In Re Km, 523 S.E.2d 640 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999). · Go Syfert
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In Re Km, 523 S.E.2d 640 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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cited 2× by 2 distinct cases · …evidence of past unfitness, standing alone, is insufficient to terminate the rights of a parent in her natural child; clear and convincing evidence of present unfitness is required ✓
166 citation events (145 in the last 25 years) across 1 distinct court.
Strongest positive: Emmanuel Alizota v. Ryan Stanfield (gactapp, 2014-11-13)
Treatment trajectory · 1999 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1999 2012 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 36 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Emmanuel Alizota v. Ryan Stanfield (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
evidence of past unfitness, standing alone, is insufficient to terminate the rights of a parent in her natural child; clear and convincing evidence of present unfitness is required
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Alizota v. Stanfield (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
evidence of past unfitness, standing alone, is insufficient to terminate the rights of a parent in her natural child; clear and convincing evidence of present unfitness is required
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of E. G. L. B.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of E. G. L. B., Children (Father)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999). 13 them.19 But the father asserts that the evidence was insufficient to establish that the children’s dependent state was likely to continue or unlikely to be remedied in the foreseeable future.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lemcon USA Corporation v. Icon Technology Consulting, Inc.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2016 · confidence medium
Noaha, LLC v. Vista Antiques & Persian Rugs, 306 Ga. App. at 326 (1); Arrowhead Alternator v. CIT Communications Finance Corp., 268 Ga. App. at 466 ; Ga. Receivables v. Murray, 240 Ga. App. at 677; OCGA § 5-6-35 (a) (8).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest Of: J. v. J., a Child (Mother) v. State of Georgia
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999); In the Interest of K.
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of J. V. J.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999); In the Interest of K.
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest Of: T. Z. L., a Child (Father) v. State of Georgia
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999) (citation omitted; emphasis supplied). 17 Stills, supra at 651 (3); see In the Interest of J.
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of D. L. T. C.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680-681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of B. M.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of K. D. E.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680-681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of C. T.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680-681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of D. S.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) In re A. F. (2×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999); Harper v. Dept, of Human Resources, 159 Ga. App. 758,760 (3) (285 SE2d220) (1981) (physical precedent only).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) In Re Af
Ga. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
The record contains no other evidence with regard to this incident. [8] The trial court declined to find that the mother had used phenobarbital. [9] R.C.N. v. State of Georgia, 141 Ga.App. 490, 491 , 233 S.E.2d 866 (1977). [10] (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 491-492 , 233 S.E.2d 866 . [11] See In the Interest of K.M., 240 Ga.App. 677, 680 , 523 S.E.2d 640 (1999); Harper v. Dept. of Human Resources, 159 Ga.App. 758, 760 (3), 285 S.E.2d 220 (1981) (physical precedent only). [12] See In the Interest of K.M., 240 Ga.App. at 680, n. 2 , 523 S.E.2d 640 . [13] See In the Interest of D.C.N…
cited Cited as authority (rule) In re A. B.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of T. E. T.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680-681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).” In the Interest of A. A., 252 Ga. App. 167, 173 (2) (c) ( 555 SE2d 827 ) (2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of S. L. E.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Sellers v. Sellers
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680-681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999) (termination not in best interest of child because ten-year-old had a strong emotional attachment to her mother). 3.
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of J. D. F.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 679-680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of C. L. C.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of P. L. S. D.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of M. L. S.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2005 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of J. T. W.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of J. H.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of M. T. M.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999) (relied onhy Hitchcock).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of J. S. H.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of A. S. R. H.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680-681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999) (termination not in best interest of child because ten-year-old had a strong emotional attachment to her mother). 3.
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of V. E. H.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999); In the Interest of A. A., 252 Ga. App. 167, 171 ( 555 SE2d 827 ) (2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of A. A.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 680-681 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of V. S.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 679-680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In the Interest of T. B.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2000 · confidence medium
M., 240 Ga. App. 677, 679-680 ( 523 SE2d 640 ) (1999). 235 Ga. App. 23 ( 508 SE2d 246 ) (1998).
discussed Cited "see" In Re Vs (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
NOTES [1] In the Interest of L.S., 244 Ga.App. 626 , 536 S.E.2d 533 (2000); Spires v. Tarleton, 225 Ga. App. 117, 119 (2), 483 S.E.2d 337 (1997). [2] (Citations and punctuation omitted.) In the Interest of T.B., 242 Ga.App. 564, 565 (2), 529 S.E.2d 620 (2000) (physical precedent only); see In the Interest of K.M., 240 Ga.App. 677, 679-680 , 523 S.E.2d 640 (1999). [3] See, e.g., In the Interest of R.H., 240 Ga.App. 551 , 524 S.E.2d 257 (1999), where the father, an illegal alien and a convicted felon, did not lose his parental rights until after he failed to comply with the requirements of a reu…
examined Cited "see" In Re TB (5×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
NOTES [1] In the Interest of K.M., 240 Ga.App. 677, 679-680 , 523 S.E.2d 640 (1999). [2] 235 Ga.App. 23 , 508 S.E.2d 246 (1998). [3] (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 24 , 508 S.E.2d 246 . [4] K.M., supra, 240 Ga.App. at 679-680 , 523 S.E.2d 640 ; see OCGA § 15-11-81(a). [5] See In the Interest of K.D.S., 237 Ga.App. 865 (1), 517 S.E.2d 102 (1999). [6] Id. [7] Id. at 865 (1)(a), 517 S.E.2d 102 . [8] OCGA § 15-11-81(b)(4)(B)(i)-(vi). [9] OCGA § 15-11-81(b)(4)(C)(i)-(iii). [10] Cf. C.G., supra, 235 Ga.App. at 24 , 508 S.E.2d 246 (the crux of the DFACS case was the mother's mental con…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re Jjj (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2008 · signal: compare · confidence low
NOTES [1] In the Interest of A.L.E., 248 Ga.App. 213, 216 (1), 546 S.E.2d 319 (2001) (footnotes omitted). [2] In the Interest of R.D.S.P., 230 Ga.App. 205 , 495 S.E.2d 867 (1998) (citations and punctuation omitted). [3] Clark v. Wade, 273 Ga. 587, 591 , 544 S.E.2d 99 (2001) (footnote omitted). [4] In the Interest of A.G., 253 Ga.App. 88, 89 (1)(a), (b), 558 S.E.2d 62 (2001). [5] E.g., In the Interest of K.N., 272 Ga.App. 45, 53 (a)(2), 611 S.E.2d 713 (2005), citing OCGA § 15-11-94(b)(4)(B)(i). [6] See In the Interest of K.N., supra at 53(a)(3), 611 S.E.2d 713 . [7] In the Interest of C.W.D., …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re Asrh (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2004 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare In the Interest of K.M., 240 Ga. App. 677 , 680-681, 523 S.E.2d 640 (1999) (termination not in best interest of child because ten-year-old had a strong emotional attachment to her mother). 3.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
In the Interest of K.M., a child.
A99A1156.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Oct 19, 1999.
523 S.E.2d 640
Johnson.
Published
1 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: #44,797 of 633,719
Citer courts: Court of Appeals of Georgia (2)

