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50 Ohio opinions name it 4 courts 1990–2026 4 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
John JACKSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RKO BOTTLERS OF TOLEDO, INC., Defendant-Appelleegreen2 sentences2018See Chandler v. Empire Chem., Inc., 99 Ohio App.3d 396 (9th Dist.1994), citing Jackson v. RKO Bottlers of Toledo, Inc., 743 F.2d 370, 375 (6th Cir.1984). 2016See Chandler v. Empire Chem., Inc., Midwest Rubber Custom Mixing Div. (1994), 99 Ohio App.3d 396 , 650 N.E.2d 950 , citing Jackson v. RKO Bottlers of Toledo, Inc. (C.A.6, 1984), 743 F.2d 370, 375 . | 2 | 2 |
Chandler v. Empire Chemical, Inc.green2 sentences2018See Chandler v. Empire Chem., Inc., 99 Ohio App.3d 396 (9th Dist.1994), citing Jackson v. RKO Bottlers of Toledo, Inc., 743 F.2d 370, 375 (6th Cir.1984). 2016See Chandler v. Empire Chem., Inc., Midwest Rubber Custom Mixing Div. (1994), 99 Ohio App.3d 396 , 650 N.E.2d 950 , citing Jackson v. RKO Bottlers of Toledo, Inc. (C.A.6, 1984), 743 F.2d 370, 375 . | 2 | 2 |
Onderko v. Sierra Lobo, Inc.green2 sentences2025Creveling v. Lakepark Industries, Inc., 2021-Ohio-764, ¶ 24 (6th Dist.), citing Onderko v. Sierra Lobo, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4115, ¶ 15 (6th Dist.). 2021Onderko v. Sierra Lobo, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4115 , 20 N.E.3d 322 , ¶ 15 (6th Dist.). | 1 | 2 |
State ex rel. Zimmerman v. Tompkinsgreen2 sentences2013Zimmerman v. Tompkins, 75 Ohio St.3d 447, 449 , 1996-Ohio-211 , 663 N.E.2d 639 . {¶13} With regard to the substantive law, we note that R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part as follows: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. * * * The action shall be forever barred unless filed within one hu 2013Zimmerman v. Tompkins, 75 Ohio St.3d 447, 449 , 1996-Ohio-211 , 663 N.E.2d 639 . {¶13} With regard to the substantive law, we note that R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part as follows: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. * * * The action shall be forever barred unless filed within one hu | 1 | 2 |
Bailey v. Republic Engineered Steels, Inc.green2 sentences2002Section 35 , Article II , Ohio Constitution; Bailey v. Republic Engineered Steels, Inc. (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 38 , 40-41 ; Village v. Gen. 2002Section 35, Article II, Ohio Constitution; Bailey v. Republic Engineered Steels, Inc. (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 38, 40-41 [ 741 N.E.2d 121 ]; Village v. Gen. | 1 | 2 |
Creveling v. Lakepark Industries, Inc.green1 sentence2025Creveling v. Lakepark Industries, Inc., 2021-Ohio-764, ¶ 24 (6th Dist.), citing Onderko v. Sierra Lobo, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4115, ¶ 15 (6th Dist.). | 1 | 1 |
Welco Industries, Inc. v. Applied Companiesgreen1 sentence2025“Trial courts should award summary judgment with caution, being careful to resolve doubts and construe evidence in favor of the nonmoving party.” Welco Industries, Inc. v. Applied Cos., 67 Ohio St.3d 344, 346 (1993). {¶19} A claim for workers’ compensation retaliation is governed by R.C. 4123.90, which provides in relevant part: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occ | 1 | 1 |
Dragmen v. Swagelok Co.green1 sentence2024An employee demonstrates a prima facia case of workers’ compensation retaliation under R.C. 4123.90 by establishing 1) that the employee was injured on the job, 2) the employee filed a claim for workers’ compensation benefits, and 3) that the employee was discharged in violation of R.C. 4123.90 Dragmen v. Swagelok Co., 2014-Ohio-5345, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.). | 1 | 1 |
Collins v. Rizkanagreen1 sentence2010See Collins at 70, 652 N.E.2d 653 . {¶ 14} The Workers’ Compensation Act proscribes retaliation for filing a workers’ compensation claim in R.C. 4123.90, which provides, “No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act.” Sutton cannot claim that Torneo violated this section by discharging him, because Sutton had not yet filed a claim or instituted proceedings before Torneo discharged him. | 1 | 1 |
| Ross v. Rossgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Wilson v. Riverside Hospital
green
2 sentences2012Wilson v. Riverside Hosp., 18 Ohio St.3d 8 , 479 N.E.2d 275 (1985), syllabus. {¶16} R.C. 4123.90 provides in pertinent part: “No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim * * * under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that 8 employer.” The workers’ compensation statute mandates that R.C. 4123.90 “be liberally construed in favor of employees.” R.C. 4123.95. {¶17} If the plaintiff establishes his or her pri 2012Wilson v. Riverside Hosp., 18 Ohio St.3d 8 , 479 N.E.2d 275 (1985), syllabus. {¶16} R.C. 4123.90 provides in pertinent part: “No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim * * * under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that 8 employer.” The workers’ compensation statute mandates that R.C. 4123.90 “be liberally construed in favor of employees.” R.C. 4123.95. {¶17} If the plaintiff establishes his or her pri | 15 | 1990–2016 |
Kilbarger v. Anchor Hocking Glass Co.
