Ohio Revised Code

Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11 (2026)

Felonious assault

✓ current as of May 2026
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(A) No person shall knowingly do either of the following:

(1) Cause serious physical harm to another or to another's unborn;

(2) Cause or attempt to cause physical harm to another or to another's unborn by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance.

(B) No person, with knowledge that the person has tested positive as a carrier of a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, shall knowingly do any of the following:

(1) Engage in sexual conduct with another person without disclosing that knowledge to the other person prior to engaging in the sexual conduct;

(2) Engage in sexual conduct with a person whom the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe lacks the mental capacity to appreciate the significance of the knowledge that the offender has tested positive as a carrier of a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;

(3) Engage in sexual conduct with a person under eighteen years of age who is not the spouse of the offender.

(C) The prosecution of a person under this section does not preclude prosecution of that person under section 2907.02 of the Revised Code.

(D)(1)(a) Whoever violates this section is guilty of felonious assault. Except as otherwise provided in this division or division (D)(1)(b) of this section, felonious assault is a felony of the second degree. If the victim of a violation of division (A) of this section is a peace officer or an investigator of the bureau of criminal identification and investigation, felonious assault is a felony of the first degree.

(b) Regardless of whether the felonious assault is a felony of the first or second degree under division (D)(1)(a) of this section, if the offender also is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification as described in section 2941.1423 of the Revised Code that was included in the indictment, count in the indictment, or information charging the offense, except as otherwise provided in this division or unless a longer prison term is required under any other provision of law, the court shall sentence the offender to a mandatory prison term as provided in division (B)(8) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code. If the victim of the offense is a peace officer or an investigator of the bureau of criminal identification and investigation, and if the victim suffered serious physical harm as a result of the commission of the offense, felonious assault is a felony of the first degree, and the court, pursuant to division (F) of section 2929.13 of the Revised Code, shall impose as a mandatory prison term one of the definite prison terms prescribed for a felony of the first degree in division (A)(1)(b) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code, except that if the violation is committed on or after the effective date of this amendment, the court shall impose as the minimum prison term for the offense a mandatory prison term that is one of the minimum terms prescribed for a felony of the first degree in division (A)(1)(a) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code.

(2) In addition to any other sanctions imposed pursuant to division (D)(1) of this section for felonious assault committed in violation of division (A)(1) or (2) of this section, if the offender also is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification of the type described in section 2941.1425 of the Revised Code that was included in the indictment, count in the indictment, or information charging the offense, the court shall sentence the offender to a mandatory prison term under division (B)(9) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code.

(3) If the victim of a felonious assault committed in violation of division (A) of this section is a child under ten years of age and if the offender also is convicted of or pleads guilty to a specification of the type described in section 2941.1426 of the Revised Code that was included in the indictment, count in the indictment, or information charging the offense, in addition to any other sanctions imposed pursuant to division (D)(1) of this section, the court shall sentence the offender to a mandatory prison term pursuant to division (B)(10) of section 2929.14 of the Revised Code.

(4) In addition to any other sanctions imposed pursuant to division (D)(1) of this section for felonious assault committed in violation of division (A)(2) of this section, if the deadly weapon used in the commission of the violation is a motor vehicle, the court shall impose upon the offender a class two suspension of the offender's driver's license, commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, probationary license, or nonresident operating privilege as specified in division (A)(2) of section 4510.02 of the Revised Code.

(E) As used in this section:

(1) "Deadly weapon" and "dangerous ordnance" have the same meanings as in section 2923.11 of the Revised Code.

(2) "Motor vehicle" has the same meaning as in section 4501.01 of the Revised Code.

(3) "Peace officer" has the same meaning as in section 2935.01 of the Revised Code.

(4) "Sexual conduct" has the same meaning as in section 2907.01 of the Revised Code, except that, as used in this section, it does not include the insertion of an instrument, apparatus, or other object that is not a part of the body into the vaginal or anal opening of another, unless the offender knew at the time of the insertion that the instrument, apparatus, or other object carried the offender's bodily fluid.

