U.S. Code » Title 49 » Subtitle SUBTITLE VII— AVIATION PROGRAMS › Part PART A— AIR COMMERCE AND SAFETY › Subpart subpart iii— safety › Chapter CHAPTER 447— SAFETY REGULATION

49 U.S.C. § 44729

Age standards for pilots

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(a)In General.—Subject to the limitation in subsection (c), a pilot may serve in multicrew covered operations described in subsection (b)(1) until attaining 65 years of age. Air carriers that employ pilots who serve in covered operations described in subsection (b)(2) may elect to implement an age restriction to prohibit employed pilots from serving in such covered operations after attaining 70 years of age by delivering written notice to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. Such election—(1) shall take effect 1 year after the date of delivery of written notice of the election; and(2) may not be terminated after the date on which such election takes effect by the air carrier.(b)Covered Operations Defined.—In this section, the term “covered operations” means—(1) operations under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; or(2) operations by a person that—(A) holds an air carrier certificate issued pursuant to part 119 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, to conduct operations under part 135 of such title;(B) holds management specifications under subpart K of title 91 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and(C) performed an aggregate total of at least 75,000 turbojet operations in calendar year 2019 or any subsequent year.(c)Limitation for International Flights.—(1)Applicability of icao standard.—A pilot who has attained 60 years of age may serve as pilot-in-command in covered operations between the United States and another country only if there is another pilot in the flight deck crew who has not yet attained 60 years of age.(2)Sunset of limitation.—Paragraph (1) shall cease to be effective on such date as the Convention on International Civil Aviation provides that a pilot who has attained 60 years of age may serve as pilot-in-command in international commercial operations without regard to whether there is another pilot in the flight deck crew who has not attained age 60.(d)Sunset of Age 60 Retirement Rule.—On and after the date of enactment of this section, section 121.383(c) of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, shall cease to be effective.(e)Applicability.—(1)Nonretroactivity.—No person who has attained 60 years of age before the date of enactment of this section may serve as a pilot for an air carrier engaged in covered operations unless—(A) such person is in the employment of that air carrier in such operations on such date of enactment as a required flight deck crew member; or(B) such person is newly hired by an air carrier as a pilot on or after such date of enactment without credit for prior seniority or prior longevity for benefits or other terms related to length of service prior to the date of rehire under any labor agreement or employment policies of the air carrier.(2)Protection for compliance.—An action taken in conformance with this section, taken in conformance with a regulation issued to carry out this section, or taken prior to the date of enactment of this section in conformance with section 121.383(c) of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect before such date of enactment), may not serve as a basis for liability or relief in a proceeding, brought under any employment law or regulation, before any court or agency of the United States or of any State or locality.(f)Amendments to Labor Agreements and Benefit Plans.—Any amendment to a labor agreement or benefit plan of an air carrier that is required to conform with the requirements of this section or a regulation issued to carry out this section, and is applicable to pilots represented for collective bargaining, shall be made by agreement of the air carrier and the designated bargaining representative of the pilots of the air carrier.(g)Medical Standards and Records.—(1)Medical examinations and standards.—Except as provided by paragraph (2), a person serving as a pilot for an air carrier engaged in covered operations shall not be subject to different medical standards, or different, greater, or more frequent medical examinations, on account of age unless the Secretary determines (based on data received or studies published after the date of enactment of this section) that different medical standards, or different, greater, or more frequent medical examinations, are needed to ensure an adequate level of safety in flight.(2)Duration of first-class medical certificate.—No person who has attained 60 years of age may serve as a pilot of an air carrier engaged in covered operations unless the person has a first-class medical certificate. Such a certificate shall expire on the last day of the 6-month period following the date of examination shown on the certificate.(h)Safety.—(1)Training.—Each air carrier engaged in covered operations shall continue to use pilot training and qualification programs approved by the Federal Aviation Administration, with specific emphasis on initial and recurrent training and qualification of pilots who have attained 60 years of age, to ensure continued acceptable levels of pilot skill and judgment.(2) GAO report.—Not later than 24 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Comptroller General shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report concerning the effect, if any, on aviation safety of the modification to pilot age standards made by subsection (a).(Added Pub. L. 110–135, § 2(a), Dec. 13, 2007, 121 Stat. 1450; amended Pub. L. 112–95, title III, § 305, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 58; Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, § 107(a), (b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5257, 5258.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

The date of enactment of this section and such date of enactment, referred to in subsecs. (d), (e), (g)(1) and (h)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–135, which was approved Dec. 13, 2007.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 117–328, § 107(a), substituted “covered operations described in subsection (b)(1) until attaining 65 years of age. Air carriers that employ pilots who serve in covered operations described in subsection (b)(2) may elect to implement an age restriction to prohibit employed pilots from serving in such covered operations after attaining 70 years of age by delivering written notice to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. Such election—” and pars. (1) and (2) for “covered operations until attaining 65 years of age.”

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–328, § 107(b), substituted “means—” and pars. (1) and (2) for “means operations under part 121 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations.”