green
2 sentences2007No. 06CA00045-M, 2006-Ohio-6674 , at ¶ 7 , citing Kilbarger v. Anchor Hocking Glass Co. (1997), 120 Ohio App.3d 332 , 337 , 697 N.E.2d 1080 . {¶ 8} R.C. 4123.90 is a part of the Ohio Workers' Compensation Act and provides, in pertinent part, as follows: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. 2007No. 06CA00045-M, 2006-Ohio-6674 , at ¶ 7 , citing Kilbarger v. Anchor Hocking Glass Co. (1997), 120 Ohio App.3d 332 , 337 , 697 N.E.2d 1080 . {¶ 8} R.C. 4123.90 is a part of the Ohio Workers' Compensation Act and provides, in pertinent part, as follows: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. | 6 | 1999–2007 |
Bryant v. Dayton Casket Co.
green
2 sentences2007R.C. 4123.90 states: No employer shall discharge * * * any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury * * * which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. {¶ 36} R.C. 4123.90 applies only when an employee has been discharged as a result of “taking some action which would constitute the actual pursuit of his claim.” Bryant v. Dayton Casket Co. (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 367, 371 , 23 O.O.3d 341 , 433 N.E.2d 142 . 2007R.C. 4123.90 states: No employer shall discharge * * * any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury * * * which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. {¶ 36} R.C. 4123.90 applies only when an employee has been discharged as a result of “taking some action which would constitute the actual pursuit of his claim.” Bryant v. Dayton Casket Co. (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 367, 371 , 23 O.O.3d 341 , 433 N.E.2d 142 . | 4 | 2005–2007 |
Onderko v. Sierra Lobo, Inc. (Slip Opinion)
green
2 sentences2018DISCUSSION A. First Assignment of Error {¶ 36} Under his first assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in granting judgment in appellee's favor because it incorrectly determined the reasons given by appellee for appellant's termination were not pretextual pursuant to the test to support retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90. {¶ 37} R.C. 4123.90 states in pertinent part: No employer shall discharge * * * or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensati 2018DISCUSSION A. First Assignment of Error {¶ 36} Under his first assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in granting judgment in appellee's favor because it incorrectly determined the reasons given by appellee for appellant's termination were not pretextual pursuant to the test to support retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90. {¶ 37} R.C. 4123.90 states in pertinent part: No employer shall discharge * * * or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensati | 2 | 2018–2026 |
Dresher v. Burt
green
2 sentences2018Id. {¶ 9} Appellant alleges Zulily terminated his employment in retaliation for filing a workers' compensation claim, in violation of R.C. 4123.90, which provides: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an No. 16AP-628 4 injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. {¶ 10} To support a claim for retaliatory discharge, a plaintiff must show 2015Id. at 293 ; Civ.R. 56(E). {¶13} R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part that, “[n]o employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer.” {¶14} “Courts analyze retaliatory-discharge claims under a burden-shifting framework, requiring the employee to initially set forth a prima facie case by showing the existe | 2 | 2015–2018 |
White v. Mount Carmel Medical Center
green
2 sentences2016Ctr., 150 Ohio App.3d 316 , 2002-Ohio-6446 , ¶ 37. {¶ 50} The essence of Thevenin's case is retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90 which provides in relevant part: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. {¶ 51} We have previously explained the burdens upon the parties and the process a court 2007Ctr. , 150 Ohio App.3d 316 , 2002-Ohio-6446 , at ¶ 35 , citing Bryant v. Dayton Casket Co. (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 367 , 371 , and Boyd v. Winton Hills Med. | 2 | 2007–2016 |
Murphy v. City of Reynoldsburg
green
2 sentences2016Murphy v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-359 , 1992-Ohio-95 , 604 N.E.2d 138 . {¶16} R.C. 4123.90 provides in pertinent part that [n]o employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim * * * under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. {¶17} To establish a prima facie case for retaliatory discharge, an employee must prove that the employee: (1) was injured on the job; (2) filed a claim for workers’ 2016Murphy v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-359 , 1992-Ohio-95 , 604 N.E.2d 138 . {¶16} R.C. 4123.90 provides in pertinent part that [n]o employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim * * * under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. {¶17} To establish a prima facie case for retaliatory discharge, an employee must prove that the employee: (1) was injured on the job; (2) filed a claim for workers’ | 2 | 2002–2016 |