(5) "Investigator of the bureau of criminal identification and investigation" means an investigator of the bureau of criminal identification and investigation who is commissioned by the superintendent of the bureau as a special agent for the purpose of assisting law enforcement officers or providing emergency assistance to peace officers pursuant to authority granted under section 109.541 of the Revised Code.

(6) "Investigator" has the same meaning as in section 109.541 of the Revised Code.

(F) The provisions of division (D)(2) of this section and of division (F)(20) of section 2929.13, divisions (B)(9) and (C)(6) of section 2929.14, and section 2941.1425 of the Revised Code shall be known as "Judy's Law."

The Legislative Service Commission presents the text of this section as a composite of the section as amended by multiple acts of the General Assembly. This presentation recognizes the principle stated in R.C. 1.52(B) that amendments are to be harmonized if reasonably capable of simultaneous operation.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 3,951 cases (1,604 in the last 5 years), 1974–2026 · leading case: State v. Harris, 2009 Ohio 3323 (Ohio 2009).
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State v. Harris, 2009 Ohio 3323 (Ohio 2009). · cites it 41× “Felonious Assault: R.C. 2903.11 (A)(1) and (A)(2) {¶ 18} In State v.”
State v. Barnes, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (Ohio 2002). · cites it 10× “Nelson was bound over on the charge of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and (2), but he was later indicted on one count of attempted murder.”
Brian Williams v. United States, 927 F.3d 427 (6th Cir. 2019). · cites it 26× “It is also true, moreover, that the categorical shortcomings of Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11 should have been just as identifiable in 2006 as they are today.”
State v. Williams, 2010 Ohio 147 (Ohio 2010). · cites it 30× “Felonious assault as defined in R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) is an allied offense of attempted murder as defined in R.”
United States v. Le' Ardrus Burris, 912 F.3d 386 (6th Cir. 2019). · cites it 12× “Compare Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.11 (A)(1), with id.”
State v. Barnes, 2002 Ohio 68 (Ohio 2002). · cites it 10× “Nelson was bound over on the charge of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and (2), but he was later indicted on one count of attempted murder.”
State v. Tolliver, 2017 Ohio 4214 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017). · cites it 10× “2903.11(A)(1) and (2). “Deadly weapon” is defined as “any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specially adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon.”
State v. McKelton (Slip Opinion), 2016 Ohio 5735 (Ohio 2016). · cites it 4× “{¶ 3} McKelton was also charged with two counts of felonious assault, R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), and two counts of domestic violence against Allen, R.”
Grange Mut. Cas. Co. v. Chapman (In Re Chapman), 228 B.R. 899 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1998). · cites it 23× “Sometime later, the findings from the criminal investigation were turned over to the Hancock County Prosecutor’s Office, who in turn prosecuted the Debtor for Felonious Assault under O.R.C. § 2903.11. The Debtor was subsequently found guilty of the charge, and ordered to pay Ms.”
State v. Potts, 2016 Ohio 5555 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016). · cites it 8× “{¶14} At trial, the State offered the testimony of Deputy Terrill Brooks (“Deputy Brooks”) and Sergeant Michael Cortez (“Sergeant Cortez”) of the Hancock County Sheriff’s Office regarding the September 29, 2014 incident.”
State v. Peters, 2023 Ohio 4362 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023). · cites it 16× “” Therefore, the State is required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant (1) knowingly, (2) caused or attempted to cause physical harm to another, (3) by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance.”
State v. Murray, 805 N.E.2d 156 (Ohio Ct. App. 2004). · cites it 16× “{¶ 1} Following a jury trial, defendant-appellant, Sonny Murray, was convicted of two counts of felonious assault pursuant to R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and four counts of felonious assault pursuant to R.”
Show all 3,951 citing cases →
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(1) — 1 case
