United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343 (11th Cir. 1998). · Go Syfert
United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343 (11th Cir. 1998). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
Quick Summary

A federal statute regulating noneconomic activity is constitutional under the Commerce Clause if it includes a jurisdictional element ensuring the activity in question affects interstate commerce.

A defendant challenged the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8), which prohibits firearm possession by persons subject to certain domestic violence protective orders, arguing that the statute exceeded Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause. The court considers whether the statute's inclusion of a jurisdictional element satisfies constitutional requirements. Applying the principle that a statute regulating noneconomic activity is constitutional if it includes a jurisdictional element ensuring a case-by-case connection to interstate commerce, the court holds that the phrase 'in or affecting commerce' provides the necessary nexus. Because the statute contains this jurisdictional element, the court finds the provision is a valid exercise of congressional power.

190 citation events (174 in the last 25 years) across 11 distinct courts.
Treatment trajectory · 1999 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1999 2012 2026
Cited for
At page 1344 Abandonment of issues by failure to argue on appeal129 citing casesholding, in a counseled case, that an issue is abandoned when a defendant fails to offer an argument on that issue on appeal9 citing courts put it this way · 123 listed here
  • United States v. Phillip Howard, No. 24-10042 (11th Cir. Jan. 7, 2026).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998).
  • United States v. William Christopher Dempsey, No. 20-14162 (11th Cir. Mar. 10, 2022).unpublished 2 cites
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998).
  • United States v. David Wright, No. 20-12593 (11th Cir. June 2, 2021).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998).
  • United States v. Terry Cadet, No. 19-14315 (11th Cir. July 8, 2020).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998).
  • Juana Santiago-Ajqui v. U.S. Attorney Gen., No. 17-15783 (11th Cir. Jan. 23, 2019).unpublished
    Sepulveda v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 401 F.3d 1226 , 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (citing United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998)). 3 Santiago-Ajqui also applied for withholding of removal under the United N…
  • Peter J. Nygard v. John J. Dipaolo, No. 17-12806 (11th Cir. Oct. 10, 2018).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998). 6 This reasoning is equally applicable to Ms. Patricia Scandariato, a court reporter who recorded the statements made by Mr. Bullard in Miami, Florida. 14 Case: 17-12806 Da…
  • Cassandra A. Matthews v. City of Mobile, 702 F. App'x 960 (11th Cir. 2017).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir. 1998). 6 .
  • United States v. Tidaesha v. Taylor, 578 F. App'x 966 (11th Cir. 2014).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir.1998).
  • United States v. Ihab Steve Barsoum, 763 F.3d 1321 (11th Cir. 2014).published
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir.1998). ii.
  • United States v. James Thomas Withrow, 562 F. App'x 906 (11th Cir. 2014).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1344 (11th Cir.1998).
Show 113 more citing cases
At page 1345 Reviewing commerce clause challenge to statutory provision10 citing cases“ensures, through case-by-case inquiry, that the activity in question affects interstate commerce.”2 citing courts quote it · passage not found verbatim in the opinion (83%)
  • United States v. Luis Alberto Riascos Valencia, 169 F. App'x 565 (11th Cir. 2006).unpublished
    Ct. 1484, 155 L.Ed.2d 231 (2003); United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1345 (11 Cir.1998). 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(a) provides, “[i]t is unlawful for any person ... on board a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States ..…
  • United States v. Antonio Ruff, 154 F. App'x 807 (11th Cir. 2005).unpublished
    United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1345 (11th Cir.1998).
  • United States v. Myron Dupree, 258 F.3d 1258 (11th Cir. 2001).published
    We choose to address his claims, and “review [the] constitutional challenge to section 922(g)[] as a question of law, de novo.” United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1345 (11th Cir.1998).
  • United States v. Bunnell, 106 F. Supp. 2d 60 (D. Me. 2000).published
    (Court rejected a Commerce Clause challenge to § 922(g)(8), finding it constitutional on its face)
  • United States v. Jim Edd Baker, 197 F.3d 211 (6th Cir. 1999).published
    See United States v. Bostic, 168 F.3d 718, 722 (4th Cir.1999); United States v. Cunningham, 161 F.3d 1343, 1345 (11th Cir.1998); United States v. Wilson, 159 F.3d 280, 287 (7th Cir.1998); United States v. Pierson, 139 F.3d 501, 503 (5th Ci…
  • United States v. Douglas K. Myers, No. 98-2560 (8th Cir. June 29, 1999).unpublished
    (§ 922(g)(8))
  • United States v. Meade, 175 F.3d 215 (1st Cir. 1999).published
  • Serv. Corp. Intern. v. Fulmer, 883 So. 2d 621 (Ala. 2003).published
  • United States v. Jay Scott Ballinger, 395 F.3d 1218 (11th Cir. 2002).published
  • United States v. Ballinger, 312 F.3d 1264 (11th Cir. 2002).published
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Ivan Russell CUNNINGHAM, Defendant-Appellant
97-3419.
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
Dec 4, 1998.
Published opinion
161 F.3d 1343
1998 U.S. App. LEXIS 30753
1998 WL 839120
Gary L. Printy, Tallahassee, FL, for Defendant-Appellant., Anthony J. Jenkins, Asst. U.S. Atty., Tallahassee, FL, William Wagner, Asst. U.S. Atty., Gainesville, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Hatchett, Marcus, Kravitch.
Cited by 152 opinions  |  Published
KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judge:

This appeal requires us to decide whether Congress exceeded its authority under the Commerce Clause when it enacted 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8), which renders it unlawful for any person who is subject to a protective order that prohibits domestic violence to “possess in or affecting commerce ... any firearm.” We hold that section 922(g)(8) is constitutional, and AFFIRM the defendant’s conviction.