Coolidge v. Riverdale Local School District
green
2 sentences2011Nonetheless, they are sustained in part because the trial court failed to consider Ms. Scalia’s retaliation claim in its broader context. 4 Absenteeism and Retaliation Per Se {¶6} Under R.C. 4123.90, it is unlawful for an employer to “discharge * * * any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer.” Ms. Scalia argues that in Coolidge v. Riverdale Local School Dist., 100 Ohio St.3d 14 2006Coolidge v. Riverdale Local School Dist., 100 Ohio St.3d 141 , 150 , 2003-Ohio-5357 , ¶ 46. | 2 | 2006–2011 |
Dresher v. Burt
green
2 sentences2008Id. {¶ 16} R.C. 4123.90 provides, in pertinent part, "No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer." {¶ 17} To establish a prima facie case for retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90 , an employee must show that he or she (1) was injured on the job, (2) filed a workers' compensation claim, and (3) 2006Id. {¶ 17} R.C. 4123.90 provides, in relevant part: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. {¶ 18} This statute "embodies a clear public policy that employers not retaliate against employees who exercise their statutory right to file a workers' compensation claim or pursue workers' compensatio | 2 | 2006–2008 |
Metheney v. Sajar Plastics, Inc.
green
2 sentences2006Metheney v. Sajar Plastics, Inc. (1990), 69 Ohio App.3d 428 , 590 N.E.2d 1311 ; Brown v. Lear Operations Corp. (Sept. 30, 1999), Sandusky App. No. S-99-013. {¶ 31} An employee sets forth a prima facie case for retaliatory discharge by demonstrating that he or she: (1) was injured on the job; (2) filed a workers' compensation claim; and (3) was discharged in contravention of R.C. 4123.90 . 2006Metheney v. Sajar Plastics, Inc. (1990), 69 Ohio App.3d 428 , 590 N.E.2d 1311 ; Brown v. Lear Operations Corp. (Sept. 30, 1999), Sandusky App. No. S-99-013. {¶ 31} An employee sets forth a prima facie case for retaliatory discharge by demonstrating that he or she: (1) was injured on the job; (2) filed a workers' compensation claim; and (3) was discharged in contravention of R.C. 4123.90 . | 2 | 1999–2006 |
Link v. FirstEnergy Corp. (Slip Opinion)
green
2 sentences2019Likewise, "[t]he trial court's denial of JNOV raises a question of law requiring de novo review as to whether the evidence, construed most strongly in favor of [the nonmoving party], is legally sufficient to sustain the jury's verdict." Link v. FirstEnergy Corp. , 147 Ohio St.3d 285 , 2016-Ohio-5083 , 64 N.E.3d 965 , ¶ 22, citing *983 Environmental Network Corp. v. Goodman Weiss Miller, L.L.P. , 119 Ohio St.3d 209 , 2008-Ohio-3833 , 893 N.E.2d 173 , ¶ 23. {¶8} R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee 2019Likewise, "[t]he trial court's denial of JNOV raises a question of law requiring de novo review as to whether the evidence, construed most strongly in favor of [the nonmoving party], is legally sufficient to sustain the jury's verdict." Link v. FirstEnergy Corp. , 147 Ohio St.3d 285 , 2016-Ohio-5083 , 64 N.E.3d 965 , ¶ 22, citing *983 Environmental Network Corp. v. Goodman Weiss Miller, L.L.P. , 119 Ohio St.3d 209 , 2008-Ohio-3833 , 893 N.E.2d 173 , ¶ 23. {¶8} R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Environmental Network Corp. v. Miller
green
2 sentences2019Likewise, "[t]he trial court's denial of JNOV raises a question of law requiring de novo review as to whether the evidence, construed most strongly in favor of [the nonmoving party], is legally sufficient to sustain the jury's verdict." Link v. FirstEnergy Corp. , 147 Ohio St.3d 285 , 2016-Ohio-5083 , 64 N.E.3d 965 , ¶ 22, citing *983 Environmental Network Corp. v. Goodman Weiss Miller, L.L.P. , 119 Ohio St.3d 209 , 2008-Ohio-3833 , 893 N.E.2d 173 , ¶ 23. {¶8} R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee 2019Likewise, "[t]he trial court's denial of JNOV raises a question of law requiring de novo review as to whether the evidence, construed most strongly in favor of [the nonmoving party], is legally sufficient to sustain the jury's verdict." Link v. FirstEnergy Corp. , 147 Ohio St.3d 285 , 2016-Ohio-5083 , 64 N.E.3d 965 , ¶ 22, citing *983 Environmental Network Corp. v. Goodman Weiss Miller, L.L.P. , 119 Ohio St.3d 209 , 2008-Ohio-3833 , 893 N.E.2d 173 , ¶ 23. {¶8} R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Bickers v. Western & Southern Life Insurance
