Maryland Code
Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101 (2026)
§ 13-101
✓ current as of May 2026
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§13–101.
(a) In this title the following words have the meanings indicated.
(b) (1) “Advertisement” means the publication, dissemination, or circulation of any oral or written matter, including labeling, which directly or indirectly tends to induce a person to enter into an obligation, sign a contract, or acquire title or interest in any merchandise, real property, intangibles, or service.
(2) “Advertisement” includes every device to disguise any form of business solicitation by using:
(i) A word such as “renewal”, “invoice”, “bill”, “statement”, or “reminder” to create an impression of an existing obligation if there is none; or
(ii) Other language to mislead a person in relation to a proposed commercial transaction.
(c) (1) “Consumer” means an actual or prospective purchaser, lessee, or recipient of consumer goods, consumer services, consumer realty, or consumer credit.
(2) “Consumer” includes:
(i) A co–obligor or surety for a consumer;
(ii) A licensee or recipient of computer information or computer programs under a consumer contract as defined in § 22–102 of this article;
(iii) An individual who sells or offers for sale to a merchant consumer goods or consumer realty that the individual acquired primarily for personal, household, family, or agricultural purposes; or
(iv) A fraternal, religious, civic, patriotic, educational, or charitable organization that purchases, rents, or leases goods or services for the benefit of the members of the organization.
(d) (1) “Consumer credit”, “consumer debts”, “consumer goods”, “consumer realty”, and “consumer services” mean, respectively, credit, debts or obligations, goods, real property, and services which are primarily for personal, household, family, or agricultural purposes.
(2) “Consumer goods” and “consumer services” include, respectively, goods and services which are purchased, rented, or leased by a fraternal, religious, civic, patriotic, educational, or charitable organization for the benefit of the members of the organization.
(e) “Division” means the Division of Consumer Protection of the Office of the Attorney General.
(f) “Merchandise” means any commodity, object, wares, or goods.
(g) (1) “Merchant” means a person who directly or indirectly either offers or makes available to consumers any consumer goods, consumer services, consumer realty, or consumer credit.
(2) “Merchant” includes a person:
(i) Who directly or indirectly purchases or offers to purchase any consumer goods or consumer realty from a consumer; and
(ii) Whose business includes paying off consumer debt in connection with the purchase of any consumer goods or consumer realty from a consumer.
(h) “Person” includes an individual, corporation, business trust, statutory trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(i) “Sale” includes any:
(1) Sale of or offer or attempt to sell merchandise, real property, or intangibles for cash or credit; or
(2) Service or offer for service which relates to any person, building, or equipment.
(j) “Service” means any:
(1) Building repair or improvement service;
(2) Subprofessional service;
(3) Repair of a motor vehicle, home appliance, or other similar commodity; or
(4) Repair, installation, or other servicing of any plumbing, heating, electrical, or mechanical device.
(k) “Unfair, abusive, or deceptive trade practice” has the meaning stated in Subtitle 3 of this title.
(a) In this title the following words have the meanings indicated.
(b) (1) “Advertisement” means the publication, dissemination, or circulation of any oral or written matter, including labeling, which directly or indirectly tends to induce a person to enter into an obligation, sign a contract, or acquire title or interest in any merchandise, real property, intangibles, or service.
(2) “Advertisement” includes every device to disguise any form of business solicitation by using:
(i) A word such as “renewal”, “invoice”, “bill”, “statement”, or “reminder” to create an impression of an existing obligation if there is none; or
(ii) Other language to mislead a person in relation to a proposed commercial transaction.
(c) (1) “Consumer” means an actual or prospective purchaser, lessee, or recipient of consumer goods, consumer services, consumer realty, or consumer credit.
(2) “Consumer” includes:
(i) A co–obligor or surety for a consumer;
(ii) A licensee or recipient of computer information or computer programs under a consumer contract as defined in § 22–102 of this article;
(iii) An individual who sells or offers for sale to a merchant consumer goods or consumer realty that the individual acquired primarily for personal, household, family, or agricultural purposes; or
(iv) A fraternal, religious, civic, patriotic, educational, or charitable organization that purchases, rents, or leases goods or services for the benefit of the members of the organization.
(d) (1) “Consumer credit”, “consumer debts”, “consumer goods”, “consumer realty”, and “consumer services” mean, respectively, credit, debts or obligations, goods, real property, and services which are primarily for personal, household, family, or agricultural purposes.
(2) “Consumer goods” and “consumer services” include, respectively, goods and services which are purchased, rented, or leased by a fraternal, religious, civic, patriotic, educational, or charitable organization for the benefit of the members of the organization.
(e) “Division” means the Division of Consumer Protection of the Office of the Attorney General.
(f) “Merchandise” means any commodity, object, wares, or goods.
(g) (1) “Merchant” means a person who directly or indirectly either offers or makes available to consumers any consumer goods, consumer services, consumer realty, or consumer credit.
(2) “Merchant” includes a person:
(i) Who directly or indirectly purchases or offers to purchase any consumer goods or consumer realty from a consumer; and
(ii) Whose business includes paying off consumer debt in connection with the purchase of any consumer goods or consumer realty from a consumer.
(h) “Person” includes an individual, corporation, business trust, statutory trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(i) “Sale” includes any:
(1) Sale of or offer or attempt to sell merchandise, real property, or intangibles for cash or credit; or
(2) Service or offer for service which relates to any person, building, or equipment.