I.

On September 16, 1996, a Florida circuit judge, in Florida’s Second Judicial Circuit, entered an “injunction against repeat violence” that enjoined Ivan Russell Cunningham from assaulting or contacting Debra Gilman. On October 6,1996, an officer of the Tallahassee Police Department found a firearm in Cunningham’s car. After a federal grand jury indicted Cunningham, he filed a motion to dismiss the indictment on the ground that section 922(g)(8) was an unconstitutional exercise of Congress’s Commerce Clause authority. The district court denied Cunningham’s motion, and he entered a conditional plea of guilty.

II.

As a condition of his guilty plea, Cunningham reserved the right to appeal only whether section 922(g)(8) required him to know that his possession of the firearm violated federal law. Nevertheless, because Cunningham has offered no argument on this issue on appeal, we find that he has abandoned it. See Cross v. United States, 893 F.2d 1287, 1289 n. 4 (11th Cir.1990). By virtue of his knowing and voluntary guilty plea, [1] Cunningham waived the right to appeal all other nonjurisdictional challenges to his conviction that arose prior to his plea. See United States v. Tomeny, 144 F.3d 749, 751 (11th Cir.1998). As a result, we will not address Cunningham’s argument that an “injunction against repeat violence” under Florida law does not qualify as an order implicating an “intimate partner” as section 922(g)(8)(C) requires. A guilty plea, however, does not bar an appeal that raises a jurisdictional question. See Tomeny, 144 F.3d at 751. Accordingly, we now turn to the merits of Cunningham’s challenge to section 922(g)(8).

[*1345] III.

Cunningham contends that Congress exceeded its authority under the Commerce Clause when it enacted section 922(g)(8), which provides:

It shall be unlawful for any person—
(8) who is subject to a court order that—
(A) was issued after a hearing of which such person received actual notice, and at which such person had an opportunity to participate;
(B) restrains such person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner of such person or child of such intimate partner or person, or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child; and
(C)(i) includes a finding that such person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of such intimate partner or child; or
(ii) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against such intimate partner or child that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury;
to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.

Cunningham relies upon the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 115 S.Ct. 1624, 131 L.Ed.2d 626 (1995), which held that 18 U.S.C. § 922(q), a related statutory provision that outlawed the possession of guns in school zones, was an unconstitutional exercise of Congress’s authority to regulate interstate commerce. We review Cunningham’s constitutional challenge to section 922(g)(8) as a question of law, de novo. See United States v. Dascenzo, 152 F.3d 1300, 1301 (11th Cir.1998).

In Lopez, the Court identified “three broad categories of activity that Congress may regulate under its commerce power,” 514 U.S. at 558, 115 S.Ct. at 1629: (1) Congress “may regulate the use of the channels of interstate commerce,” id.; (2) Congress may “regulate and protect the instrumentalities of interstate commerce, or persons or things in interstate commerce, even though the threat may come only from intrastate activities,” id.; and (3) Congress may “regulate those activities ... that substantially affect interstate commerce,” id. at 558-59, 115 S.Ct. at 1629-30. After observing that the regulation of the mere intrastate possession of a firearm could not be considered regulation of a channel or instrumentality of interstate commerce, the Court reviewed section 922(q) to determine if it regulated an activity substantially affecting interstate commerce. See id. at 559, 115 S.Ct. at 1630. The Court concluded that section 922(q) “by its terms has nothing to do with ‘commerce’ or any sort of economic enterprise, however broadly one might define those terms,” id. at 560, 115 S.Ct. at 1630-31, and accordingly decided that intrastate possession of a firearm in a school zone does not substantially affect interstate commerce, id. at 567, 115 S.Ct. at 1634. In so concluding, the Court observed that section 922(q) “contains no jurisdictional element which would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry, that the firearm possession in question affects interstate commerce.” Id. at 561, 115 S.Ct. at 1631; see id. at 562, 115 S.Ct. at 1631 (“Unlike the statute in [United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336, 92 S.Ct. 515, 30 L.Ed.2d 488 (1971), which made it a crime for a felon to ‘receivfe], posses[s], or transport] in commerce or affecting commerce ... any firearm’], § 922(q) has no express jurisdictional element which might limit its reach to a discrete set of firearm possessions that additionally have an explicit connection with or effect on interstate commerce.”).

