assessed.” Id. at 696 . 2024In short, “the mosaic which is analyzed for a reasonable-suspicion . . . inquiry is multi-faceted,” Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 698 , and the “fluid concept[]” of reasonable suspicion “take[s] 26 [its] substantive content from the particular contexts in which [it is] being assessed.” Id. at 696 . | 1 | 2024–2024 |
Jacobs v. United States
green
1 sentence2019Even recognizing that "the observing police officer may see a combination of facts that make out articulable suspicion," Jacobs v. United States , 981 A.2d 579 , 581 (D.C. 2009), we are unable, on this record, to conclude that the stop in this case was based on anything more than a good faith hunch by Officer Kasco's partner, Officer Orgel. | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Singleton v. United States
green
1 sentence2019Multiple factors may contribute to the totality of the circumstances, "including the time of day, flight, the high crime nature of the location, furtive hand movements, an informant's tip, a person's reaction to questioning, a report of criminal activity or gunshots, and viewing of an object or bulge indicating a weapon." Singleton v. United States , 998 A.2d 295 , 300 (D.C. 2010). | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.