(j) “Service” means any:
(1) Building repair or improvement service;
(2) Subprofessional service;
(3) Repair of a motor vehicle, home appliance, or other similar commodity; or
(4) Repair, installation, or other servicing of any plumbing, heating, electrical, or mechanical device.
(k) “Unfair, abusive, or deceptive trade practice” has the meaning stated in Subtitle 3 of this title.
Notes of Decisions
Cited in 113
cases (52 in the last 5 years), 1995–2026 · leading case: Pasternak & Fidis, P.C. v. Recall Total Info. Mgmt., Inc., 95 F. Supp. 3d 886 (D. Md. 2015).
Pasternak & Fidis, P.C. v. Recall Total Info. Mgmt., Inc., 95 F. Supp. 3d 886 (D. Md. 2015). “§ 10-1-390, and Maryland’s Consumer Protection Act (“MCPA”), Md.Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101 et seq. (Count VI).”
Blackstone v. Sharma, 191 A.3d 1188 (Md. 2018). “tity apart from foreign statutory trusts owns the loan; (2) whether the other actors, such as the trustees, substitute trustees, and the mortgage loan servicer, held the appropriate licenses; and (3) whether the foreign statutory trusts, its trustees, substitute trustees, or…”
Tucker v. Specialized Loan Servicing, LLC, 83 F. Supp. 3d 635 (D. Md. 2015). “(“MCDCA”); the FDCPA; and the Maryland Consumer Protection Act, Md. Code Ann., Com. Law §§ 13-101 et seq.”
Scott v. Nuvell Fin. Servs. LLC, 789 F. Supp. 2d 637 (D. Md. 2011). “(“CLEC”) (Count I); breach of contract (Count II); declaratory and injunctive relief (Count III); restitution and unjust enrichment (Count IV); and violation of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act, Md.Code Ann., Com. Law §§ 13-101 et seq. (“CPA”) (Count V).”
Ridenour v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharm., Inc., 679 F.3d 1062 (8th Cir. 2012). “Ridenour amended his complaint on March 2, 2011, to eliminate the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act claim and add claims for violations of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act, Md.Code Ann., Com. Law §§ 13-101, et seq.”
Baker v. Antwerpen Motorcars Ltd., 807 F. Supp. 2d 386 (D. Md. 2011). “Md.Code Ann., Com. Law §§ 13-101 et seq. 11 .”
Haley v. Corcoran, 659 F. Supp. 2d 714 (D. Md. 2009). “Md.Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101, et seq. 4 .”
Petry v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 597 F. Supp. 2d 558 (D. Md. 2009). “As alleged by Plaintiffs, Wells Fargo and Long & Foster created Prosperity to provide Wells Fargo with a pipeline of referrals from Long & Foster, a real estate broker, and to provide Wells Fargo a means to pay split finder’s fees or kickbacks to Long & Foster for those…”
Green v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 927 F. Supp. 2d 244 (D. Md. 2013). “The Maryland Consumer Protection Act, Fraud, and Promissory Estoppel Plaintiffs further assert claims under the Maryland Consumer Protection Act (“MCPA”), Md.Code Ann., Com. Law §§ 13-101 et seq., for common law fraud, and for promissory estoppel.”
Morris v. Osmose Wood Preserving, 667 A.2d 624 (Md. 1995). “” § 13-101(g) of the Commercial Law Article, emphasis added.”
Bradshaw v. Hilco Receivables, LLC, 765 F. Supp. 2d 719 (D. Md. 2011). “, the Maryland Con *723 sumer Debt Collection Act (“MCDCA”), Md.Code Ann., Com. Law § 14-201 et seq., and the Maryland Consumer Protection Act (“MCPA”), Md.”
Robinson v. Fountainhead Title Grp. Corp., 447 F. Supp. 2d 478 (D. Md. 2006). “Consumer Protection Act Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated the Consumer Protection Act (CPA), Md. Code Ann., Com. Law II §§ 13-101 et seq.”
Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101(c): 1 case
Kevin Betskoff, Sr. v. Bank of Am. Nat'l Ass'n, 538 F. App'x 308 (4th Cir. 2013).
Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101(d)(1): 1 case
Pasternak & Fidis, P.C. v. Recall Total Info. Mgmt., Inc., 95 F. Supp. 3d 886 (D. Md. 2015). “§ 10-1-390, and Maryland’s Consumer Protection Act (“MCPA”), Md.Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101 et seq. (Count VI).”
Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101(d)(l): 1 case
Pasternak & Fidis, P.C. v. Recall Total Info. Mgmt., Inc., 95 F. Supp. 3d 886 (D. Md. 2015). “§ 10-1-390, and Maryland’s Consumer Protection Act (“MCPA”), Md.Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101 et seq. (Count VI).”
Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101(g): 1 case
Morris v. Osmose Wood Preserving, 667 A.2d 624 (Md. 1995). “” § 13-101(g) of the Commercial Law Article, emphasis added.”
Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101(h): 1 case
Pasternak & Fidis, P.C. v. Recall Total Info. Mgmt., Inc., 95 F. Supp. 3d 886 (D. Md. 2015). “§ 10-1-390, and Maryland’s Consumer Protection Act (“MCPA”), Md.Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101 et seq. (Count VI).”
Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 13-101(j): 1 case
Mesfin v. Gebrehiwot (D.D.C. 2025).
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