statute contains standard in Pennsylvania

6 Pennsylvania opinions name it 3 courts 1976–2015 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (4)

Case	Followed	Cited
Commonwealth v. Heinbaughgreen pa · 1976 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1976–1980 2 sentences 1980United States v. Powell, supra. Where the statute contains a standard sufficiently normative to inform the conduct of the person against, whom the statute is being applied, the statute will be upheld, Commonwealth v. Heinbaugh, 467 Pa. 1 , 354 A.2d 244 (1976). 1980United States v. Powell, supra. Where the statute contains a standard sufficiently normative to inform the conduct of the person against, whom the statute is being applied, the statute will be upheld, Commonwealth v. Heinbaugh, 467 Pa. 1 , 354 A.2d 244 (1976).	1	2
Durning v. Balent/Kurdillagreen pasuperct · 2011 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 1 sentence 2015See, e.g., Durning v. Balent/Kurdilla, 19 A.3d 1125, 1129 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“When conducting a best-interests analysis, a court must give positive consideration to the parent who has been the primary caregiver.”) [citation omitted]; Klos v. Klos, 934 A.2d 724 , 729 -3- J-A33006-14 Relevant to the case at bar, at this juncture, due in large part to the child’s age, Mother’s ability to meet the child’s daily needs and the child’s need for stability and continuity weigh in favor of a gradual increase in custody.	1	1
United States v. Louis Parise, Jr.green ca3 · 1998 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011 1 sentence 2011United States v. Parise, 159 F.3d 790, 799 (3rd Cir. 1998).	1	1
Commonwealth v. MacKgreen pa · 1976 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979 2 sentences 1979See, e. g., Commonwealth v. Mack, 467 Pa. 613, 616 , 359 A.2d 770, 772 (1976) (Only “[i]f the statute contains no standard of conduct [to distinguish between illegal and legal acts], or if the standard of conduct prohibits conduct which is protected by the first amendment, [will] the statute ... be declared unconstitutionally ‘vague’ without regard to the particular conduct of the individual challenging the statute . . . .”). 1979See, e. g., Commonwealth v. Mack, 467 Pa. 613, 616 , 359 A.2d 770, 772 (1976) (Only “[i]f the statute contains no standard of conduct [to distinguish between illegal and legal acts], or if the standard of conduct prohibits conduct which is protected by the first amendment, [will] the statute ... be declared unconstitutionally ‘vague’ without regard to the particular conduct of the individual challenging the statute . . . .”).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (5)

Case	Cited	Years
United States v. Powell green scotus · 1975 2 sentences 1994“If the statute contains no standard of conduct ... [it] will be declared unconstitutionally ‘vague’ without regard to the particular conduct of the individual challenging the statute.” Id. (citing United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319-20 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975)). 1994“If the statute contains no standard of conduct ... [it] will be declared unconstitutionally ‘vague’ without regard to the particular conduct of the individual challenging the statute.” Id. (citing United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319-20 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975)).	2	1976–1994
Klos v. Klos green pasuperct · 2007 1 sentence 2015See, e.g., Durning v. Balent/Kurdilla, 19 A.3d 1125, 1129 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“When conducting a best-interests analysis, a court must give positive consideration to the parent who has been the primary caregiver.”) [citation omitted]; Klos v. Klos, 934 A.2d 724 , 729 -3- J-A33006-14 Relevant to the case at bar, at this juncture, due in large part to the child’s age, Mother’s ability to meet the child’s daily needs and the child’s need for stability and continuity weigh in favor of a gradual increase in custody.	1	2015–2015
Commonwealth v. Adamo green pasuperct · 1994 2 sentences 1994"If the statute contains no standard of conduct . . . [it] will be declared unconstitutionally `vague' without regard to the particular conduct of the individual challenging the statute." Id. (citing United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319-20 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975)). 1994“If the statute contains no standard of conduct ... [it] will be declared unconstitutionally ‘vague’ without regard to the particular conduct of the individual challenging the statute.” Id. (citing United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319-20 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975)).	1	1994–1994
United States v. Mazurie green scotus · 1975 2 sentences 1976United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975); United States v. Mazurie, 419 U.S. 544, 550 , 95 S.Ct. 710, 714 , 42 L.Ed.2d 706 (1975); Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566, 577-78 , 94 S.Ct. 1242, 1249 , 39 L.Ed.2d 605 (1974); Commonwealth v. Heinbaugh, 467 Pa. 1 , -, 354 A.2d 244, 246-47 (1976). 1976United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975); United States v. Mazurie, 419 U.S. 544, 550 , 95 S.Ct. 710, 714 , 42 L.Ed.2d 706 (1975); Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566, 577-78 , 94 S.Ct. 1242, 1249 , 39 L.Ed.2d 605 (1974); Commonwealth v. Heinbaugh, 467 Pa. 1 , -, 354 A.2d 244, 246-47 (1976).	1	1976–1976
Smith v. Goguen green scotus · 1974 2 sentences 1976United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975); United States v. Mazurie, 419 U.S. 544, 550 , 95 S.Ct. 710, 714 , 42 L.Ed.2d 706 (1975); Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566, 577-78 , 94 S.Ct. 1242, 1249 , 39 L.Ed.2d 605 (1974); Commonwealth v. Heinbaugh, 467 Pa. 1 , -, 354 A.2d 244, 246-47 (1976). 1976United States v. Powell, 423 U.S. 87, 92 , 96 S.Ct. 316, 319 , 46 L.Ed.2d 228 (1975); United States v. Mazurie, 419 U.S. 544, 550 , 95 S.Ct. 710, 714 , 42 L.Ed.2d 706 (1975); Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566, 577-78 , 94 S.Ct. 1242, 1249 , 39 L.Ed.2d 605 (1974); Commonwealth v. Heinbaugh, 467 Pa. 1 , -, 354 A.2d 244, 246-47 (1976).	1	1976–1976

Where else courts name it

CA 33 (1954–2023) NY 23 (1914–2023) TX 16 (1922–2026) IL 15 (1897–2025) OH 13 (1969–2026) FL 12 (1918–2017) MI 11 (1929–2019) IN 11 (1927–2016) LA 8 (1981–2018) PA 6 (1976–2015) IA 5 (2014–2021) NE 5 (1927–2021) KS 5 (1940–2021) WA 5 (1969–2003) CT 5 (1990–2011) GA 4 (1946–2013) TN 4 (2000–2024) WI 4 (1927–2019) NC 4 (1906–2026) CO 4 (1957–2025) AZ 3 (2002–2012) NH 3 (1995–2025) VA 3 (1978–2002) DC 3 (1999–2021) MD 2 (1914–1922) AK 2 (2014–2014) NJ 2 (1991–2024) MA 2 (1937–2015) MS 2 (2015–2016) SC 2 (1911–2026) MN 2 (2013–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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