42 U.S.C. § 1981a
Damages in cases of intentional discrimination in employment
In an action brought by a complaining party under section 706 or 717 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000e–5, 2000e–16] against a respondent who engaged in unlawful intentional discrimination (not an employment practice that is unlawful because of its disparate impact) prohibited under section 703, 704, or 717 of the Act [42 U.S.C. 2000e–2, 2000e–3, 2000e–16], and provided that the complaining party cannot recover under section 1981 of this title, the complaining party may recover compensatory and punitive damages as allowed in subsection (b), in addition to any relief authorized by section 706(g) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, from the respondent.
In an action brought by a complaining party under the powers, remedies, and procedures set forth in section 706 or 717 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000e–5, 2000e–16] (as provided in section 107(a) of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12117(a)), and section 794a(a)(1) of title 29, respectively) against a respondent who engaged in unlawful intentional discrimination (not an employment practice that is unlawful because of its disparate impact) under section 791 of title 29 and the regulations implementing section 791 of title 29, or who violated the requirements of section 791 of title 29 or the regulations implementing section 791 of title 29 concerning the provision of a reasonable accommodation, or section 102 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12112), or committed a violation of section 102(b)(5) of the Act, against an individual, the complaining party may recover compensatory and punitive damages as allowed in subsection (b), in addition to any relief authorized by section 706(g) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, from the respondent.
In cases where a discriminatory practice involves the provision of a reasonable accommodation pursuant to section 102(b)(5) of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 [42 U.S.C. 12112(b)(5)] or regulations implementing section 791 of title 29, damages may not be awarded under this section where the covered entity demonstrates good faith efforts, in consultation with the person with the disability who has informed the covered entity that accommodation is needed, to identify and make a reasonable accommodation that would provide such individual with an equally effective opportunity and would not cause an undue hardship on the operation of the business.
A complaining party may recover punitive damages under this section against a respondent (other than a government, government agency or political subdivision) if the complaining party demonstrates that the respondent engaged in a discriminatory practice or discriminatory practices with malice or with reckless indifference to the federally protected rights of an aggrieved individual.
Compensatory damages awarded under this section shall not include backpay, interest on backpay, or any other type of relief authorized under section 706(g) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000e–5(g)].
Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the scope of, or the relief available under, section 1981 of this title.
The term “discriminatory practice” means the discrimination described in paragraph (1), or the discrimination or the violation described in paragraph (2), of subsection (a).
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(A), is Pub. L. 88–352,
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(B), is Pub. L. 101–336,
Section effective
Notes of Decisions
Cited in 2,582
cases (472 in the last 5 years), 1992–2026 · leading case: Channon v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 629 N.W.2d 835 (Iowa 2001).
Channon v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 629 N.W.2d 835 (Iowa 2001). “Linda Rae Channon appeals from a district court’s posttrial ruling that imposed caps pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981a on compensatory and punitive damages a jury awarded her against her employer United Parcel Service, Inc.”
Carleen Black v. Pan Am. Labs., 646 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. 2011). “3 See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a)(b)(3); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.”
Salveson v. Douglas Cnty., 2001 WI 100, 630 N.W.2d 182. “Salveson brought a lawsuit against Douglas County and Collyard on June 17, 1996, alleging violations and seeking damages under Title VII as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 1981a. She also raised numerous other claims.”
Kolstad v. Am. Dental Assn., 527 U.S. 526 (1999). “Courts of Appeals, too, have relied on these liability limits in interpreting 42 U. S. C. § 1981a. See, e. g., Dudley v.”
Jin Ku Kim v. Nash Finch Co., 123 F.3d 1046 (8th Cir. 1997). “3d 1431, 1437 (1997) (holding standard of proof for punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1981a is the same as that previously established for punitive damages under 42 U.”
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279 (2002). “1072 , 42 U. S. C. § 1981a (1994 ed.). Baker is not a party to the case.”