State v. Shearer, 2016 Ohio 7302 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A) — 241 cases
Brian Williams v. United States, 927 F.3d 427 (6th Cir. 2019). “It is also true, moreover, that the categorical shortcomings of Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11 should have been just as identifiable in 2006 as they are today.”
State v. Ireland (Slip Opinion), 2018 Ohio 4494 (Ohio 2018).
United States v. Le' Ardrus Burris, 912 F.3d 386 (6th Cir. 2019). “Compare Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.11 (A)(1), with id.”
United States v. Gregory Raymore, 965 F.3d 475 (6th Cir. 2020).
Stillwagon v. City of Delaware, 274 F. Supp. 3d 714 (S.D. Ohio 2017).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1) — 1953 cases
State v. Harris, 2009 Ohio 3323 (Ohio 2009). “Felonious Assault: R.C. 2903.11 (A)(1) and (A)(2) {¶ 18} In State v.”
State v. Williams, 2010 Ohio 147 (Ohio 2010). “Felonious assault as defined in R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) is an allied offense of attempted murder as defined in R.”
State v. McKelton (Slip Opinion), 2016 Ohio 5735 (Ohio 2016). “{¶ 3} McKelton was also charged with two counts of felonious assault, R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), and two counts of domestic violence against Allen, R.”
United States v. Le' Ardrus Burris, 912 F.3d 386 (6th Cir. 2019). “Compare Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.11 (A)(1), with id.”
State v. Tolliver, 2017 Ohio 4214 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017). “2903.11(A)(1) and (2). “Deadly weapon” is defined as “any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specially adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon.”
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1)(2) — 3 cases
State v. Scott, 2013 Ohio 5875 (Ohio Ct. App. 2013).
State v. Nelson, 2016 Ohio 2692 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).
State v. Lipkins, 2023 Ohio 1192 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1)(A)(2) — 3 cases
State v. Woods, 2022 Ohio 3339 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. Alston, 2017 Ohio 8616 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017).
State v. Porter, 2013 Ohio 89 (Ohio Ct. App. 2013).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1)(D) — 21 cases
State v. Henderson, 2018 Ohio 2816 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018).
State v. Shaw, 2013 Ohio 5292 (Ohio Ct. App. 2013).
State v. Matland, 2010 Ohio 6585 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010).
State v. Hansen, 2012 Ohio 4574 (Ohio Ct. App. 2012).
State v. Brown, 2018 Ohio 253 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1)(D)(1) — 6 cases
State v. Menifield, 2024 Ohio 2981 (Ohio Ct. App. 2024).
State v. Potts, 2023 Ohio 954 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
State v. Beaver, 2022 Ohio 4578 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. Williams, 2023 Ohio 1634 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
State v. Morlock, 2024 Ohio 429 (Ohio Ct. App. 2024).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1)(D)(a) — 1 case
State v. Whaley, 2019 Ohio 3933 (Ohio Ct. App. 2019).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1)(c) — 1 case
Zeigler v. Warden, Lebanon Corr. Inst. (S.D. Ohio 2022).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(1)(d)(1) — 1 case
State v. Lawyer, 2019 Ohio 597 (Ohio Ct. App. 2019).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(2) — 1749 cases
State v. Barnes, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (Ohio 2002). “Nelson was bound over on the charge of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and (2), but he was later indicted on one count of attempted murder.”
State v. Barnes, 2002 Ohio 68 (Ohio 2002). “Nelson was bound over on the charge of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and (2), but he was later indicted on one count of attempted murder.”
State v. Williams, 2010 Ohio 147 (Ohio 2010). “Felonious assault as defined in R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) is an allied offense of attempted murder as defined in R.”
State v. Harris, 2009 Ohio 3323 (Ohio 2009). “Felonious Assault: R.C. 2903.11 (A)(1) and (A)(2) {¶ 18} In State v.”
State v. Potts, 2016 Ohio 5555 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016). “{¶14} At trial, the State offered the testimony of Deputy Terrill Brooks (“Deputy Brooks”) and Sergeant Michael Cortez (“Sergeant Cortez”) of the Hancock County Sheriff’s Office regarding the September 29, 2014 incident.”