2012—Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 112–95 redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text of par. (2) read as follows: “Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this section, and every 6 months thereafter, an air carrier engaged in covered operations shall evaluate the performance of each pilot of the air carrier who has attained 60 years of age through a line check of such pilot. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, an air carrier shall not be required to conduct for a 6-month period a line check under this paragraph of a pilot serving as second-in-command if the pilot has undergone a regularly scheduled simulator evaluation during that period.”

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesProtection for Compliance

Pub. L. 117–328, div. Q, § 107(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5258, provided that: “An action or election taken in conformance with the amendments made by this section [amending this section], or taken in conformance with a regulation issued to carry out the amendments made by this section, may not serve as a basis for liability or relief in a proceeding brought under any employment law or regulation before any court or agency of the United States or of any State or locality.”

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 27 cases (2 in the last 5 years), 2008–2025 · leading case: Emory v. United Air Lines, Inc., 720 F.3d 915 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
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Emory v. United Air Lines, Inc., 720 F.3d 915 (D.C. Cir. 2013). · cites it 6× “Under the Act’s nonretroactivity provision, 49 U.S.C. § 44729 (e)(1), pilots who had turned 60 prior to FTEPA’s enactment date and did not qualify for either one of two narrowly drawn statutory exceptions would be denied the benefits of the Age 65 Rule and, as was often the…”
Jones v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l, 642 F.3d 1100 (D.C. Cir. 2011). · cites it 3× “GRIFFITH, Circuit Judge: In the district court, plaintiff James Jones challenged the constitutionality of a provision of the Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act (FTEPA), 49 U.S.C. § 44729 , which allows some pilots, but not him, to take advantage of Congress’s decision to…”
Troy G. Avera vs Airline Pilots Assoc. Int'l, Airline Pilots Assoc. Master Exec. Couns., 436 F. App'x 969 (11th Cir. 2011). · cites it 6× “Avera also petitioned for a declaratory judgment that the Fair Treatment of Experienced Pilots Act (“FTEPA”), 49 U.S.C. § 44729 , and the Federal Aviation Administration’s (“FAA”) “Age 60 Rule,” 14 C.”
Jones v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, 713 F. Supp. 2d 29 (D.D.C. 2010). · cites it 3× “See 49 U.S.C. § 44729 (a), (d). The Act contains a “nonretroactivity” provision, however, that significantly limits the ability of pilots who turned sixty before FTEPA’s passage (and who were thus forced to retire) to return to work.”
Avera v. United Air Lines, 686 F. Supp. 2d 1262 (N.D. Fla. 2010). · cites it 9× “1450 (2007), which amended 49 U.S.C. § 44729 .” Carswell v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n Intern.”
Emory v. United Air Lines, Inc., 821 F. Supp. 2d 200 (D.D.C. 2011). · cites it 5× “1450 (2007) (codified at 49 U.S.C. § 44729 ), id. ¶ 11 . The FTEPA was enacted on December 13, 2007, and it permits pilots to fly commercial, passenger aircraft until the age of sixty-five.”
Brooks v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l, 630 F. Supp. 2d 52 (D.D.C. 2009). · cites it 4× “Plaintiffs, all Continental Airlines employees over sixty years old, ask this court to order their union, defendant Air Line Pilots Association International, to withdraw a grievance challenging Continental’s interpretation of the Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act, 49…”
Henry Weiland v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 778 F.3d 1112 (9th Cir. 2015). · cites it 9× “The panel held that Weiland did not qualify for the FTEPA’s 49 U.S.C. § 44729 (e)(1)(A)’s exception because although he was employed by an air carrier, he was not employed “in such operations” and was not a “required flight deck member.”
Carswell v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n Intern., 540 F. Supp. 2d 107 (D.D.C. 2008). · cites it 2× “1450 (2007), which amended 49 U.S.C. § 44729 . Under the amended § 44729, “a pilot may serve in multicrew covered operations until attaining 65 years of age,” 49 U.”
Bader v. United Airlines, Inc., 113 F. Supp. 3d 981 (N.D. Ill. 2015). · cites it 5× “The FTEPA requires all line pilots (but not I/Es) to be under the age of 65, 49 U.S.C. § 44729 (a), and it requires air carriers to “continue to use pilot training and qualification programs approved by the [FAA], with specific emphasis on initial and recurrent training and…”
Holmes v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l, 745 F. Supp. 2d 176 (E.D.N.Y 2010). “) On December 13, 2007, President Bush signed into law the Fair Treatment of Experienced Pilots Act (“FTEPA”), 49 U.S.C. § 44729 , an act permitting commercial airline pilots to continue working as such until the age of sixty-five.”
Adams v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 550 F.3d 1174 (D.C. Cir. 2008). “” 2 On December 13, 2007 — after some but not all of the petitions for review were filed with this Court — the President signed into law the Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act (FTEPA or the Act), codified at 49 U.S.C. § 44729 . The Act provides, among other things, that…”
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