Sheila White v. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 364 F.3d 789 (6th Cir. 2004). “42 U.S.C. §§ 1981a(b); 2000e-5(g), (k). Although Burlington Northern argues that it made White whole when it granted her back pay, Congress has declared that part of making a Title VII plaintiff whole is compensating her for interest on the back pay, attorney’s fees, and…”
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Boh Bros. Constr. Co., 731 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2013). “” 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(1). This is a higher standard than the showing necessary for compensatory damages, satisfied in “only a subset of cases involving intentional discrimination.”
West v. Gibson, 527 U.S. 212 (1999). “Unlike § 717(b), 42 U. S. C. § 1981a does authorize awards of compensatory damages against the United States.”
Stanley D. Dowd v. United Steelworkers of Am., 253 F.3d 1093 (8th Cir. 2001). “§ 1981a(b) provides in relevant part; (3) Limitations The sum of the amount of compensatory damages awarded under this section for future pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses, and the…”
Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775 (1998). “1072 , 42 U. S. C. § 1981a; see Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.”
Dukes v. Wal-Mart, Inc., 509 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir. 2007). “It is unlikely the Congress that approved both Rule 23(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1981a intended to put discrimination victims to such a choice.”
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(1): 5 cases
Equal Emp't Opportunity Comm'n v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 903 F.3d 618 (7th Cir. 2018).
Patrick McGinnis v. Kentucky Fried Chicken of California, 42 F.3d 1273 (9th Cir. 1994).
EEOC v. Costco Wholesale Corp., No. 17-2432 (7th Cir. Sept. 10, 2018).
EEOC v. Costco Wholesale Corp., No. 17-2454 (7th Cir. Sept. 10, 2018).
Riesgo v. Heidelberg Harris, Inc., No. CV-96-123-JD (D.N.H. May 30, 1997).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(1)(2): 1 case
Dawson v. Burnett, 631 F. Supp. 2d 878 (W.D. Mich. 2009).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(2): 10 cases
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Fedex Ground Package Sys., Inc., 158 F. Supp. 3d 393 (W.D. Pa. 2016).
Hernandez v. City of Hartford, 959 F. Supp. 125 (D. Conn. 1997).
Ostrach v. Regents of the Univ. of California, 957 F. Supp. 196 (E.D. Cal. 1997).
Schmidt v. Solis, 891 F. Supp. 2d 72 (D.D.C. 2012).
Passantino v. Johnson & Johnson Consum. Prods., Inc., 212 F.3d 493 (9th Cir. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(3): 9 cases
Kentucky Dep't of Corr. v. McCullough, 123 S.W.3d 130 (Ky. 2004).
Michael J. OLMSTED v. TACO BELL Corp., 141 F.3d 1457 (11th Cir. 1998).
Olmsted v. Emmanuel, 783 So. 2d 1122 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001).
Hall v. Claussen, 6 F. App'x 655 (10th Cir. 2001).
ROSADO-SOSTRE v. Turabo Testing, Inc., 364 F. Supp. 2d 144 (D.P.R. 2005).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(3)(A): 2 cases
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Grane Healthcare Co., 2 F. Supp. 3d 667 (W.D. Pa. 2014).
Porter v. 1st Choice After Sch. Kare, No. 1:20-cv-01028 (D. Colo. Mar. 3, 2021).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(3)(C): 1 case
Nolasco v. Solaris Paper, No. 1:23-cv-01631 (E.D. Va. Sept. 15, 2025).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(3)(D): 5 cases
Giles v. Gen. Elec. Co., 245 F.3d 474 (5th Cir. 2001).
Michael J. OLMSTED v. TACO BELL Corp., 141 F.3d 1457 (11th Cir. 1998).
Vance v. Union Planters Corp, No. 01-60216 (5th Cir. Jan. 28, 2002).
Olmsted v. Taco Bell Corp., No. 97-2223 (11th Cir. May 28, 1998).