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(2)(1)(a) — 1 case
State v. Moore, 2022 Ohio 4422 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(2)(B) — 2 cases
State v. Houseman, 591 N.E.2d 405 (Ohio Ct. App. 1990).
State v. Jones, 684 N.E.2d 1304 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(2)(D) — 48 cases
State v. Barnette, 2014 Ohio 5405 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014).
State v. Italiano, 2021 Ohio 1283 (Ohio Ct. App. 2021).
State v. Shaw, 2013 Ohio 5292 (Ohio Ct. App. 2013).
State v. James, 2020 Ohio 4289 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020).
State v. Matland, 2010 Ohio 6585 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(2)(D)(1) — 10 cases
State v. Phillips, 2017 Ohio 7107 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017).
State v. Hill, 2020 Ohio 1237 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020).
State v. Ray, 2018 Ohio 3293 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018).
State v. Schillinger, 2018 Ohio 3966 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018).
Cooper v. Youngstown, 2016 Ohio 7184 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(2)(a) — 1 case
State v. Stiltner, 2021 Ohio 959 (Ohio Ct. App. 2021).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(2)(b) — 1 case
State v. Santiago, 8 Ohio App. Unrep. 314 (Ohio Ct. App. 1990).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(3) — 5 cases
State v. Taylor, 2019 Ohio 3367 (Ohio Ct. App. 2019).
State v. Stephens, 2016 Ohio 384 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).
State v. Bartulica, 2018 Ohio 3978 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018).
State v. Williams, 2014 Ohio 3624 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014).
State v. Jefferson, 2025 Ohio 429 (Ohio Ct. App. 2025).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(D)(1)(a) — 8 cases
State v. Watson, 2023 Ohio 3137 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
State v. Stephen, 2025 Ohio 693 (Ohio Ct. App. 2025).
State v. James, 2025 Ohio 2629 (Ohio Ct. App. 2025).
State v. Scott, 2024 Ohio 2355 (Ohio Ct. App. 2024).
State v. Mitchell, 2025 Ohio 4658 (Ohio Ct. App. 2025).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(Z) — 1 case
State v. Lindsay, 2018 Ohio 5245 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(A)(l) — 2 cases
State v. West, 2017 Ohio 4055 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017).
Terrance Walter v. Bennie Kelly, 653 F. App'x 378 (6th Cir. 2016).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(AX2) — 3 cases
State v. Green, 569 N.E.2d 1038 (Ohio 1991).
State v. George, 2 Ohio App. Unrep. 671 (Ohio Ct. App. 1990).
State v. Penson, 1 Ohio App. Unrep. 81 (Ohio Ct. App. 1990).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(B) — 16 cases
United States v. Le' Ardrus Burris, 912 F.3d 386 (6th Cir. 2019). “Compare Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.11 (A)(1), with id.”
State v. Gross, 2002 Ohio 5524 (Ohio 2002).
State v. Corbin, 751 N.E.2d 505 (Ohio Ct. App. 2001).
State v. Batista (Slip Opinion), 2017 Ohio 8304 (Ohio 2017).
State v. Wong, 641 N.E.2d 1137 (Ohio Ct. App. 1994).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(B)(1) — 20 cases
State v. Boatright, 2017 Ohio 5794 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017).
State v. Batista (Slip Opinion), 2017 Ohio 8304 (Ohio 2017).
State v. Batista, 2016 Ohio 2848 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).
State v. Bean, 2014 Ohio 908 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014).
State v. Gonzalez, 796 N.E.2d 12 (Ohio Ct. App. 2003).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(B)(1)(D) — 1 case
State v. McKinney, 2020 Ohio 4721 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(B)(2)(b) — 1 case
State v. Abdus-Salaam, 2024 Ohio 2773 (Ohio Ct. App. 2024).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(B)(2)(e) — 1 case
State v. Abdus-Salaam, 2024 Ohio 2773 (Ohio Ct. App. 2024).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(B)(3) — 10 cases
State v. Gonzalez, 952 N.E.2d 502 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011).
State v. Ward, 2021 Ohio 1930 (Ohio Ct. App. 2021).
Christian v. Davis, 2023 Ohio 1445 (Ohio 2023).