[*641] Kelley S. Powell, Hampton, for appellant.

Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Dennis R. Dunn, Deputy Attorney General, William C. Joy, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Shalen A. Sgrosso, Stephanie B. Hope, Assistant Attorneys General, James T. Chafin III, McDonough, for appellee.

JOHNSON, Chief Judge.

A parent's rights to her child will be terminated only where there is clear and convincing evidence of present unfitness and where termination is in the best interest of the child. In deciding present unfitness, the juvenile court may consider a parent's past history. The mother's past history of drug abuse and incarceration, viewed in isolation, would certainly support a finding of unfitness. However, at the time of the last termination hearing, the mother's circumstances had changed significantly: she was no longer in jail, was working full-time, had undergone drug counseling, and had established a home. As to the second issue, that of the best interest of the child, the evidence is undisputed that K.M., an older child, has a strong emotional attachment to her mother. Because of that bond and the mother's recent progress, the child's guardian ad litem recommended that the mother's parental rights not be terminated, at least not at that time. We agree with the guardian and hold that the juvenile court's decision terminating the mother's parental rights is not presently supported by clear and convincing evidence.[1] We therefore reverse.

The Henry County Department of Family & Children Services ("DFACS") took temporary custody of K.M. in August 1996, when she was seven years old, after the mother left K.M. with a friend and did not return for her. At the time DFACS took custody of the child, the mother was incarcerated for theft by taking. The mother was jailed and released several more times while K.M. was in the custody of DFACS. She was jailed for such crimes as shoplifting, theft by receiving stolen property, driving with a suspended license, theft by taking, theft by deception and violating probation. It is not clear from the record how much time the mother spent in jail.

In October 1996, DFACS developed a case plan designed to reunite K.M. with her mother. The plan required the mother to maintain contact with DFACS, demonstrate sobriety, remain drug-free, maintain a permanent and stable home, and protect the child from sexual abuse. A DFACS caseworker testified that the mother complied only with the requirement that she maintain contact with DFACS.

A similar case plan was developed in March 1997. The caseworker testified that the mother failed to comply with any of the goals. A third plan was developed in September 1997. The goals remained the same except, this time, DFACS changed the overall goal from reunification to termination of parental rights.

At a termination hearing held in September 1998, the caseworker testified that the mother had spent seven of the past twelve months in jail. She added that the mother tested positive for drug use in April 1998.

The mother testified that she visited the child every two weeks as scheduled by[*642] DFACS, except for the times she was incarcerated. Of the 50 scheduled visits, the mother attended 19; the caseworker agreed that visits were missed due to the mother's incarceration. When the caseworker informed the mother that the visits would be cut from twice a month to once a month, the mother complained and tried to get the number of visits increased. The mother testified that she brought K.M. something every time she visited, usually an outfit or two. The mother also visited her on her birthdays and had K.M.'s grandmother visit K.M. on Christmas when the mother was in jail. The mother said she kept DFACS advised of her whereabouts and presented documentation showing that she attended 45 Alcoholics Anonymous meetings in 1997.