Olmsted v. Taco Bell Corp., No. 97-2223 (11th Cir. May 28, 1998).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(3)(b): 1 case
Knowlton v. Teltrust Phones, Inc., 189 F.3d 1177 (10th Cir. 1999).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(4): 1 case
Copley v. Bax Global, Inc., 97 F. Supp. 2d 1164 (S.D. Fla. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(B)(3): 1 case
Williams v. Pharmacia Opthalmics, Inc., 926 F. Supp. 791 (N.D. Ind. 1996).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(B)(3)(A): 1 case
Dufresne v. J D Fields & Co Inc, No. 02-30073 (5th Cir. Apr. 16, 2003).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(C): 1 case
Rivera v. Nat'l Westminster Bank USA, 801 F. Supp. 1123 (S.D.N.Y. 1992).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a): 70 cases
Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244 (1994).
Repub. of Austria v. Altmann, 541 U.S. 677 (2004).
Dukes v. Wal-Mart, Inc., 509 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir. 2007). “It is unlikely the Congress that approved both Rule 23(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1981a intended to put discrimination victims to such a choice.”
Carleen Black v. Pan Am. Labs., 646 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. 2011). “3 See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a)(b)(3); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.”
Lawrence L. Pedigo v. P.A.M. Transp., Inc., 60 F.3d 1300 (8th Cir. 1995).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(1): 131 cases
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006).
West v. Gibson, 527 U.S. 212 (1999). “Unlike § 717(b), 42 U. S. C. § 1981a does authorize awards of compensatory damages against the United States.”
Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129 (2004).
Dailey v. North Coast Life Ins. Co., 919 P.2d 589 (Wash. 1996).
Equal Emp't Opportunity Comm'n v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc., 575 U.S. 768 (2015).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(1995): 1 case
Codrington v. Virgin Islands Port Auth., 911 F. Supp. 907 (D.V.I. 1996).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(2): 119 cases
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279 (2002). “1072 , 42 U. S. C. § 1981a (1994 ed.). Baker is not a party to the case.”
Lawrence L. Pedigo v. P.A.M. Transp., Inc., 60 F.3d 1300 (8th Cir. 1995).
Alvarado v. Cajun Operating Co., 588 F.3d 1261 (9th Cir. 2009).
Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187 (1996).
Tayler Bayer v. Neiman Marcus Grp., Inc., 861 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2017).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(2)(2000): 1 case
Harris v. Schriro, 652 F. Supp. 2d 1024 (D. Ariz. 2009).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(2)(3): 1 case
Nieves v. McDonough, No. 3:23-cv-01460 (D.P.R. Mar. 26, 2025).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(2)(b): 1 case
Hernandez v. Texas Dep't of Human Servs., 91 F. App'x 934 (5th Cir. 2004).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(3): 35 cases
United States Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. St. Joseph's Hosp., Inc., 842 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir. 2016).
Jane M. Foster v. Time Warner Ent. Co., L.P., 250 F.3d 1189 (8th Cir. 2001).
Jaclyn Jurach v. Saf. Vision, L.L.C., 642 F. App'x 313 (5th Cir. 2016).
Stirlen v. Supercuts, Inc., 51 Cal. App. 4th 1519 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997).
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Convergys Customer Mgmt. Grp., Inc., 491 F.3d 790 (8th Cir. 2007).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(Z): 1 case
Serrano v. Cintas Corp., 711 F. Supp. 2d 782 (E.D. Mich. 2010).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(i): 2 cases
Maldonado v. City of Altus, OK., 433 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir. 2006).
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. CRST Van Expedited, Inc., 611 F. Supp. 2d 918 (N.D. Iowa 2009).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(a)(l): 189 cases
Oden v. Oktibbeha Cnty. MS, 246 F.3d 458 (5th Cir. 2001).
Pollard v. E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., 532 U.S. 843 (2001).