Christian v. Bracy, 2022 Ohio 3201 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. Sanders, 2020 Ohio 3506 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(C) — 1 case
State v. Gonzalez, 952 N.E.2d 502 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D) — 17 cases
State v. Peters, 2023 Ohio 4362 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023). “” Therefore, the State is required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant (1) knowingly, (2) caused or attempted to cause physical harm to another, (3) by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance.”
State v. Blanton, 2023 Ohio 89 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
State v. Hampton, 2016 Ohio 5321 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).
State v. Gonzalez, 796 N.E.2d 12 (Ohio Ct. App. 2003).
State v. Ratliff, 2023 Ohio 1970 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(1) — 14 cases
State v. Belew (Slip Opinion), 2014 Ohio 2964 (Ohio 2014).
R.C. v. J.G., 2013 Ohio 4265 (Ohio Ct. App. 2013).
A.M. v. D.L., 2017 Ohio 5621 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017).
State v. Dukes, 2019 Ohio 2893 (Ohio Ct. App. 2019).
State v. Yoder, 2016 Ohio 7428 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(1)(A) — 1 case
State v. Blouir, 2022 Ohio 1222 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(1)(a) — 84 cases
United States v. Le' Ardrus Burris, 912 F.3d 386 (6th Cir. 2019). “Compare Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.11 (A)(1), with id.”
State v. Freetage, 2021 Ohio 4050 (Ohio Ct. App. 2021).
State v. Conant, 2020 Ohio 4319 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020).
State v. Mock, 2010 Ohio 2747 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010).
State v. Padilla, 2023 Ohio 1995 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(1)(b) — 10 cases
State v. Lewis, 2022 Ohio 4421 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. Fairman, 2011 Ohio 6489 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011).
State v. Merriweather, 2017 Ohio 421 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017).
State v. Fredericy, 2011 Ohio 3834 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011).
State v. Roush, 2014 Ohio 4887 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(2) — 2 cases
State v. Walz, 2012 Ohio 4627 (Ohio Ct. App. 2012).
State v. Schoeneman, 2012 Ohio 4710 (Ohio Ct. App. 2012).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(3) — 1 case
State v. Sepeda, 2020 Ohio 4167 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(4) — 5 cases
State v. Eitzman, 2022 Ohio 574 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. Farr, 2023 Ohio 4704 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023).
State v. Steele, 2025 Ohio 5133 (Ohio Ct. App. 2025).
State v. McComb, 2022 Ohio 1423 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. Steele, 2025 Ohio 5766 (Ohio Ct. App. 2025).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(D)(l)(a) — 1 case
Ivery v. McConahay (N.D. Ohio 2025).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(E) — 1 case
State v. Shappie, 2025 Ohio 1629 (Ohio Ct. App. 2025).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(E)(1) — 21 cases
State v. Tolliver, 2017 Ohio 4214 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017). “2903.11(A)(1) and (2). “Deadly weapon” is defined as “any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specially adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon.”
State v. Eitzman, 2022 Ohio 574 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. Peters, 2023 Ohio 4362 (Ohio Ct. App. 2023). “” Therefore, the State is required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant (1) knowingly, (2) caused or attempted to cause physical harm to another, (3) by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance.”
State v. Johnson, 2022 Ohio 4629 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
State v. White, 2019 Ohio 4288 (Ohio Ct. App. 2019).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(E)(2) — 1 case
State v. Eitzman, 2022 Ohio 574 (Ohio Ct. App. 2022).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(E)(4) — 1 case
State v. Bean, 2014 Ohio 908 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014).
— Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11(a) — 2 cases
United States v. Cesar Melendez-Perez (6th Cir. 2021).
United States v. Cesar Melendez-Perez (6th Cir. 2021).
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