A counselor from the detention center where the mother was confined from July 1998 through September 1998 testified that the mother successfully completed courses in parenting and victim impact and was counseled in substance abuse and family violence. The counselor taught some of the courses the mother attended and met individually with her at least twice a month. The counselor believed that the mother was motivated to do what was necessary to regain custody of K.M. and lead a drug-free life.

The mother's brother testified that he stayed in close contact with the mother during her most recent incarceration and thought the mother's attitude changed during the last detention. He believed she now had a positive attitude and was looking forward to "getting her life straight."

At the October 26, 1998 hearing, a month after her release from detention, the mother testified that she was now working full-time at a restaurant and was renting a home. She had made arrangements for K.M. to sleep at her great-grandmother's house while she works nights at the restaurant.

The child's guardian ad litem submitted a written report to the juvenile court recommending that the juvenile court defer ruling on the termination petition. The guardian noted that she met with the child and that the child is extremely attached to her mother. This is supported by the mother's testimony that K.M. does not want visitation with her mother to end and becomes upset when a visitation session is over and by case plan entries indicating that the child wants to continue contact with and return home to her family. The guardian ad litem wrote that the mother appeared to be making progress and recommended waiting to see whether the mother continued to do so.

"The termination of parental rights under OCGA § 15-11-81 involves a two-step analysis. First, the juvenile court must find clear and convincing evidence of parental misconduct or inability. [Cit.]" (Footnote omitted.) In the Interest of R.U., 223 Ga. App. 440, 442, 477 S.E.2d 864 (1996). Second, the court must determine whether termination is in the best interest of the child. Id. As there is no judicial determination that has more drastic significance than the permanent severance of a natural parent-child relationship, the severance of that relationship must be exercised cautiously and scrutinized deliberately. In the Interest of M.L.P., 231 Ga.App. 223, 498 S.E.2d 786 (1998). The standard of review in such a case is whether a rational trier of fact could have found clear and convincing evidence of present unfitness. Id.

It is clear that K.M. is deprived and the deprivation is caused by the mother's failure to properly care for her. See OCGA § 15-11-81(b)(4)(A)(i) and (ii). However, "[e]vidence of past unfitness, standing alone, is insufficient to terminate the rights of a parent in her natural child; clear and convincing evidence of present unfitness is required." (Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) In the Interest of R.A., 226 Ga.App. 18, 20, 486 S.E.2d 363 (1997); see In the Interest of D.C.N.K., 232 Ga.App. 85, 90, 501 S.E.2d 268 (1998). Despite the mother's past conduct, there is not clear and convincing evidence of present unfitness.

During her most recent incarceration, the mother underwent extensive counseling and seemed to undergo a change in attitude and motivation. In the period between her release and the last termination hearing, she became gainfully employed, rented a home[*643] and made arrangements for K.M.'s care while she works.

We realize that a short period of progress will not, in most cases, negate years of parental misconduct. See In the Interest of J.S., 232 Ga.App. 876, 880(1), 502 S.E.2d 788 (1998). In this case, however, the mother's recent progress is significant and, according to her counselor and brother, seems to be accompanied by the mother's newfound desire to change her life.[2]

Termination of parental rights is a remedy of last resort which can be sustained only when there is clear and convincing evidence that the cause of the deprivation is likely to continue. See In the Interest of R.M., 194 Ga.App. 888, 889(3), 392 S.E.2d 13 (1990). The evidence is not clear and convincing, at least at this time, that the deprivation is likely to continue.

In addition, the extreme sanction of termination cannot be imposed where it is not in the best interest of the child. See OCGA § 15-11-81(a); In the Interest of C.J.S., 195 Ga.App. 741, 743-744(5), 395 S.E.2d 35 (1990). Ten-year-old K.M. is emotionally attached to her mother and desires to be reunited with her. The permanent severance of this relationship would be detrimental to this child's well-being. See generally id.; In the Interest of R.U., supra. While we are reluctant to reverse the juvenile court's determination, no judicial determination is more drastic than the permanent severing of the parent-child relationship. In the Interest of K.J., 226 Ga.App. 303, 306(1), 486 S.E.2d 899 (1997); In the Interest of C.J.S., supra. In light of the mother's recent progress and the attachment the child has to her, we reverse the judgment and remand the case for the establishment of a reunification plan, subject to whatever disposition is warranted by future events and those occurring since the last termination hearing. See In the Interest of D.C.N.K., supra at 90, 501 S.E.2d 268.

Judgment reversed and case remanded with direction.

POPE, P.J., and SMITH, J., concur.

1 The juvenile court also terminated the parental rights of K.M.'s father. Only the mother appeals in this case.
2 We note that we have no way of knowing whether the mother has continued on this path since the last hearing. On remand, however, the juvenile court will have, and of course will consider, that information in reevaluating the case.