Carleen Black v. Pan Am. Labs., 646 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. 2011). “3 See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a)(b)(3); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.”
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279 (2002). “1072 , 42 U. S. C. § 1981a (1994 ed.). Baker is not a party to the case.”
Tayler Bayer v. Neiman Marcus Grp., Inc., 861 F.3d 853 (9th Cir. 2017).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b): 112 cases
Carleen Black v. Pan Am. Labs., 646 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. 2011). “3 See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a)(b)(3); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.”
Sheila White v. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 364 F.3d 789 (6th Cir. 2004). “42 U.S.C. §§ 1981a(b); 2000e-5(g), (k). Although Burlington Northern argues that it made White whole when it granted her back pay, Congress has declared that part of making a Title VII plaintiff whole is compensating her for interest on the back pay, attorney’s fees, and…”
Laura Phelan v. Cook Cnty., 463 F.3d 773 (7th Cir. 2006).
U.S. Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. ALC Sec. Investigations, Ltd., 823 F. Supp. 571 (N.D. Ill. 1993).
Oden v. Oktibbeha Cnty. MS, 246 F.3d 458 (5th Cir. 2001).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(1): 418 cases
Kolstad v. Am. Dental Assn., 527 U.S. 526 (1999). “Courts of Appeals, too, have relied on these liability limits in interpreting 42 U. S. C. § 1981a. See, e. g., Dudley v.”
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Boh Bros. Constr. Co., 731 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2013). “” 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(1). This is a higher standard than the showing necessary for compensatory damages, satisfied in “only a subset of cases involving intentional discrimination.”
Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 603 F.3d 571 (9th Cir. 2010).
Thomas v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 305 F. Supp. 3d 77 (D.C. Cir. 2018).
Lewis v. Am. Sugar Ref., Inc., 325 F. Supp. 3d 321 (S.D. Ill. 2018).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(1)(2): 1 case
Miller v. Hygrade Food Prods. Corp., 198 F.R.D. 638 (E.D. Pa. 2001).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(2): 94 cases
Lawrence L. Pedigo v. P.A.M. Transp., Inc., 60 F.3d 1300 (8th Cir. 1995).
Julie K. Hertzberg v. Sram Corp., 261 F.3d 651 (7th Cir. 2001).
Antonio Passaro, Jr. v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 935 F.3d 243 (4th Cir. 2019).
Lillian Pebbles Morrison v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., Mark F. Shankle, Sr. v. Pep Boys — Manny, Moe & Jack, Inc., 317 F.3d 646 (6th Cir. 2003).
Lewis v. Am. Sugar Ref., Inc., 325 F. Supp. 3d 321 (S.D. Ill. 2018).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3): 445 cases
Salveson v. Douglas Cnty., 2001 WI 100, 630 N.W.2d 182. “Salveson brought a lawsuit against Douglas County and Collyard on June 17, 1996, alleging violations and seeking damages under Title VII as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 1981a. She also raised numerous other claims.”
Parrish v. Sollecito, 280 F. Supp. 2d 145 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).
Channon v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 629 N.W.2d 835 (Iowa 2001). “Linda Rae Channon appeals from a district court’s posttrial ruling that imposed caps pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981a on compensatory and punitive damages a jury awarded her against her employer United Parcel Service, Inc.”
Mathiason v. Aquinas Home Health Care, Inc., 187 F. Supp. 3d 1269 (D. Kan. 2016).
Fantini v. Salem State Coll., 557 F.3d 22 (1st Cir. 2009).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(A): 92 cases
Stanley D. Dowd v. United Steelworkers of Am., 253 F.3d 1093 (8th Cir. 2001). “§ 1981a(b) provides in relevant part; (3) Limitations The sum of the amount of compensatory damages awarded under this section for future pecuniary losses, emotional pain, suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, loss of enjoyment of life, and other nonpecuniary losses, and the…”
Sheriff v. Midwest Health Partners, P.C., 619 F.3d 923 (8th Cir. 2010).