green
2 sentences2019Co. , 116 Ohio St.3d 351 , 2007-Ohio-6751 , 879 N.E.2d 201 , ¶ 26. 2019Co. , 116 Ohio St.3d 351 , 2007-Ohio-6751 , 879 N.E.2d 201 , ¶ 26. | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Rivers v. Cashland
green
1 sentence2015Summit No. 26373, 2013-Ohio-1225, ¶ 13 , citing Scalia v. Aldi, Inc., 9th Dist. | 1 | 2015–2015 |
State ex rel. Zimmerman v. Tompkins
green
1 sentence2013Zimmerman v. Tompkins, 75 Ohio St.3d 447, 449 , 1996-Ohio-211 , 663 N.E.2d 639 . {¶13} With regard to the substantive law, we note that R.C. 4123.90 provides in relevant part as follows: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer. * * * The action shall be forever barred unless filed within one hu | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Neura v. Goodwill
green
1 sentence2013No. 11CA0052-M, 2012-Ohio-2351, ¶ 19 . 5 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING CASHLAND AND CANNON’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON MARISA’[S] CLAIM FOR WORKERS[’] COMPENSATION RETALIATION. {¶11} In Ms. Rivers’ third assignment of error, she argues that the trial court should not have awarded summary judgment to the defendants on her claim of retaliation under R.C. 4123.90. {¶12} R.C. 4123.90 provides, in pertinent part, No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued o | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Scalia v. Aldi, Inc.
neutral
1 sentence2013Scalia, 2011-Ohio-6596, at ¶ 14 . | 1 | 2013–2013 |
In Re Fike Trust, Unpublished Decision (12-4-2006)
green
1 sentence2013No. 06CA0018, 2006-Ohio-6332, ¶ 10 . {¶11} R.C. 4123.90 states, in relevant part, that: No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course and arising out of his employment with that employer. | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Lawrence v. Youngstown
green
1 sentence2012(No. 2011-0621—Submitted January 17, 2012—Decided September 20, 2012.) CERTIFIED by the Court of Appeals for Mahoning County, No. 09 MA 189, 2011-Ohio-998 . __________________ CUPP, J. {¶ 1} No employer shall discharge an employee because the employee filed a claim or participated in a proceeding under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease that occurred in the course of and arising out of employment. | 1 | 2012–2012 |
State ex rel. Richard v. Board of Trustees of the Police & Firemen's Disability & Pension Fund
green
2 sentences2011Richard v. Bd. of Trustees of Police & Firemen’s Disability & Pension Fund (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 409, 411 , 632 N.E.2d 1292 . {¶ 13} R.C. 4123.90 provides: “No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer.” 6 January Term, 2011 {¶ 14} R.C. 4123.90 does not expressly prohibit retaliation against injured 2011Richard v. Bd. of Trustees of Police & Firemen’s Disability & Pension Fund (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 409, 411 , 632 N.E.2d 1292 . {¶ 13} R.C. 4123.90 provides: “No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers’ compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer.” 6 January Term, 2011 {¶ 14} R.C. 4123.90 does not expressly prohibit retaliation against injured | 1 | 2011–2011 |
| State ex rel. Bush v. Spurlock green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
Brewer v. Cleveland City Schools Board of Education
green
1 sentence2007Brewer v. Cleveland City Schools (1997), 122 Ohio App.3d 378 , 383 , citing Brown v. County Comm'rs (1993), 87 Ohio App.3d 704 , 711 . {¶ 9} R.C. 4123.90 states, in relevant part: {¶ 10} "No employer shall discharge, demote, reassign, or take any punitive action against any employee because the employee filed a claim or instituted, pursued or testified in any proceedings under the workers' compensation act for an injury or occupational disease which occurred in the course of and arising out of his employment with that employer." {¶ 11} This statute "embodies a clear public policy that employer | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| Brown v. Scioto Cty. Bd. of Commrs. green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| Goersmeyer v. General Parts, Unpublished Decision (12-18-2006) neutral | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| Smiddy v. Wedding Party, Inc. green | 1 | 2006–2006 |
| State ex rel. Celebrezze v. Environmental Enterprises, Inc. green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Mers v. Dispatch Printing Co. green | 1 | 2001–2001 |
| Roseborough v. N.L. Industries green | 1 | 1995–1995 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.