Unlike the provision invalidated in Lopez, however, section 922(g)(8) contains an explicit jurisdictional element: Congress limited the proscriptive reach of section 922(g)(8) to possession of firearms “in or affecting commerce.” Although we have “rejected the argument that Lopez requires Congress to place a jurisdictional element in every statute enacted pursuant to the Commerce Clause ...United States v. Wright, 117 F.3d 1265, 1269 (11th Cir.) (emphasis added) (citing[*1346] United States v. Olin Corp., 107 F.3d 1506, 1510 (11th Cir.1997)), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 118 S.Ct. 584, 139 L.Ed.2d 422 (1997), vacated in part on other grounds, 133 F.3d 1412 (11th Cir.1998), a statute regulating noneconomic activity necessarily satisfies Lopez if it includes a “jurisdictional element which would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry,” Lopez, 514 U.S. at 561, 115 S.Ct. at 1631, that the defendant’s particular offense affects interstate commerce, see Olin, 107 F.3d at 1509 (“Congress can maintain the constitutionality of its statutes under [the substantial effect standard] by including in each a ‘jurisdictional element....’”).

In United States v. McAllister, 77 F.3d 387, 390 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 262, 136 L.Ed.2d 187 (1996), we upheld against a Commerce Clause challenge 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), which prohibits possession of a firearm by “any person ... who has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” precisely because Congress included in the statute the same jurisdictional element that is at issue in this case. See id. (“§ 922(g) makes it unlawful for a felon to ‘possess in or affecting commerce[ ] any firearm or ammunition.’ This jurisdictional element defeats McAllis-ter’s facial challenge to the constitutionality of § 922(g)(1).”) (internal citation omitted). See also United States v. Nichols, 124 F.3d 1265, 1266 & n. 2 (11th Cir.1997) (applying McAllister and noting that the decision remains good law) (per curiam), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 118 S.Ct. 1096, 140 L.Ed.2d 151 (1998). We follow McAllister and conclude that the jurisdictional element in section 922(g), which applies to both section 922(g)(1) and section 922(g)(8), defeats Cunningham’s facial challenge to the constitutionality of section 922(g)(8).

Although our decision resolves a question of first impression in this Circuit, our conclusion that Congress acted within its authority under the Commerce Clause when it enacted section 922(g)(8) is not unique. Since our decision in McAllister, we have upheld a number of federal statutes in the face of Commerce Clause challenges by relying on Congress’s inclusion of a jurisdictional element that ensures the requisite nexus with interstate commerce on a ease-by-case basis. See, e.g., Belflower v. United States, 129 F.3d 1459, 1461-62 (11th Cir.1997) (upholding 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) against a Lopez challenge and collecting cases rejecting Commerce Clause challenges to various federal statutes). Moreover, the only other two federal circuits that have considered the constitutionality of section 922(g)(8) have concluded that it falls within Congress’s Commerce Clause authority because the jurisdictional provision sufficiently limits the section to cases involving interstate commerce. See United States v. Wilson, 159 F.3d 280 (7th Cir.1998); United States v. Pierson, 139 F.3d 501, 503 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 119 S.Ct. 220, 142 L.Ed.2d 181 (1998).

Cunningham concedes that the firearm that the Tallahassee Police Department found in his possession had traveled in interstate commerce. We have held that no more is required to satisfy the jurisdictional limitations of section 922(g). [2] See McAllister, 77 F.3d at 390 (relying on Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563, 575, 97 S.Ct. 1963, 1969, 52 L.Ed.2d 582 (1977), for the proposition that “the interstate nexus requirement for the predecessor statute to § 922(g) was met once the government demonstrated that the gun had previously travelled in interstate commerce”); see also Wilson, 159 F.3d at 287 (“[T]he government need only prove ‘a prior movement of the firearm across state lines’ to satisfy the jurisdictional element [of section 922(g) ] and the Commerce Clause.”) (quoting United States v. Lewis, 100 F.3d 49, 51-52 (7th Cir.1996)); Pierson, 139 F.3d at 503-04 (“[T]he ‘in or affecting’ commerce element [of section 922(g)] can be satisfied if the illegally possessed firearm had previously traveled in interstate commerce.”) (citing United States v. Rawls, 85 F.3d 240, 242 (5th Cir.1996), and Scarborough, 431 U.S. at 575, 97 S.Ct. at 1969).

[*1347] Accordingly, we hold that section 922(g)(8) is a constitutional exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause and that its application to Cunningham is constitutional as well. We AFFIRM Cunningham’s con: viction.

1

. Of course, the rule that a defendant’s guilty plea waives all prior nonjurisdictional claims on appeal depends on the knowing and voluntary nature of the plea. See United States v. Pierre, 120 F.3d 1153, 1156-57 (11th Cir.1997).

2

. Moreover, in United States v. Viscome, 144 F.3d 1365, 1370 (11th Cir.), cert denied,-U.S.-, 119 S.Ct. 362, 142 L.Ed.2d 299 (1998), we held that a similar as-applied challenge to the sufficiency of the government’s evidence on the connection with commerce was nonjurisdictional, and that a defendant’s guilty plea, therefore, waived the issue on appeal.