Joseph v. HDMJ Restaurant, Inc., 970 F. Supp. 2d 131 (E.D.N.Y. 2013).
Fantini v. Salem State Coll., 557 F.3d 22 (1st Cir. 2009).
Jennifer Farfaras v. Citizens Bank & Trust of Chicago, 433 F.3d 558 (7th Cir. 2006).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(B): 19 cases
Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co., 513 F.3d 1261 (11th Cir. 2008).
Sandra Spragis Flowers v. S. Reg'l Physician Servs. Inc., 247 F.3d 229 (5th Cir. 2001).
Steven Weissman v. Dawn Joy Fashions, 214 F.3d 224 (2d Cir. 2000).
David Pals v. Schepel Buick & GMC Truck, Inc., 220 F.3d 495 (7th Cir. 2000).
Alberte v. Anew Health Care Servs., Inc., 2000 WI 7, 605 N.W.2d 515.
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(C): 26 cases
Carleen Black v. Pan Am. Labs., 646 F.3d 254 (5th Cir. 2011). “3 See 42 U.S.C. § 1981a)(b)(3); TEX. LAB. CODE § 21.”
Danny T. Greenway v. Buffalo Hilton Hotel, 143 F.3d 47 (2d Cir. 1998).
Medlock v. Ortho Biotech, Inc., 164 F.3d 545 (10th Cir. 1999).
Graves ex rel. Est. of Graves v. Sec'y of the Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 109 Fed. Cl. 579 (Fed. Cl. 2013).
Hamlin v. Hampton Lumber Mills, Inc., 246 P.3d 1121 (Or. 2011).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(D): 190 cases
Channon v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 629 N.W.2d 835 (Iowa 2001). “Linda Rae Channon appeals from a district court’s posttrial ruling that imposed caps pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981a on compensatory and punitive damages a jury awarded her against her employer United Parcel Service, Inc.”
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Boh Bros. Constr. Co., 731 F.3d 444 (5th Cir. 2013). “” 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(1). This is a higher standard than the showing necessary for compensatory damages, satisfied in “only a subset of cases involving intentional discrimination.”
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Harbert-Yeargin, Inc., 266 F.3d 498 (6th Cir. 2001).
Johnson v. Spencer Press of Maine, Inc., 364 F.3d 368 (1st Cir. 2004).
Theresa Waldo v. Consumers Energy Co., 726 F.3d 802 (6th Cir. 2013).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(D)(2000): 1 case
Bennett v. Fairfax Cnty., Va., 432 F. Supp. 2d 596 (E.D. Va. 2006).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(a): 2 cases
Funk v. F & K Supply, Inc., 43 F. Supp. 2d 205 (N.D.N.Y. 1999).
Farfaras, Jennifer v. Citizens Bank Trust, No. 05-2082 (7th Cir. Jan. 11, 2006).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3)(c): 2 cases
Rodriguez-Torres v. Caribbean Forms Mfr., Inc., 399 F.3d 52 (1st Cir. 2005).
Barbara R. Jonasson v. Lutheran Child & Fam. Servs., 115 F.3d 436 (7th Cir. 1997).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(4): 20 cases
Jin Ku Kim v. Nash Finch Co., 123 F.3d 1046 (8th Cir. 1997). “3d 1431, 1437 (1997) (holding standard of proof for punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1981a is the same as that previously established for punitive damages under 42 U.”
O'Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 237 F.3d 1248 (10th Cir. 2001).
Carole Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295 (2d Cir. 1995).
Darrel Smith v. Denise Bray, 681 F.3d 888 (7th Cir. 2012).
Hill v. Airborne Freight Corp., 212 F. Supp. 2d 59 (E.D.N.Y. 2002).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(8)(A): 1 case
Caudle v. Bristow Optical Co., 224 F.3d 1014 (9th Cir. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(8)(D): 1 case
Peyton, Monica M. v. DiMario, Michael F., 287 F.3d 1121 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(S): 1 case
Clark v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 885 F. Supp. 694 (E.D. Pa. 1995).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(l): 377 cases
Sheila White v. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 364 F.3d 789 (6th Cir. 2004). “42 U.S.C. §§ 1981a(b); 2000e-5(g), (k). Although Burlington Northern argues that it made White whole when it granted her back pay, Congress has declared that part of making a Title VII plaintiff whole is compensating her for interest on the back pay, attorney’s fees, and…”
Jin Ku Kim v. Nash Finch Co., 123 F.3d 1046 (8th Cir. 1997). “3d 1431, 1437 (1997) (holding standard of proof for punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1981a is the same as that previously established for punitive damages under 42 U.”
U.S. Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Consol Energy, Inc., 860 F.3d 131 (4th Cir. 2017).
Deters v. Equifax Credit Info. Servs., Inc., 202 F.3d 1262 (10th Cir. 2000).
Donna Patterson Nicholas Brown v. P.H.P. Healthcare Corp. Mark Kennedy, 90 F.3d 927 (5th Cir. 1996).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(l)(1994): 1 case
Santiago v. City of Vineland, 107 F. Supp. 2d 512 (D.N.J. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(l)(2): 1 case
Colindres v. QuietFlex Mfg., 235 F.R.D. 347 (S.D. Tex. 2006).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(l)(3): 1 case
Cush-Crawford v. Adchem Corp., 94 F. Supp. 2d 294 (E.D.N.Y. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(l)(3)(b): 1 case
Cush-Crawford v. Adchem Corp., 94 F. Supp. 2d 294 (E.D.N.Y. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(l)(D): 2 cases
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Fed. Express Corp., 537 F. Supp. 2d 700 (M.D. Pa. 2005).
Hemmings v. Tidyman's, Inc., 65 F. Supp. 2d 1157 (E.D. Wash. 1999).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(c): 80 cases
St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502 (1993).
Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244 (1994).
Michael Nall v. BNSF Ry. Co., 917 F.3d 335 (5th Cir. 2019).
Andrea Gogel v. KIA Motors Mfg. of Georgia, Inc., 967 F.3d 1121 (11th Cir. 2020).
Stan Laber v. Francis J. Harvey, 438 F.3d 404 (4th Cir. 2006).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(c)(1): 20 cases
Dukes v. Wal-Mart, Inc., 509 F.3d 1168 (9th Cir. 2007). “It is unlikely the Congress that approved both Rule 23(b)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1981a intended to put discrimination victims to such a choice.”
Alvin Joel TYLER v. BETHLEHEM STEEL Corp., 958 F.2d 1176 (2d Cir. 1992).
Claudette Lutz v. Glendale Union High Sch., 403 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir. 2005).
Rembert v. Ryan’s Fam. Steak Houses, Inc, 596 N.W.2d 208 (Mich. Ct. App. 1999).
Edwards v. Brookhaven Sci. Assocs., LLC, 390 F. Supp. 2d 225 (E.D.N.Y. 2005).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(c)(2): 24 cases
Tamra Robinson v. First State Cmty. Action A, 920 F.3d 182 (3d Cir. 2019).
Sony BMG Music Ent. v. Tenenbaum, 660 F.3d 487 (1st Cir. 2011).
Evans v. Avery, 100 F.3d 1033 (1st Cir. 1996).
Martini v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n, 178 F.3d 1336 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
Baker v. John Morrell & Co., 266 F. Supp. 2d 909 (N.D. Iowa 2003).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(c)(l): 28 cases
Marra v. Philadelphia Hous. Auth., 497 F.3d 286 (3d Cir. 2007).
Colleen P. Kramer v. Banc of Am. Sec., LLC, 355 F.3d 961 (7th Cir. 2004).
Red Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 195 F.3d 1238 (11th Cir. 1999).
Smith v. F.W. Morse Co., 76 F.3d 413 (1st Cir. 1996).
Stonehill Coll. v. Massachusetts Comm'n Against Discrimination, 808 N.E.2d 205 (Mass. 2004).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(d)(1): 2 cases
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Bass Pro Outdoor World, L.L.C., 826 F.3d 791 (5th Cir. 2016).
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Bass Pro Outdoor World, L.L.C., 865 F.3d 216 (5th Cir. 2017).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(d)(1)(A): 1 case
U.S. EEOC v. W & O, Inc., 213 F.3d 600 (11th Cir. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(d)(1)(B): 1 case
Ostrach v. Regents of the Univ. of California, 957 F. Supp. 196 (E.D. Cal. 1997).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(d)(2): 2 cases
Jin Ku Kim v. Nash Finch Co., 123 F.3d 1046 (8th Cir. 1997). “3d 1431, 1437 (1997) (holding standard of proof for punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1981a is the same as that previously established for punitive damages under 42 U.”
Jin Ku Kim v. Nash Finch Co., No. 95-2012 (8th Cir. Aug. 20, 1997).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(d)(l): 1 case
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Bass Pro Outdoor World, L.L.C., 826 F.3d 791 (5th Cir. 2016).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(d)(l)(A): 4 cases
Michael GIBSON v. Jesse BROWN, 137 F.3d 992 (7th Cir. 1998).
United States Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. W&O, Inc., 213 F.3d 600 (11th Cir. 2000).
Varner v. Illinois State Univ., 972 F. Supp. 458 (C.D. Ill. 1997).
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. W & O, Inc., 36 F. Supp. 2d 1348 (S.D. Fla. 1998).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(d)(l)(B): 1 case
Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm'n v. Grane Healthcare Co., 2 F. Supp. 3d 667 (W.D. Pa. 2014).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(e): 7 cases
Vincent DeNOVELLIS v. Donna E. SHALALA, 124 F.3d 298 (1st Cir. 1997).
Reid v. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co., 205 F.R.D. 655 (N.D. Ga. 2001).
Zachery v. Texaco Expl. & Prod., Inc., 185 F.R.D. 230 (W.D. Tex. 1999).
Gucker v. U.S. Steel Corp., 212 F. Supp. 3d 549 (W.D. Pa. 2016).
Robinson v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 267 F.3d 147 (2d Cir. 2001).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(e)(1): 6 cases
Tamosaitis v. URS Inc., 781 F.3d 468 (9th Cir. 2014).
Braverman v. Penobscot Shoe Co., 859 F. Supp. 596 (D. Me. 1994).
Khandelwal v. Compuadd Corp., 780 F. Supp. 1077 (E.D. Va. 1992).
Dailey v. Societe Generale, 889 F. Supp. 108 (S.D.N.Y. 1995).
Conn v. Am. Nat'l Red Cross, 168 F. Supp. 3d 90 (D.D.C. 2016).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(e)(l): 2 cases
Barbour, Joyce A. v. Browner, Carol M., 181 F.3d 1342 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
Phillips v. CIGNA Investments, Inc., 27 F. Supp. 2d 345 (D. Conn. 1998).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(l): 1 case
McGinnis v. Kentucky Fried Chicken of California, 51 F.3d 805 (9th Cir. 1994).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(l)(2): 1 case
Shepherd v. United States Olympic Comm., 94 F. Supp. 2d 1136 (D. Colo. 2000).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(l)(Z): 1 case
Simien v. Chem. Waste Mgmt., Inc., 30 F. Supp. 2d 939 (W.D. La. 1998).
42 U.S.C. § 1981a(l)(l): 2 cases
Reyes-Ortiz v. McConnell Valdes, 714 F. Supp. 2d 234 (D.P.R. 2010).
William Reed Huckabay v. Edward Moore, 137 F.3d 871 (5th Cir. 1998).
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